Transmission

Michael Lund, ph.d. student

Introduction to Multimedia Systems Transmission no. 1

 Overview
• Network hardware: LAN, MAN, WAN, Internet
• Network software: Layered protocols, OSI,
TCP/IP
• Multimedia requirements: multicasting,
bandwidths

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 Two types of transmission technology
• Broadcast networks
– A single communication channel is shared by all the computers on the network.
– Small messages, called packets are send by any computer and received by all
the others.
– All computers look in the address fields: Is this packet for me?
– When broadcasting the packet is sent and processed by all computers on the
network.
– When multicasting the packet is sent and processed by a subset of computers.

• Point-to-point networks:
– Many connections between individual computers. A packets is only received by
one computer
– Often multiple routes of different lengths are possible (so routing is
important) in point-to-point networks

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 Classification by scale

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 Local Area Network
• Restricted in size (worst-case transmission time is bound and
known)
• Typical LAN are broadcast networks.
• Speed is 10 – 1000 Mbit/sec. (Mbit = 1.000.000 bits)

Two broadcast networks (a) Bus, (b) Ring

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 Ethernet IEEE 802.3

• Bus-based Local Area Network of broadcast type.

• Decentralized control operating at 10 or 100 Mbit/sec

• Any computer may send whenever it wants.

• If two packets collide, the computer wait a random time and send
again

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 IBM Token Ring IEEE 802.5

• Ring based LAN

• Each Bit propagates around its own, not waiting for the rest of the
packet.

• Operating at 4 and 16 Mbps

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 Dynamic and Static Broadcast Networks

• Static allocation
– Time is divided into discrete intervals and a computer is only allowed
to broadcast when its time slot comes up.
– Time is wasted when computers have nothing to say.

• Dynamic allocation
– Can either be centralized or decentralized
– In Centralized allocation a specialized unit determines who goes next.
– In decentralized allocation there is not central regulation. All
computers must decide to transmit or not

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 Metropolitan Area Networks

• Man is like LAN but bigger. Uses similar technology.

• Might cover a group of nearby corporate offices
• The IEEE 802.6 standard
– Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB)
– Simplified design

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 Wide Area Networks
• WANs span large geographical areas (e.g. country)
• WANs are point-to-point networks
• Subnets consists of transmission lines and switching elements
• Each end node is called a Host
• Most WANs use Point-to-point, store-and-forward, or packet-switched subnets

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 Store-and-forward subnets

• Nearly all wide area networks have store-and-forward subnets

– When a packet is sent from one router to another via one or more
intermediate routers, the packet is received at each
intermediate router in its entirety, stored there until the
required output line is free, and then forwarded.

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Router interconnection topology

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 Wireless networks

• WLAN
• FWA
• GRPS
• Bluetooth
• IR
• Radio
• Satellites

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 Protocols
• A Protocol is a mutual agreement on language and how to
communicate

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 Layered protocols

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 Protocol structure

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 Protocol design issues
• Every layer need a way to identify senders and receivers.

• Data transfer rule

– Simplex one-way transmission
– Half-duplex two-way transmission but not simultaneously
– Duplex two-way transmission

• Error control: error-detection or error-correcting

• Packet out of order.

– Packet numbering
– Handling packets out of order

• Transfer synchronization: agreed speed, handshake

• Multiplexing (combine multiple unrelated messages into one)

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 Protocol interfaces

Service
user

Service
provider

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 Service structure
• Connectionless service: each packets has the full destination
address and is routed independent of the other packets.

• Connection-oriented service: like telephone system. Establish a

connection, use the connection, and then release the connection.
(e.g. file transfer)

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 The OSI ISO reference model

Principles:
Layer corresponds to abstraction. Each
layer has a well defined function. Layers
must aim towards standards. Minimal
information flow across interfaces. Each
Layer should have ONE function

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 The OSI ISO reference model

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 Physical layer

• Function: transmit bits over the communication channel.

• A 1 bit send must be received as a bit, etc.

• Design issues are in terms of physical units:

– How many volts should be use to represent 1
– How many milliseconds last a bit
– Half-Duplex or Duplex
– Establishing connections
– number of pins on connector, etc.

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 Data link layer

• Function: make communication channel seem error free

• Method: break data into frames.

• Each frame has parities to check for consistency

• If one frame is obscured it must be retransmitted

• Traffic regulation mechanism

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 The network Layer

• Function: make networks have virtual addresses, make the communication flow

• Provide a number of services: routing of messages, etc.

• Also accounting may be part of network layer (produce billing information).

• The network layer may handle protocol differences (to allow heterogeneous
networks to be connected).

• Addresses may be static or dynamic

• In Broadcasting networks the network layer is often thin (no routing problem)

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 The transport layer
• Function: interface between the network layer and the session layer.

• Basic property is to split data into smaller packets that may be handled by the network layer.

• Create a distinct network connection for each transport connection.

• It determines which of the network layer services to use.

• If high throughput is required it may double a channel using multiplexing.

• If creating a network connection is expensive it may share a channel using multiplexing

• It hides the physical structure of the network.

• Most popular connection is error-free point-to-point channel

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 The session layer
• Function: to provide session between machines

• A session is a communication sequence.

• Functions are:

– Log into remote timesharing system

– File transfer

• Dialogue control: one-way, two-way

• Tokens management: Handle tokens between operators (critical operations)

• Synchronization: checkpoints in data streams

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 The presentation layer

• Function: handle syntax and semantics of the information

transmitted, represent abstract data types.

• It codes in standard way:

– Integers
– Characters strings
– Floating point numbers

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 The application layer

• Function: provide a number of standard protocols

• This may be terminal types: TelNet, ect.

• These are Network Virtual Terminals

• Or this may be file transfer protocols: ftp

• Or this may be handling emails, news, http

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Data Transmission in the OSI Model

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 The TCP/IP reference model

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 The Internet Layer

• Permits hosts to inject packets into any network and have them
travel independently to the destination

• The Internet Layer defines an official packet format and protocol

called IP (Internet Protocol)

• Major issues
– Packet routing
– Congestion control

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 The transport layer

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a reliable error-free

connection-oriented protocol

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is an unreliable connectionless

protocol

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 TCP/IP structure

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 The Internet

• Traditionally four services: Email, News, Remote Login, FTP

• CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee came up with http

• Together with the viewer Mosaic we had WWW

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 Multimedia requirements
• Quality Of Service (QOS) relates to:

• Bandwidth

• Average network delay

• Maximal network delay

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 Multimedia file sizes

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 Java Network programming

• One of Java’s strengths is easy networking.

• Underlying details of networking have been abstracted away

• In Java, you create a socket to make a connection to another machine.

The socket is wrapped with a stream object. Then you can use the same
method calls as with all other streams.

• Networking in Java is quite similar to reading and writing files.

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 Sockets
• The socket is the software abstraction used to represent the “terminals” of a connection between two
machines.

• For a given connection, there’s a socket on each machine (as an abstraction can the connection be viewed as a
hypothetical “cable” running between the two machines with each end of the “cable” plugged into a socket).
The whole idea of the abstraction is that we don’t have to know more than is necessary.

• From the socket you get an InputStream and OutputStream (or, with the appropriate converters, Reader and
Writer).

• There are two stream-based socket classes:

– A ServerSocket that a server uses to “listen” for incoming connections (the server socket must be given a port number)
– A Socket that a client uses in order to initiate a connection (the socket must give both a IP address and a port number).

• Once a client makes a socket connection, the ServerSocket returns a corresponding Socket through which
communications will take place on the server side (at this point you have a Socket to Socket connection). The
methods getInputStream( ) and getOutputStream( ) produce the corresponding InputStream and OutputStream
objects from each Socket. (These must be wrapped inside buffers and formatting classes just like any other
stream object)

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 The IP Address
• The the IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique address identifying machines on a
network.

• The IP address can exist in two forms:

– The DNS (Domain Name System) form, such as time-A.timefreq.bldrdoc.gov or www.itu.dk
– The dotted quad” form, which is four unsigned 8-bit numbers separated by dots, such as
132.163.4.104

• The IP address can either be static or dynamic.

– A static IP address is a permanent address that is assigned to a computer by an Internet
service provider. Static addresses is used for web pages, ftp services, …
– A dynamic IP address is a temporarily IP address assigned by a Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) server from a pool of IP addresses. Dynamic addresses is used by most
dial-up Internet service provider (ISP). Each time you dial up, you are assigned a
temporary IP address.

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 Ports
• An IP address isn’t enough to identify a connection (many connections can exist on
one machine).

• Each IP machine also contains ports

– When you’re setting up a connection you must choose a port where both client and server
agree to connect.
– The port is not a physical location in a machine, but a software abstraction.
– The idea is that if you ask for a particular port, you’re requesting the service that’s
associated with the port number. Typically, each service is associated with a unique port
number on a given server machine. It’s up to the client to know ahead of time which port
number the desired service is running on.

• The system services reserve the use of ports 1 through 1024, so you shouldn’t use
those or any other port that you know to be in use.

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 TelNet
Time of day service (National Institute of
Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado)

telnet time-A.timefreq.bldrdoc.gov 13

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 Java SocketTest

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 Connection oriented TCP Based Application

• Client Program
– Create a socket
– Connect it to a server on a remote machine
– Use it to send/receive data to/from remote machine
– When done close socket

• Server Program
– Create a socket
– Bind it to a well known port on local machine
– Wait for clients

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 A simple server

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 Threads in the Server

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 Other Java Methods

• Datagram

• Object Streams

• Remote Method Invocation (RMI)

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