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Linux Commands For Exams

The document describes various Linux commands and their options. It covers commands for pattern searching files (grep), reading and outputting files (cat), listing files and directories (ls), changing directories (cd), performing calculations (bc), copying files (cp), changing file permissions (chmod), displaying logged in users (who), writing to standard output (echo), comparing files (cmp), displaying lines from files (head, tail), sorting files (sort), copying standard input (tee), and counting file contents (wc). Each command includes several optional flags to modify their behavior.

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Tafseer Ahmed
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37 views

Linux Commands For Exams

The document describes various Linux commands and their options. It covers commands for pattern searching files (grep), reading and outputting files (cat), listing files and directories (ls), changing directories (cd), performing calculations (bc), copying files (cp), changing file permissions (chmod), displaying logged in users (who), writing to standard output (echo), comparing files (cmp), displaying lines from files (head, tail), sorting files (sort), copying standard input (tee), and counting file contents (wc). Each command includes several optional flags to modify their behavior.

Uploaded by

Tafseer Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Friday, 19 February 2016

LINUX Commands
Basic Linux commands and their options
I.

grep : Used for pattern searching in a file


A. Options: -c only count of the selected lines is written to
standard o/p
B. -i : Performs Case insensitive matching. By default grep is
case sensitive
C. -n : Includes the line number with the o/p lines
D. -r : Recursively search all the subdirectories listed

II. cat : Reads file sequentially and writes them to the standard
output. Also used to take input from the standard input and
redirect into a file. Terminated with Ctrl-L

J
N
O
C

A. -b : Number the non blank output lines

B. -n : Number the lines of the file on the o/p screen including


the blank lines

C. -s : Squeeze multiple blank lines such that there is only a


blank line in between
III. ls : Listing the files and directories of the current directory (i.e.
pwd)
A. -1 : Forces the output to be a single entry per line
B. -a : Also includes directories that start with (.) i.e hidden
files

Friday, 19 February 2016

C. -l : List in long format. All information like file permissions


are displayed on the standard o/p
D. -m : List files in the CSV format i.e Comma Separated
Version
E. -t : Sort by time modified i.e recent files first
IV. cd : Used for changing the directories from the pwd
V. bc : Used for calculation and similar stuffs
A. -q : Does not print the usual bc welcome statement
B. -i : Force the interactive mode ON
C. -v : Prints out the version of the bc on the system
VI. cp : Used for copying a source file into the destination file.
Doesn't work if the source file is not present

J
N
O
C
S

A. -f : Forced option. If the destination file doesn't allow write


option this option creates a new file, removes the old file and
copy the contents without prompting
B. -i : Forces the command to go into interactive mode i.e it
asks for permission to overwrite the file.
C. -v : Uses the verbose mode. Shows the file as they are being
copied.
D. -p : Preserve the file attributes like file modification time etc.
VII.chmod : Changing the file access permissions
A. -f : Dont prompt the user with error message if the
command fails
B. -h : Changing the mode of the symbolic link rather than the
file it points to
2

Friday, 19 February 2016

C. -R : Change the permissions of both the directory as well as


the subdirectories of the file
VIII.who : Prints out the information of the user who is logged in
A. -b : Prints out the time and date of last system reboot
B. -h : Writes column heading above the output
C. -m : Only print the information of the current terminal
system which the user is working on
D. ami : Invokes the users real name

J
N
O
C
S

IX. echo : Writes the arguments give to the standard output. The
output can be redirected to any file using the output/input
redirection methods.
X. cmp : Compare two files byte by byte. The differences line and
column numbers if any encountered in the file are printed on
the standard output
A. -b : Print the differing bytes
B. -n : Compare at most n number of bytes
C. -s : Output nothing, only exit status
XI. head : Displays first 10 lines of the file
A. -n : Displays the n number of lines of the file
B. -c : Displays the c number of bytes of the file
XII.tail : Displays the last 10 lines (by default) of the file
A. -n : Displays the last n lines of the file
B. -c : Displays the last c bytes of the file

Friday, 19 February 2016

XIII.sort : Sorting and concatenating the files and print the output
on the standard output
A. -b : Ignoring the leading blanks
B. -f : Ignore the case of the letter
C. -n : Numeric sort
D. -r : Reverse the sorted output
E. -o file : Write the result to the output file
XIV.tee : This command copies standard input to standard output,
making a copy of it in zero or more files. Basically it divides
the standard input into any number of streams, one of the
streams being the terminal screen

J
N
O
C

A. -a : append the output to the files rather than overwriting


them

XV.wc : Displays the number of lines, words, bytes contained in a


file.
A. -l : Displays the number of lines of the i/p file
B. -w : Displays the number of words of the i/p file
C. -c : Prints out the number of bytes of the i/p file

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