TERM PAPER

OF
ECE:882
TOPIC: RC Circuit with two Application.

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Shakti Raj Chopra Summit Sakhre
OE136A09
B.Tech(IT)
10803929
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I thank my teacher Mr.

Shakti Raj Chopra who has assigned me this
term paper to bring out my creative
capabilities.
I express my gratitude to my parents for being a
continuous source of encouragement for all their
financial aid.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance
provided to me by the library staff of LOVELY
PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY.
My heartfelt gratitude to my class-mates and for
helping me to complete my work in time

Summit Sakhre
 INDEX
 RC Circuit

 Introduction

 Natural Response

 Complex Impedance

 Series Circuit

 Transfer Function
  Current

 Parallel Circuit

 RC Circuit in Charging & Discharging

 Application of RC Circuit

RC circuit
A resistor–capacitor circuit (RC circuit), or RC filter or RC network, is an electric circuit
composed of resistors and capacitors driven by a voltage or current source. A first order RC
circuit is composed of one resistor and one capacitor and is the simplest type of RC circuit.

RC circuits can be used to filter a signal by blocking certain frequencies and passing others. The
four most common RC filters are the high-pass filter, low-pass filter, band-pass filter, and band-
stop filter.

Introduction
There are three basic, linear passive lumped analog circuit components: the resistor (R),
capacitor (C) and inductor (L). These may be combined in: the RC circuit, the RL circuit, the LC
circuit and the RLC circuit with the abbreviations indicating which components are used. These
circuits, between them, exhibit a large number of important types of behaviour that are
fundamental to much of analog electronics. In particular, they are able to act as passive filters.
Natural response

The simplest RC circuit is a capacitor and a resistor in series. When a circuit consists of only a
charged capacitor and a resistor, the capacitor will discharge its stored energy through the
resistor. The voltage across the capacitor, which is time dependent, can be found by using
Kirchhoff's current law, where the current through the capacitor must equal the current through
the resistor. This results in the linear differential equation

Solving this equation for V yields the exponential decay:

where V0 is the capacitor voltage at time t = 0.

The time required for the voltage to fall to is called the RC time constant and is given by

Complex impedance

The equivalent resistance of a capacitor increases in relation to the amount of charge stored on
the capacitor. If a capacitor is subjected to an alternating current voltage source, then the voltage
of the capacitor would flip to the frequency of the AC voltage source. The faster the voltage of
the AC voltage source flips, the less time charge would be allowed to be stored on the capacitor,
therefore reducing the capacitor's equivalent resistance. This explains the inverse relationship the
equivalent resistance of a capacitor has with the frequency of the voltage source.

The resistance, also known as the complex impedance, ZC (in ohms) of a capacitor with
capacitance C (in farads) is

The complex frequency s is, in general, a complex number,

where

• j represents the imaginary unit:

j2 = − 1
 • is the exponential decay constant (in radians per second), and
• is the sinusoidal angular frequency (also in radians per second).

Series circuit

Series RC circuit

By viewing the circuit as a voltage divider, the voltage across the

capacitor is:

and the voltage across the resistor is:

Transfer functions

The transfer function for the capacitor is

Similarly, the transfer function for the resistor is

Gain and phase angle

The magnitude of the gains across the two components are:
and

and the phase angles are:

and

These expressions together may be substituted into the usual expression

for the phasor representing the output:

Current

The current in the circuit is the same everywhere since the circuit is in
series:

Parallel circuit

Parallel RC circuit

The parallel RC circuit is generally of less interest than the series circuit.
This is largely because the output voltage Vout is equal to the input
voltage Vin — as a result, this circuit does not act as a filter on the input
signal unless fed by a current source.

With complex impedances:

and

This shows that the capacitor current is 90° out of phase with the resistor
(and source) current. Alternatively, the governing differential equations
may be used:

and

An RC Circuit: Charging

Circuits with resistors and batteries have time-independent solutions: the

current doesn't change as time goes by. Adding one or more capacitors
changes this. The solution is then time-dependent: the current is a
function of time.

Consider a series RC circuit with a battery, resistor, and capacitor in

series. The capacitor is initially uncharged, but starts to charge when the
switch is closed. Initially the potential difference across the resistor is the
battery emf, but that steadily drops (as does the current) as the potential
difference across the capacitor increases.

Applying Kirchoff's loop rule:

e - IR - Q/C = 0

As Q increases I decreases, but Q changes because there is a current I. As

the current decreases Q changes more slowly.
I = dQ/dt, so the equation can be written:

e - R (dQ/dt) - Q/C = 0

This is a differential equation that can be solved for Q as a function of

time. The solution (derived in the text) is:

Q(t) = Qo [ 1 - e-t/t ]

where Qo = C e and the time constant t = RC.

Differentiating this expression to get the current as a function of time

gives:

I(t) = (Qo/RC) e-t/t = Io e-t/t

where Io = e/R is the maximum current possible in the circuit.

The time constant t = RC determines how quickly the capacitor charges.

If RC is small the capacitor charges quickly; if RC is large the capacitor
charges more slowly.

time current
0 Io
1*t Io/e = 0.368 Io
2*t Io/e2 = 0.135 Io
3*t Io/e3 = 0.050 Io

An RC Circuit: Discharging
What happens if the capacitor is now fully charged and is then
discharged through the resistor? Now the potential difference
across the resistor is the capacitor voltage, but that decreases (as
does the current) as time goes by.

Applying Kirchoff's loop rule:

-IR - Q/C = 0

I = dQ/dt, so the equation can be written:

R (dQ/dt) = -Q/C
This is a differential equation that can be solved for Q as a function of
time. The solution is:

Q(t) = Qo e-t/t

where Qo is the initial charge on the capacitor and the time constant t =
RC.

Differentiating this expression to get the current as a function of time

gives:

I(t) = -(Qo/RC) e-t/t = -Io e-t/t

where Io = Qo/RC

Note that, except for the minus sign, this is the same expression for
current we had when the capacitor was charging. The minus sign simply
indicates that the charge flows in the opposite direction.

Here the time constant t = RC determines how quickly the capacitor

discharges. If RC is small the capacitor discharges quickly; if RC is large
the capacitor discharges more slowly.

Application: Series RC Circuit

an RC circuit, the capacitor stores energy between a pair of plates. When

voltage is applied to the capacitor, the charge builds up in the capacitor
and the current drops of to zero.

Case 1: Constant Voltage

The voltage across the resistor and capacitor are as follows:

VR = Ri
and

Kirchhoff's voltage law says the total voltages must be zero. So applying
this law to a series RC circuit results in the equation:

One way to solve this equation is to turn it into a differential equation, by

differentiating throughout with respect to t:

Solving the equation gives us:

Proof

Important note: We are assuming that the circuit has a constant voltage
source, V. This equation does not apply if the voltage source is variable.

The time constant in the case of an RC circuit is:

τ = RC

The function

has an exponential decay shape as shown in the graph. The current stops
flowing as the capacitor becomes fully charged.
Applying our expressions from above, we have the following expressions
for the voltage across the resistor and the capacitor:

While the voltage over the resistor drops, the voltage over the capacitor
rises as it is charged:

Case 2: Variable Voltage and 2-mesh Circuits

We need to solve variable voltage cases in q, rather than in i, since we

have an integral to deal with if we use i.

So we will make the substitutions:

and

and so the equation in i involving an integral:

becomes the differential equation in q:

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_circuit

http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/semester2/c11_RC.html

http://www.intmath.com/Differential-equations/6_RC-circuits.php