Data Structures and Algorithms I
Introduction to Java
Acknowledgement
The contents of these slides have origin from
School of Computing, National University of
Singapore.
We greatly appreciate support from Mr.
Aaron Tan Tuck Choy, and Dr. Low Kok Lim
for kindly sharing these materials.
Policies for students
These contents are only used for students
PERSONALLY.
Students are NOT allowed to modify or
deliver these contents to anywhere or anyone
for any purpose.
Recording of modifications
Course website address is changed to
http://sakai.it.tdt.edu.vn
Slide References for Java Style Guides is
eliminated.
Slide Our assumptions! is eliminated.
Slides Practice Exercises are eliminated.
Course codes cs1010, cs1020, cs2010 are
placed by 501042, 501043, 502043
respectively.
4
Objectives
Java Basic
Java
features
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
C
Java
Translate C
programs in
501042 into
Java
programs
References
Chapter 1
Section 1.1 (excludes Arrays) to
Section 1.5: pages 27 to 45
Section 1.7 (excludes Console
class): pages 73 to 77
IT-TDT Sakai 501043
website Lessons
http://sakai.it.tdt.edu.vn
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
Java: Brief history and background
Run cycle
Basic program structure
Basic Java elements
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
Arithmetic Expressions
Control Flow Statements and Logical Expressions
Basic Input (Scanner class) and Output
API
Math class, Class Attributes
User-defined Functions
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
1. Java: Brief History & Background
James Gosling
1995, Sun Microsystems
Use C/C++ as foundation
Cleaner in syntax
Less low-level machine interaction
Write Once, Run
EverywhereTM
Extensive and
well documented
standard library
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
Less
efficient
2. Run Cycle
Recap: Process
Executing
Compiling
Writing
Tool: Editor
Produce:
Source Code
Tool:
Compiler
Tool:
None
Produce:
Executable
Bytecode
Produce:
Result
Compilation Error
Runtime Error
Logic Error
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2. Run Cycle
Recap: Run Cycle for C Programs
Writing/Editing Program
Compiling Program
Use an editor, e.g.: vim
Source code must have a .c
extension
Use a C compiler, eg: gcc
Default executable file: a.out
vim welcome.c
welcome.c
gcc -Wall welcome.c
a.out
Executing Binary
Type name of executable file
a.out
output
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2. Run Cycle
Java: Compile Once, Run Anywhere?
Normal executable files are directly dependent
on the OS/Hardware
Hence, an executable file is usually not executable
on different platforms
E.g: The a.out file compiled on sunfire is not
executable on your Windows computer
Java overcomes this by running the executable
on an uniform hardware environment simulated
by software
The hardware environment is know as the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM)
So, we only need a specific JVM for a particular
platform to execute all Java bytecodes without
recompilation
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2. Run Cycle
Run Cycle for Java Programs
Use an text editor, e.g: vim
Source code must have .java extension
HelloWorld.java
Compiling Program
vim HelloWorld.java
Writing/Editing Program
Use a Java compiler, e.g.: javac
Compiled binary has .class extension
The binary is also known as Java
Executable Bytecode
javac HelloWorld.java
HelloWorld.class
Executing Binary
Run on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
java HelloWorld
e.g.: java HelloWorld
(leave out the .class extension)
Note the difference here compared to C
executable
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
output
13
2. Run Cycle
Java Execution Illustration
a.out
Windows 7 on Core 2
HelloWorld.class
Java Virtual Machine
Normal executable (e.g.: C programs) are
tied to a specific platform (OS + Hardware)
This a.out cannot work in a machine of
different architecture.
JVM provides a uniform environment for
Java bytecode execution.
Windows 7 on Core 2
HelloWorld.class
They are the same
portable file.
Java Virtual Machine
MacOS on PowerPC
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3. Basic Java Program Structure
Today: just the basic language components:
Purpose: ease you into the language
Basic Program Structure
Primitive data types and simple variables
Control flow (selection and repetition statements)
Input/output statements
You can attempt to translate some simple C
programs done in 501042 into Java
We will gradually cover many other Java features over
the next few weeks
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
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3. Basic Structure
Hello World!
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}
import java.lang.*;
// optional
HelloWorld.c
Java
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
Beginners common
mistake:
Public class name not
identical to programs
file name.
HelloWorld.java
16
When you see this icon at the
top right corner of the slide, it
means that in the interest of
time the slide might be
skipped over in lecture and
hence is intended for your
own reading.
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
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3. Basic Structure
Key Observations (1/2)
Library in Java is known as package
To use a predefined library, the appropriate package
should be imported:
Packages are organized into hierarchical grouping
E.g., the System.out.println() is defined in the
java.lang.System
i.e. lang (language) is a package under java (the
main category) and System is a class under lang
Using the import XXXXXX; statement
All packages under a group can be imported with a *
(the wildcard character)
Packages under java.lang are imported by default
Hence, the import statement in this example is optional
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3. Basic Structure
Key Observations (2/2)
The main() method (function) is now enclosed in a
class
More about class will be explained in lecture 2
There should be only one main() method in a program,
which serves as the execution starting point
A source code file may contain one or more classes
There are restrictions which will be explained later this is a bit
too advanced at this point
For the moment, we will restrict ourselves to one class per
source code
Each class will be compiled into a separate XXXX.class
bytecode
The XXXX is taken from the class name (HelloWorld in
this example)
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4.1 Arithmetic Expressions
4.1 Identifier, Variable, Constant (1/2)
Identifier is a name that we associate with
some program entity (class name, variable name,
parameter name, etc.)
Java Identifier Rule:
May consist of letters (a z, A Z), digit
characters (0 9), underscore (_) and dollar sign ($)
Cannot begin with a digit character
Variable is used to store data in a program
A variable must be declared with a specific data type
Eg: int countDays;
double priceOfItem;
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4.1 Identifier, Variable, Constant (2/2)
Constant is used to represent a fixed value
Eg: public static final int PASSING_MARK = 65;
Keyword final indicates that the value cannot change
Guidelines on how to name classes, variables,
and constants: see 501043 website
Resources Online:
http://sakai.it.tdt.edu.vn
Class name: UpperCamelCase
Variable name: LowerCamelCase
Eg: Math, HelloWorld, ConvexGeometricShape
Eg: countDays, innerDiameter, numOfCoins
Constant: All uppercase with underscore
Eg: PI, CONVERSION_RATE, CM_PER_INCH
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4.1 Numeric Data Types
Summary of numeric data types in Java:
FloatingPoint Data
Types
Integer Data
Types
Type
Name
Size
Range
(#bytes)
byte
-27 to 27-1
short
-215 to 215-1
int
-231 to 231-1
long
-263 to 263-1
float
Negative: -3.4028235E+38 to -1.4E-45
Positive: 1.4E-45 to 3.4028235E+38
double
Negative: -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -4.9E-324
Positive: 4.9E-324 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
Unless otherwise stated, you are to use:
int for integers
double for floating-point numbers
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Higher Precedence
4.1 Numeric Operators
()
Parentheses Grouping
Left-to-right
++, --
Postfix incrementor/decrementor
Right-to-left
++, -+, -
Prefix incrementor/decrementor
Unary +, -
Right-to-left
*, /, %
Multiplication, Division,
Remainder of division
Left-to-right
+, -
Addition, Subtraction
Left-to-right
=
+= -= *= /= %=
Assignment Operator
Shorthand Operators
Right-to-left
Evaluation of numeric expression:
Determine grouping using precedence
Use associativity to differentiate operators of same precedence
Data type conversion is performed for operands with different
data type
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4.1 Numeric Data Type Conversion
When operands of an operation have differing types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
If one of the operands is double, convert the other to double
Otherwise, if one of them is float, convert the other to float
Otherwise, if one of them is long, convert the other to long
Otherwise, convert both into int
When value is assigned to a variable of differing types:
Widening (Promotion):
Value has a smaller range compared to the variable
Converted automatically
Narrowing (Demotion):
Value has a larger range compared to the variable
Explicit type casting is needed
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4.1 Data Type Conversion
Conversion mistake:
double d;
int i;
i = 31415;
d = i / 10000;
Q: What is assigned to d?
Type casting:
double d;
int i;
d = 3.14159;
i = (int) d; // i is assigned 3
Q: What is assigned to i if d contains
3.987 instead?
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Whats the mistake? How
do you correct it?
The (int) d expression is
known as type casting
Syntax:
(datatype) value
Effect:
value is converted explicitly to
the data type stated if possible.
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4.1 Problem: Fahrenheit to Celsius
Write a simple Java program Temperature.Java:
To convert a temperature reading in Fahrenheit, a real
number, to Celsius degree using the following formula:
5
celsius ( fahrenheit 32)
9
Print out the result
For the time being, you can hard code a value
for the temperature in Fahrenheit instead of
reading it from user
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
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4.1 Solution: Fahrenheit to Celsius
Temperature.java
public class Temperature {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double fahrenheit, celsius;
Output:
Celsius: 50.833333333333336
fahrenheit = 123.5;
celsius = (5.0/9) * (fahrenheit 32);
System.out.println("Celsius: " + celsius);
}
}
Compare with C:
printf("Celsius: %f\n", celsius);
Notes:
5.0/9 is necessary to get the correct result (what will 5/9 give?)
+ in the printing statement
Concatenate operator, to combine strings into a single string
Variable values will be converted to string automatically
There is another printing statement, System.out.print(), which does
not include newline at the end of line (more in section 4.3)
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4.2 Control Statements
Program Execution Flow
4.2 Boolean Data Type [new in Java]
Java provides an actual boolean data type
Example
SYNTAX
Store boolean value true or false, which are keywords
in Java
Boolean expression evaluates to either true or false
boolean variable;
boolean isEven;
int input;
// code to read input from user omitted
if (input % 2 == 0)
isEven = true;
Equivalent:
isEven = (input % 2 == 0);
else
isEven = false;
if (isEven)
System.out.println("Input is even!");
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Logical
Operators
Relational
Operators
4.2 Boolean Operators
Operators Description
<
less than
>
larger than
<=
less than or equal
>=
larger than or equal
==
Equal
!=
not equal
&&
and
||
or
not
exclusive-or
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
Operands are variables /
values that can be
compared directly.
Examples:
X < Y
1 >= 4
Operands are boolean
variables/expressions.
Examples:
(X < Y) && (Y < Z)
(!isEven)
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4.2 Comparison with C
In ANSI C, there is no boolean type.
Zero means false and any other value means true
int x;
... // assume x is assigned a non-negative value
if (x%3)
printf("%d is not divisible by 3.\n", x);
else
printf("%d is divisible by 3.\n", x);
In Java, the above is invalid
Java code:
int x;
... // assume x is assigned a non-negative value
if (x%3 != 0)
System.out.println(x + " is not divisible by 3.");
else
System.out.println(x + " is divisible by 3.");
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4.2 Selection Statements
if (a > b) {
...
}
else {
...
}
switch (a) {
case 1:
...
break;
case 2:
case 3:
...
default:
}
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
if-else statement
else-part is optional
Condition:
Must be a boolean expression
Unlike C, integer values are NOT valid
switch-case statement
Expression in switch() must evaluate
to a value of char, byte, short or
int type
break: stop the fall-through execution
default: catch all unmatched cases;
may be optional
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4.2 Repetition Statements (1/2)
while (a > b) {
... //body
}
do {
... //body
} while (a > b);
for (A; B; C) {
... //body
}
Valid conditions:
while : check condition before
executing body
do-while: execute body before
condition checking
A: initialization (e.g. i = 0)
B: condition (e.g. i < 10)
C: update (e.g. i++)
Any of the above can be empty
Execution order:
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
Must be a boolean expression
A, B, body, C, B, body, C,
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4.2 Repetition Statements (2/2)
In ANSI C, the loop variable must be declared before it is
used in a for loop
int i;
for (i=0; i<10; i++) {
...
}
In Java, the loop variable may be declared in the initialisation
part of the for loop
In example below, the scope of variable i is within the for
loop only
for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {
...
}
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4.3 Basic Input/Output
Interacting with the outside world
PACKAGE
4.3 Reading input: The Scanner Class
import java.util.Scanner;
SYNTAX
//Declaration of Scanner "variable"
Scanner scVar = new Scanner(System.in);
//Functionality provided
Read an integer value from
scVar.nextInt();
source System.in
scVar.nextDouble();
......
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
Read a double value from
source System.in
Other data types, to be covered
later
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4.3 Reading Input: Fahrenheit Ver 2
import java.util.Scanner;
// or import java.util.*;
public class TemperatureInteractive {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double fahrenheit, celsius;
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: ");
fahrenheit = sc.nextDouble();
celsius = (5.0/9) * (fahrenheit 32);
System.out.println("Celsius: " + celsius);
}
}
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
TemperatureInteractive.java
38
4.3 Reading Input: Key Points (1/3)
The statement
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Declares a variable sc of Scanner type
The initialization new Scanner(System.in)
Constructs a Scanner object
Attaches it to the standard input System.in (which is
the keyboard)
We will discuss more about object later
This Scanner object sc will receive input from this source
Scanner can attach to a variety of input sources; this is
just a typical usage
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4.3 Reading Input: Key Points (2/3)
After proper initialization, a Scanner object
provides functionality to read value of various
types from the input source
The statement
fahrenheit = sc.nextDouble();
nextDouble() works like a function (called method
in Java) that returns a double value read interactively
The Scanner object sc converts the input into the
appropriate data type and returns it
in this case, user input from the keyboard is converted into a
double value
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4.3 Reading Input: Key Points (3/3)
Typically, only one Scanner object is needed,
even if many input values are to be read.
The same Scanner object can be used to call the
relevant methods to read input values
Note: In CodeCrunch, your program will NOT
work if you use more than one Scanner
object in your program.
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4.3 Writing Output: The Standard Output
System.out is the predefined output device
SYNTAX
Refers to the monitor/screen of your computer
//Functionality provided
System.out.print( output_string );
System.out.println( output_string );
System.out.printf( format_string, [items] );
Output:
System.out.print("ABC");
System.out.println("DEF");
System.out.println("GHI");
ABCDEF
GHI
Very C-like 3.142
System.out.printf("Very C-like %.3f\n", 3.14159);
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
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4.3 Writing Output: printf()
Java introduces printf() in Java 1.5
The format string contains normal characters and a
number of specifiers
Very similar to the C version
Specifier starts with a percent sign (%)
Value of the appropriate type must be supplied for each specifier
Common specifiers and modifiers:
%d
for integer value
%f
for double floating-point value
%s
for string
%b
for boolean value
%c
for character value
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
SYNTAX
%[-][W].[P]type
-: For left alignment
W: For width
P: For precision
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4.3 Problem: Approximating PI
One way to calculate the PI () constant:
4 4 4 4 4
.........
1 3 5 7 9
Write ApproximatePI.java to:
1. Ask the user for the number of terms to use
for approximation
2. Calculate with the given number of terms
3. Output the approximation in 6 decimal
places
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
44
4.3 Solution: Approximating PI
import java.util.*; // using * in import statement
public class ApproximatePI {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int nTerms, sign = 1, denom = 1;
double pi = 0.0;
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter number of terms: ");
nTerms = sc.nextInt();
for (int i = 0; i < nTerms; i++) {
pi += 4.0 / denom * sign;
sign *= -1;
denom += 2;
}
System.out.printf("PI = %.6f\n", pi);
4 4 4 4 4
.........
1 3 5 7 9
}
}
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
ApproximatePI.java
45
4.4 API
Application Programming Interface
4.4 API (1/2)
The Scanner class you have seen is part of the Java API
The API consists of many classes
API: an interface for other programs to interact with a program
without having direct access to the internal data of the program
Documentation, SE7: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/
You may also access the above link through 501043 website
Resources Online (http://sakai.it.tdt.edu.vn)
For Java programmers, it is very important to refer to the API
documentation regularly!
You do not need to know all the classes (there are easily a few
thousand classes altogether!)
You will learn some more classes in this course
This week reading assignment
Read up Scanner class in the API documentation
[501043 Lecture 1: Intro to Java]
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4.4 API (2/2)
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48
4.5 Math class, Class Attributes
Using the Math class
4.5 The Math class (1/2)
From the API documentation
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4.5 The Math class (2/2)
Package: java.lang (default)
Some useful Math methods:
abs()
ceil()
floor()
max()
min()
pow()
random()
sqrt()
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4.5 Class Attributes
The Math class has two class attributes
A class attribute (or class member) is associated
with the class, not the individual instances (objects).
Every instance of a class shares the class attribute.
We will explain about objects later.
How to use it?
Example:
double area = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius,2);
Here, Math.PI is used as the constant
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4.5 The Math class: Demo
// To find the area of the largest circle inscribed
// inside a square, given the area of the square.
TestMath.java
import java.util.*;
public class TestMath {
radius
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter area of a square: ");
double areaSquare = sc.nextDouble();
double radius = Math.sqrt(areaSquare)/2;
double areaCircle = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2);
System.out.printf("Area of circle = %.4f\n",
areaCircle);
}
}
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4.6 User-defined Functions
Reusable and independent code units
4.6 Function with a new name
In Java, C-like function is known as static/class method
Denoted by the static keyword before return data type
Another type of method, known as instance method will be
covered later
public class Factorial {
// Returns n!
// Pre-cond: n >= 0
public static int factorial (int n) {
if (n == 0) return 1;
else return n * factorial(n-1);
}
Factorial.java
If n is too big, say
40, what will
happen? Why?
public static void main(String[] args) {
int n = 5;
// You can change it to interactive input
System.out.printf("Factorial(%d) = %d\n", n, factorial(n));
}
}
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4.6 Method Parameter Passing
All parameters in Java are passed by value (as
in C):
A copy of the actual argument is created upon method
invocation
The method parameter and its corresponding actual
parameter are two independent variables
In order to let a method modify the actual
argument:
An object reference data type is needed (similar to
pointer in C)
Will be covered later
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Summary
Java Elements
Data Types:
- Numeric Data Types:
byte, short, int, float, double
- Boolean Data Type:
boolean
Expressions:
- Arithmetic Expression
- Boolean Expression
Control Flow Statements:
- Selection Statements: if-else, switch-case
- Repetition Statements: while, do-while, for
Classes:
- Scanner
- Math
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Next Week: Real OOP
This week, the Java programs shown do not
truly use object-oriented programming (OOP)
features
We will learn some OOP concepts next week
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