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Testing Directional Overcurrent Relays From Valence

1. Successful testing of directional overcurrent relays requires applying a current above the pickup setting, in the correct direction, and with a polarizing signal. 2. Most relays use either phase-to-phase voltage or negative sequence voltage as the polarizing signal. A test plan that applies balanced three-phase voltages will provide polarization for phase-to-phase schemes but not negative sequence. 3. For any directional overcurrent relay, the test plan should apply a faulted phase current above pickup, reduce the faulted phase voltage, and maintain the other phase voltages, while calculating the appropriate polarizing signal. This simulates an actual fault condition and ensures reliable operation verification.

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583 views8 pages

Testing Directional Overcurrent Relays From Valence

1. Successful testing of directional overcurrent relays requires applying a current above the pickup setting, in the correct direction, and with a polarizing signal. 2. Most relays use either phase-to-phase voltage or negative sequence voltage as the polarizing signal. A test plan that applies balanced three-phase voltages will provide polarization for phase-to-phase schemes but not negative sequence. 3. For any directional overcurrent relay, the test plan should apply a faulted phase current above pickup, reduce the faulted phase voltage, and maintain the other phase voltages, while calculating the appropriate polarizing signal. This simulates an actual fault condition and ensures reliable operation verification.

Uploaded by

M Kumar Marimuthu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4/12/2016

TestingDirectionalOvercurrentRelaysfromValence

HomeTestingDirectionalOvercurrentRelays

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InthepreviouspostaboutDirectionalOvercurrentrelay(67)testing(FindingtheDirectioninDirectional
OvercurrentRelays),wereviewedDirectionalOvercurrentprotectionfromasystemperspectivetoenhance

Search...

thedescriptionsinTheRelayTestingHandbook:PrinciplesandPracticeorTheRelayTestingHandbook
#1:ElectricalFundamentalsforRelayTesting.WellbelookingatDirectionalOvercurrentrelaysfroma
testingperspectiveinthispost.

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SuccessfulDirectionalOvercurrenttestshavethreeparts:
1.Yourcurrentmustbeabovethepickupsetting.

Announcements(28)

2.Yourcurrentmustbeinthecorrectdirection.

AskChris(20)

3.Youmusthaveapolarizingsignal.

ElectricalBasics(19)

Atraditionalrelaytester,orautomatedtestingsoftware,willoftenapplyatestscenariolikethefollowing:

FromOtherTesters(16)
HighVoltageTesting(4)
RelayElements(14)
RelayTestingTechniques(21)
TheRelayTestingHandbook#4:
CreatingandImplementingRelay
TestPlans(1)
Videos(14)

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Channel

Magnitude

Angle

Instruction

Ia

>Pickupsetting

0(default)

Raiseuntilpickup

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receiveafreebookpreview,
automaticupdates,andspecial
offers
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Thistestplanmayworkdependingonthesophisticationoftherelay,buttheresaprettygoodchancethat
thepickuptestswillwork,andthetimingtestwillfail.Inthisscenario,youmightgetfrustratedandstart
disablingthedirectionalfunction,orstartlookingforthenondirectionalrelaydefinitionssoyoucanmap

Iwantupdatesregarding:

themtoatestoutput.Letstakeacloserlookatyourtestplanbeforeyou,oryourtestsoftware,headdown

MonthlyUpdatesaboutEverything

thatpath.

NewBlogPostsandVideos

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4/12/2016

TestingDirectionalOvercurrentRelaysfromValence

Basedonthedrawingofyourtestplan,itlookslikeyouvemetthefirsttwocriteriaforasuccessful

NewTrainingHandbooksOnly

DirectionalOvercurrenttest:

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1.Thecurrentisgreaterthanthepickupsetting.
2.Thecurrentisinthetrippingdirection.(Notintheshadedarea)
Butdoyouhaveapolarizingsignal?

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Testing Directional Overcurrent Relays That UsePhaseto-Phase References


ImaginethatIaskedyoufordirectionstoyourfavoriterestaurantafterdark.Youcouldgivemedirections

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like,Ifyouheadnorthfortenblocksandtheneastforthreeblocks,youllfindthebestBBQinthecounty.
Yourdirectionsareperfect,butIllbehungryuntilIfindacompassorsomeonetogivemeareferencelike,
Northisthatway.However,ifyousaid,Turnrightfortenblocksandthenturnrightforthreemoreblocks,
IllbeeatingthebestBBQinnotime.
Directionalrelaysneedareferencetoworkcorrectly,andthatreferenceiscalledthepolarizingsignal.The
DirectionalOvercurrentelementneedsapolarizingsignaltooperatereliablyotherwiseanythingcould
happendependingofthesophisticationoftherelay.
Mostelectromechanicalrelays,andGErelaysliketheonefromTheRelayTestingHandbookexample,use
thephasephasevoltagefromthetwounfaultedphasesasapolarizingsignal.Youcoulddriveyourself
crazytryingtofigureouthowtoapplythetestandphasordiagramsfromolderrelaymanualstomodern
testsets.

Oryoucantestallrelaysthatusetheunfaultedvoltagesasapolarizingsignalbysimplyapplyingthree
phasebalancedvoltagesasshowninthisphasordiagramfromthepreviouspost.WeaddedtheBC
phasephasevoltagetothedrawing,whichisthepolarizingvoltagethisstyleofrelayuses.

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4/12/2016

TestingDirectionalOvercurrentRelaysfromValence

Ifwerotatethestandardphasordiagramby90andaddthesamelabelingusedbytherelaybulletin
drawings,wecanseethatsimplyaddingvoltagewillallowustosuccessfullytesteveryrelayofthistype.

Channel

Magnitude

Angle

Instruction

Ia

>Pickupsetting

0(default)

Raiseuntilpickup

Va

NominalV

Vb

NominalV

120

Vc

NominalV

120

Testing Directional Overcurrent Relays That Use Negative


SequenceReferences
Unfortunately,noteveryrelayusesphasephasevoltagesasapolarizingsignal.Somerelaysusethe
negativesequencevoltageasthepolarizingsignal.Negativesequencevoltagecanbesimplifiedtomean
unbalancedvoltage(YoucangetmoreinformationintheSequenceComponentssectionofTheRelay
TestingHandbook:PrinciplesandPracticeorTheRelayTestingHandbook#1:ElectricalFundamentalsfor
RelayTesting).Arethevoltagesunbalancedintheprevioustestplan?
Youcantellbygraphicallyaddingthethreevoltagestogether,orwiththenegativesequenceformula.

Thenegativesequence,orunbalancevoltage,iszeroinabalancedsystem.Therefore,ourprevioustest
planwillnothaveapolarizingsignalonrelaysthatusenegativesequencepolarizing.
Wecanfixthisproblembythinkingaboutwhathappensduringaphasetogroundfault.
Whathappenstothefaultedvoltage?Thefaultedvoltagewilldrophowmuchitdropsdependson

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4/12/2016

TestingDirectionalOvercurrentRelaysfromValence

theseverityofthefault.Theworstpossiblefaultwoulddropthefaultvoltagetonearzero,butmost
faultswontbethatsevere.Wecancutthefaultedvoltageinhalftosimulateaphasetogroundfault.
Whathappenstothefaultedcurrent?Thefaultedcurrentswilljumptoahighervalue,andweknow
fromtherelaysettingshowmuchcurrentweneedfortherelaytodetectafault.Setthefaultcurrentat
least110%oftherelayspickupsetting.
Whathappenstotheothervoltagesandcurrentsthatarentfaulted?Theywouldchangeslightly
duringarealfault,butyouwouldneedsomemodellingsoftwaretofigureouthowmuch.Wecan
assumethattheydontmove,liketextbooksdo,fortestingpurposes.
Ifwealterourtestplantobettersimulateafault,itwouldlookliketherevisedplanbelow.
Channel

Magnitude

Angle

Instruction

Ia

>Pickupsetting

0(default)

Raiseuntilpickup

Va

OnehalfV

Vb

NominalV

120

Vc

NominalV

120

A plan to Test any Directional Overcurrent Relay


NowourDirectionalOvercurrent(67)testplanlookslikethefollowingdrawingwherewestartwiththeraw
currentsandvoltages,calculatethenonfaultedphasetophasevoltage,andplottheoperatingcurrentand
polarizingsignal,whichinthiscaseisVBC.Thistestplanhasagoodchanceofbeingsuccessfulbecause
wehaveanoperatingsignalandapolarizingsignal.

ThesedrawingslookatthesametestplanforaDirectionalOvercurrent(67)elementthatusesnegative
sequencevoltage.Westartwiththerawcurrentsandvoltages,thencalculatethenegativesequence
voltage,andthenplottheoperatingcurrentandpolarizingsignal(V2).Thistestplanhasagoodchanceof
beingsuccessfulbecausewehaveanoperatingsignalandapolarizingsignal.

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TestingDirectionalOvercurrentRelaysfromValence

WeappeartobeingoodshapeformostDirectionalOvercurrent(67)applications.However,therewillbe
timeswhenthistestplanwillnotwork.Whataretheoddsthataphasetogroundfaultwillbe100%
resistive?Theanswerisnever.Actually,therearealmostnopurelyresistivesystemsaswediscussedin
thepreviousarticle,soourtestcurrentatzerodegreescancauseproblems,especiallyneargeneration
systemslikewindfarmsthatcanhavecrazycharacteristicsorveryhighvoltage(>115kV)applications.
Somerelayshaveanoperatingcharacteristiclikethefollowingpicture:

Noticethatourtestcurrentisrightontheedgeofthereversedirection.Thismeansthatitisacointoss
whethertherelaywilloperateornot.Wecanensuretherelayalwaysoperatesbysettingthefaultedcurrent
toafaultanglethatwouldhappeninthesystem.Youcanchooseagoodfaultangleusingoneofthese
methods:
Mostmodernrelayshaveapositivesequenceanglesettingthatdefinestheexpectedfaultangle.Set
thefaultangletothatsetting.
Ifyouhaveagoodunderstandingoffaultcharacteristics,youcouldguessthefaultangles.
Averyhighvoltagesystem(>115kV)willhaveacharacteristicnear90degrees,soyoucould
safelychooseafaultangleof87.
Ahighvoltagesystem(>69kV)willhaveafaultanglecloserto75.
Adistributionsystem(>34kv)willhaveafaultanglecloserto60.
Amediumvoltagesystemwillhaveafaultanglecloserto45.
Youcannevergowrongwithafaultangleof60or75.Thisiswhatelectromechanicalrelaysused
becausetheiroptionswerelimitedandtheyneededagoodaverage.
Ourtestwillworkforallcommoncharacteristicanglesifwemodifyittoincludethephaseangleduringa
fault.
Channel

Magnitude

Angle

Instruction

Ia

>Pickupsetting

75(orfaultangle)

Raiseuntilpickup

Va

OnehalfV

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4/12/2016

TestingDirectionalOvercurrentRelaysfromValence

Vb

NominalV

120

Vc

NominalV

120

Directional Overcurrent Relay Test Plan Summary


TestingDirectionalOvercurrent(67)elementsisalmostassimpleastestingstandardOvercurrent(50/51)
elementsaslongasyouproperlysimulateafault.Iusedtooccasionallyrunintoproblemswhentesting
DirectionalOvercurrent(67)elementsusingtraditionaltestingtechniques.Iwouldspendalotof
unnecessarytimetryingtofigurewhatwentwrongasIsaidtomyself,IknowImdoingitright,whywont
thisrelayworkright!!!NowIalwaysfollowthesestepsbeforerunninganytest:
Connectallcurrentsandvoltages
Choosethefaulttypetoapply
Applynominalbalancedthreephasevoltages
Cutthefaultvoltageinhalf
Raisethefaultcurrentmorethan110%ofthepickupsetting
Makesurethefaultcurrentlagsthefaultvoltagebythefaultangleor75
Moderntestingequipmentmakesthiseasy,whichmeansyoucanspendmoretimeunderstandingthe
applicationsoyoucanbecomeatruerelaytestingcraftsman.
Pleaselikeandsharethispostifyoufoundituseful.Ithelpsusgetnoticed,whichmeanswecanpostmore
freecontent.
AddyourcommentsforDirectionalOvercurrentrelay(67)testinginthecommentssection,startanewtopic
bybecomingaTechTalkContributor,oryoucanaskmequestionsaboutothertopicswiththeAskChris
form.

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HappyTesting!
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FiledUnder:AskChris,Featured,RelayElements,RelayTestingTechniquesTaggedWith:DirectionalOvercurrent(67)

About Chris Werstiuk


ChrisisanElectricalEngineeringTechnologist,aJourneymanPowerSystemElectrician,anda
ProfessionalEngineer.HeisalsotheAuthororTheRelayTestingHandbookseriesandfounder
ofValenceElectricalTrainingServices.YoucanfindoutmoreaboutChrishere.

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