Scribd
Upload
36 views9 pages

Lec 30

1) Integration by parts is a technique for evaluating integrals of products using the formula ∫uv dx = uv - ∫u'v dx. It allows integrals like ∫tan-1x dx to be solved. 2) Reduction formulas (also called recurrence formulas) arise when repeatedly using integration by parts on integrals involving powers like ∫(ln x)n dx or ∫xnex dx. This generates a pattern relating the integral to those of lower powers. 3) Arc length is found by treating the curve as a sequence of infinitesimal line segments and integrating √(dx/ds)2 + (dy/ds)2 ds between the limits.

Uploaded by

raw.junk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views9 pages

Lec 30

1) Integration by parts is a technique for evaluating integrals of products using the formula ∫uv dx = uv - ∫u'v dx. It allows integrals like ∫tan-1x dx to be solved. 2) Reduction formulas (also called recurrence formulas) arise when repeatedly using integration by parts on integrals involving powers like ∫(ln x)n dx or ∫xnex dx. This generates a pattern relating the integral to those of lower powers. 3) Arc length is found by treating the curve as a sequence of infinitesimal line segments and integrating √(dx/ds)2 + (dy/ds)2 ds between the limits.

Uploaded by

raw.junk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

MIT OpenCourseWare

http://ocw.mit.edu

18.01 Single Variable Calculus


Fall 2006

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

Lecture 30

18.01 Fall 2006

Lecture 30: Integration by Parts, Reduction


Formulae

Integration by Parts
Remember the product rule:
(uv) = u v + uv
We can rewrite that as
uv = (uv) u v
Integrate this to get the formula for integration by parts:

uv dx = uv u v dx

Example 1.

tan1 x dx.

At rst, its not clear how integration by parts helps. Write

tan1 x dx = tan1 x(1 dx) = uv dx


with
u = tan1 x and

v = 1.

Therefore,
1
1 + x2
Plug all of these into the formula for integration by parts to get:

tan1 x dx = uv dx = (tan1 x)x


v = x and u =

1
(x)dx
1 + x2

1
ln |1 + x2 | + c
2

= x tan1 x

Alternative Approach to Integration by Parts


As above, the product rule:
(uv) = u v + uv
can be rewritten as
uv = (uv) u v
This time, lets take the denite integral:

u v dx

(uv) dx

uv dx =
a

Lecture 30

18.01 Fall 2006

By the fundamental theorem of calculus, we can say


b
b

uv dx = uv
a

u v dx

Another notation in the indenite case is

u dv = uv v du
This is the same because
dv = v dx = uv dx = u dv

and du = u dx = u v dx = vu dx = v du

(ln x)dx

Example 2.

1
u = ln x; du = dx and dv = dx; v = x
x

1
(ln x)dx = x ln x x
dx = x ln x dx = x ln x x + c
x
We can also use advanced guessing to solve this problem. We know that the derivative of
something equals ln x:
d
(??) = ln x
dx
Lets try
d
1
(x ln x) = ln x + x = ln x + 1
dx
x
Thats almost it, but not quite. Lets repair this guess to get:
d
(x ln x x) = ln x + 1 1 = ln x
dx

Reduction Formulas (Recurrence Formulas)

Example 3.

(ln x) dx

Lets try:
u = (ln x)n = u = n(ln x)n1


1
x

v = dx; v = x
Plugging these into the formula for integration by parts gives us:

(ln x) dx = x(ln x)

1
x dx
x

n1

n(ln x)

Keep repeating integration by parts to get the full formula: n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) etc

Example 4.
xn ex dx Lets try:
u = xn = u = nxn1 ;
2

v = ex = v = ex

Lecture 30

18.01 Fall 2006

Putting these into the integration by parts formula gives us:

xn ex dx = xn ex nxn1 ex dx
Repeat, going from n (n 1) (n 2) etc.

Bad news: If you change the integrals just a little bit, they become impossible to evaluate:

1 2
tan x dx = impossible

ex
dx = also impossible
x

Good news: When you cant evaluate an integral, then


2 x
e
dx
1 x
is an answer, not a question. This is the solution you dont have to integrate it!
The most important thing is setting up the integral! (Once youve done that, you can always
evaluate it numerically on a computer.) So, why bother to evaluate integrals by hand, then? Because
you often get families of related integrals, such as
x
e
F (a) =
dx
a
x
1
where you want to nd how the answer depends on, say, a.

Lecture 30

18.01 Fall 2006

Arc Length
This is very useful to know for 18.02 (multi-variable calculus).

y
ds

y=f(x)

dy
dx

Figure 1: Innitesimal Arc Length ds

ds

dy

dx
Figure 2: Zoom in on Figure 1 to see an approximate right triangle.
In Figures 1 and 2, s denotes arc length and ds = the innitesmal of arc length.

2
ds = (dx)2 + (dy)2 = 1 + (dy/dx) dx
Integrating with respect to ds nds the length of a curve between two points (see Figure 3).
To nd the length of the curve between P0 and P1 , evaluate:

P1

ds
P0

Lecture 30

18.01 Fall 2006

P
P

Figure 3: Find length of curve between P0 and P1 .


We want to integrate with respect to x, not s, so we do the same algebra as above to nd ds in
terms of dx.
2
(ds)2
(dx)2
(dy)2
dy
=
+
=1+
(dx)2
(dx)2
(dx)2
dx
Therefore,

P1

ds =
P0

1+

dy
dx

2
dx

Example 5: The Circle. x2 + y 2 = 1 (see Figure 4).

Figure 4: The circle in Example 1.

Lecture 30

18.01 Fall 2006

We want to nd the length of the arc in Figure 5:

a
Figure 5: Arc length to be evaluated.

1 x2

dy
2x
1
x
=
=
2
dx
2
1x
1 x2

2
x
ds = 1 +
dx
1 x2

2
x
x2
1 x2 + x2
1
1+
=1+
=
=
2
2
2
1x
1x
1 x2
1x

1
ds =
dx
1 x2
a
a
dx

s=
= sin1 x = sin1 a sin1 0 = sin1 a
2
0
1x
0
sin s = a
y=

This is illustrated in Figure 6.

Lecture 30

18.01 Fall 2006

s
a
1
a

Figure 6: s = angle in radians.

Parametric Equations
Example 6.
x = a cos t
y = a sin t
Ask yourself: whats constant? Whats varying? Here, t is variable and a is constant.
Is there a relationship between x and y? Yes:
x2 + y 2 = a2 cos2 t + a2 sin2 t = a2
Extra information (besides the circle):
At t = 0,
x = a cos 0 = a and y = a sin 0 = 0

At t = ,
2

x = a cos = 0 and y = a sin = a


2
2
Thus, for 0 t /2, a quarter circle is traced counter-clockwise (Figure 7).

Lecture 30

18.01 Fall 2006

t=/2
(0,a)

(a,0)
t=0
Figure 7: Example 6. x = a cos t, y = a sin t; the particle is moving counterclockwise.
Example 7: The Ellipse See Figure 8.
x = 2 sin t;

y = cos t

x
+ y 2 = 1( = (2 sin t)2 /4 + (cos t)2 = sin2 t + cos2 t = 1)
4

t=0
(0,1)

(2,0)
t=/2
Figure 8: Ellipse: x = 2 sin t, y = cos t (traced clockwise).
Arclength ds for Example 6.
dx = a sin t dt, dy = a cos t dt

ds = (dx)2 + (dy)2 = (a sin t dt)2 + (a cos t dt)2 = (a sin t)2 + (a cos t)2 dt = a dt

You might also like