Instituto Politcnico Nacional

Escuela Superior de Cmputo

Laboratorio de Anlisis Fundamental de Circuitos

Fundamental Analysis of Circuits

Practice No.1
Use of the ohmmeter, voltmeter and
ammeter in measurements of C.D.
Group: 1CV5
Members:
Garca Barrera Guadalupe
Garca Macas Mara del Carmen
Garca Medina Juan Carlos
Garca Ortega Oscar Arturo

Teacher: Ral Santilln Luna

DATE OF COMPLETION: 24th February 2016

DATE OF DELIVERY: 2nd March 2016

Indice

Introduction 3

Practice development... 14
Measurement of resistance... 14
Measurement of voltage..... 16
Measurement of current..... 18

Questionnaire... 19

Conclusions...... 20

Sources of consultation. 22

Objective:

The

student

will

learn

the

correct

management

of

measurement tools, so, at the end of the practice he must be qualified to:

o Use correctly the digital ohmmeter.

o Use correctly the digital voltmeter.
o Use correctly the digital ammeter.

Laboratory equipment
Material

A digital multimeter
A variable voltaje source
4 tips banana-alligator
2 tips alligator-alligator

1 Protoboard
1 resistor of 1 K to 1/4 watt
1 resistor of 560 to 1/4 watt
1 resistor of 680 to 1/4 watt
1 resistor of 330 to 1/4 watt
Wires for connections

Introducti
In this part we describe a short summary about are the things we hold in practice. Using
different things in the laboratory

Voltage or current
The charge separation requires electrical power(voltage) and the charge movement
creates an electric current (current). For separate charge positive is necessary an
investment of energy. The voltage or potential difference between two points, is the energy
that necessary for transport unit charge between two points.
Formula
V=I/R
V is in Volts
Electrical effects that cause moving charges depend on the charge flow rate
Electrical current is the speed with which loads flow through a conductor
Formula
I=VR
I is in Amperes

Sources of voltage and current.

It is a device that converts non-electrical energy into

electrical, example acomuladores or batteries
The sources maintains the voltage and current, this
can be dependent or independent
The independet, They do not depend on a current or voltage of the circuit where it is
connected.
the dependent this necessary the voltage or current in some part of the circuit.

Ohm's Law
The amount of current (I) through a resistor (R) is directly proportional to the voltage (V)
applied to it.
V=RI R=V/I

The resistor is
and Current.

for get different Voltage

Current Electric
Is the buildup of positive charge at one end and the other negative. The negative move to
positive and this movement is called Electric Current.
Is in Ampers.

Resistor

Is the pass for the current it measured in Ohms.

Series Resistor
It is a single node, and it is the same current

Parallel Resistance
Shares its nodes with much resistance.

The nominal value of the resistor and his tolerance is

indicated by a colors system, which are placed in bands around the body of the resistance.
As illustrated in the following figure:

The bands have the following distribution:

The first band (near of the edge of the resistor): Indicates the first digit of the resistance
value.
The second band: indicates the second digit the resistance value.
The third band: indicates the number of zeros (multiplicative band) who are added after the
two previous digits.
The fourth band: Indicates the tolerance of the nominal value of the resistance.

Color Code.
Is for the value OHMICO of a ressitor for colored band, tolerance (%) is associated, the
value is percentage and this is the Rank about OHMICO of the ressitor.

Protoboard
The protoboard (proto-prototype and board) is a Tablet which allows do of a practical way,
easy and provisionally the development a circuit. Usually the protoboard more common is
of 175x67x8 mm, although they exist smaller or bigger and besides the majority allow join
with others more
As illustrates the diagram, each orifice is a terminal for connect an element, to do this
simply insert the components. The diagram is indicating 4 sections.
The section 1 contains 4 groups of 25 terminals each one, joined, which in a circuit
correspond to the nodes (where join two or more elements). A group of terminals (like the
indicated in the diagram) do contact between himself because they are interconnected.
Like this as in the section 1 have 4 nodes. The section 4 is exactly similar to this.
The section 2 contains 64 groups of 5 terminals each one that also are equivalent to have
64 nodes for until 5 elements connected in this node. The section 3 is similar to this
section.
Note finally that in sections 1 and 4 the groups are formed horizontally in groups of 25
terminals and in the sections 2 and 3 the groups are formed vertically in groups of 5
terminals.
Generally, the sections 1 and 4 are used to have the voltages (positive and negative) of
the source. Inclusive some protoboards they include in this part red and blue lines for
indicate that the sources are connected there.

Why Use Protoboards?

An electronics protoboard (as opposed to the type on
which sandwiches are made) is actually referring to a
solderless protoboard. These are great units for
making temporary circuits and prototyping, and they
require absolutely no soldering.
Prototyping is the process of testing out an idea by
creating a preliminary model from which other forms
are developed or copied, and it is one of the most
common uses for breadboards. If you arent sure how a circuit will react under a
given set of parameters, its best to build a prototype and test it out.

Anatomy of a Protoboard

The best way to explain how a protoboard works is to take it apart and see whats
inside. Using a smaller breadboard its easier to see just how they function.

Terminal Strips
Here we have a protoboard where the
adhesive backing has been removed. You can
see lots of horizontal rows of metal strips on
the bottom of the protoboard.
The tops of the metal rows have little clips that
hide under the plastic holes. These clips allow
you to stick a wire or the leg of a component
into the exposed holes on a protoboard, which then hold it in place.
Once inserted that component will be electrically connected to anything else placed
in that row. This is because the metal rows are conductive and allow current to flow
from any point in that strip.

Power Rails
Now that weve seen how the
connections in a breadboard are made,
lets look at a larger, more typical
breadboard. Aside from horizontal rows,
breadboards usually have what are
called power rails that run vertically
along the sides.
These power rails are metal strips that
are identical to the ones that run
horizontally, except they are, typically*,
all connected. When building a circuit, you tend to need power in lots of different
places. The power rails give you lots of easy access to power wherever you need it
in your circuit. Usually they will be labeled with a + and a - and have a red and
blue or black stripe, to indicate the positive and negative side.

DIP Support

Earlier we mentioned the ravine that isolates

the two sides of a breadboard. This ravine
serves a very important purpose. Many
integrated circuits, often referred to as ICs or,
simply, chips, are manufactured specifically
to fit onto breadboards. In order to minimize
the amount of space they take up on the
breadboard, they come in what is known as a
Dual in-line Package, or DIP.

Rows and Columns

You may have noticed that many breadboards have numbers and letters marked
on various rows and columns. These dont serve any purpose other than to help
guide you when building your circuit. Circuits can get complicated quickly, and all it
takes is one misplaced leg of a component to make the entire circuit malfunction or
not work at all. If you know the row number of the connection you are trying to
make, it makes it much simpler to plug a wire into that number rather than
eyeballing it.

Binding Posts
Some breadboards come on a platform that has binding posts attached to it. These
posts allow you to connect all kinds of different power sources to your breadboard.

Other Features
When building your circuit, you are not confined to stay on
just one breadboard. Some circuits will require a lot more
space. Many breadboards have little nubbins and slots on the
sides, and some even have them on the tops and bottoms.
These allow you to connect multiple breadboards together to
form the ultimate prototyping surface

Analog Multimeter
The VOM multimeter (voltmeter - ohmmeter - ammeter), is an
electronic
measuring
instrumentthat
combines
several
measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter would
include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage,
current, and resistance.
the signal is supplied to the meter by 2 points that 2 are connected
to the same terminal.
the needle moves to indicate signal.

Digital Multimeter
the needle is replaced with an LCD
A digital multimeter is more accurate and precise analog one.

Using The Multimeter

Place the instrument in a horizontal position for greater accuracy

as far.
Before measuring, make sure the pointer is at zero (0), not If so zeroing the needle
If you know the value to be measured, choose the maximum measuring range
depending on the case if current or voltage and then decreases to get a good
reading. Before measuring confirm that the measuring range It is appropriate, that
prevent damage from excessive input.
The internally Multimeters have fuses that are connected to the input terminals (test
cable). Before starting to measure, check the status of the fuse, causing a short
circuit between test terminals, after selecting one of the ranges of ohmmeter, the
pointer will deflection to zero (0), indicating that the fuse this good, if not, the fuse is
broken or open.

Current Measurement.
It is measured by the ammeter that it is part for the multimeter.
The ammeter is serially connected to the branch to be measured, is necessary deenergize
the circuit.

10

Voltage measurement
It is measured by voltmeter.
Is concected in parallel It is placed between the ends of a circuit element.
Is measurement in Voltios.

Ohmmeter
The ohmmeter is an instrument to measure resistance by the direct method, you can be
found in two types of settings: Ohmmeter series, when the galvanometer is in series with
the resistance to be measured and the ohmmeter parallel or Shunt, when the
galvanometer is parallel to measuring resistance. The basic scheme of Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter Series and Parallel Shurt

Resistance is deactivated at the time it is placed between the terminals an ohmmeter,

resistance does not receive any power from the circuit in the time of measurement.
A more accurate type of ohmmeter has an electronic circuit that passes a constant current
(I) through the resistance, and another circuit that measures the voltage (V) across the
resistance. According to the following equation, derived from Ohm's Law, the value of the
resistance (R) is given by:

11

For high-precision measurements the above types of meter are inadequate. This is
because the meter's reading is the sum of the resistance of the measuring leads, the
contact resistances and the resistance being measured. To reduce this effect, a precision
ohmmeter has four terminals, called Kelvin contacts. Two terminals carry the current from
the meter, while the other two allow the meter to measure the voltage across the resistor.
With this type of meter, any voltage drop due to the resistance of the first pair of leads and
their contact resistances is ignored by the meter. This four terminal measurement
technique is called Kelvin sensing, after William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, who invented the
Kelvin bridge in 1861 to measure very low resistances. The Four-terminal sensing method
can also be utilized to conduct accurate measurements of low resistances.

Using The Ohmmeter

1) completely disconnect or turn off all power to the
circuit you are going to try.
a. It must be disconnected for accuracy

2) Choose a suitable ohmmeter for your project

a. It is important for the rank and ohms

3) Check the ohmmeter to see if you have a battery

a. It may be included or separately

4) Connect the test leads in the meter sockets

a. you will see a "positive" plug and a negative or
"common" plug. They can also be red (+) and
black (-).

12

5) Put your meter to zero if you have a dial zero adjustment.

a. read right lower strength and greater resistance to
the left. Zero resistance should be observed when
sensors are connected directly to each other.
Keep them together and turn the dial to "fit" until
the needle on the scale is at zero ohms so that
the settings.
b. it can also be the value 100
6) Choose the circuit or electrical device you want to test.
a. It may be some resistance, to know how is measured.

7) spread a sensor to one end of a circuit, do the same with the

other sensor and the other end.
a. with the resistance tapeworms, with the two points put
each on one end and on the screen the number of the
resistance it is to appear.

8) Insulates electrical circuit components hardwiring to try them

individually
a. If you read ohms of resistance on a printed circuit
board, you have to unsolder or tear resistance so that
you make sure you do not get a misreading through
another reading on the circuit.

9) Read the resistance of a cable or a branch of a circuit to see if

there are any open or short circuit fissure
a. If you read "infinite ohms", then there is a reading to
follow the electric current and, in simple terms, this
suggests that a component is burning somewhere in the
circuit or that there is a broken conductor. Many circuits
have devices "door" (or semiconductor transistors),
diodes, capacitors, however, may not read continuity even when the entire
circuit is intact, which makes it difficult to prove only complete circuits with
an ohmmeter.
10) Ohmmeter off when not in use.

13

Develop
Use Of Ohmmeter
We measure four resistance values as is show figure1. The resistance should be measure
in parallel form with the circuit de-energized.

Fig. 1 Values of resistance and conection of Ohmetro.

The values shown in table 1 in which you can apreciate that value of measure is
aproximate to color code.
Table 1. Resistances measures
Resistance
Measurement with Digital Value with colour code
Ohmetro()
()
R1
669.1
680
R2
323.68
330
R3
989.8
1000
R4
553.7
560

Voltmeter Use.
Figure 2 is an example of how to use voltmeter for measure an element that is in parallel
form but in this time the circuit contain energy in order to have values of voltage.

Figure 2. Conection of voltmeter

Figure 3. Circuit proposal for measure voltage

14

Voltmeter is connected to circuit as shown below, there are three forms for connect the
voltmeter in order to measure R1, R2 and R3. All elements are measured in parallel like
resistances but this time the circuit contain energy and the total voltage is distributed in
each resistance due to that resistances are in serie. In each simulation we can notice the
previous facts.
E=1V

E=2V

E=3V

E=4V

V=5V

V=6V

E=7V

E=8V

15

E=9V

E = 10 V

E = 11 V

E = 12 V

The following table contains the results of measurements.

Table 2. Measurement voltage.
Source of voltage
E=1 V
E=2 V
E=3 V
E=4 V
E=5 V
E=6 V
E=7 V
E=8 V
E=9 V
E=10 V
E=11V
E=12V

Digital Multimeter
Voltage R1 and R2
(V)
0.97
1.99
2.9
3.8
4.9
5.9
6.9
7.9
8.9
9.9
10.9
11.9

Voltage R1
(V)
0.72
1.5
2.25
3
3.75
4.5
5.2
6.0
6.7
7.9
8.2
4.6

Voltage R2
(V)
0.86
0.49
0.74
0.81
1.23
1.48
1.73
1.98
2.22
2.48
2.7
2.9

Amperemeter Use.
The figure 4 explain how to connect the amperemeter for measure a circuit component.

The following simulation shown how to connect the amperemeter to component in serie
correctly. E=1 V
E=2 V

16

E=3 V

E=4 V

E=5 V

E=6 V

E=7 V

E=8 V

E=9 V

E=10 V

E=11 V

E=12 V

17

The values got by digital multimeter are shown in the next table.
Source of voltage
E=1 V
E=2 V
E=3 V
E=4 V
E=5 V
E=6 V
E=7 V
E=8 V
E=9 V
E=10 V
E=11V
E=12V

Multmetro Digital
Electric current R1
and R2 (mA)
2.9
6.5
9.9
13.2
16.5
19.7
22.7
26.5
29.4
33.1
36.4
39.4

Electric current R1
(mA)
1.5
3.6
5.4
7.2
8.9
10.8
12.6
14.5
16.3
18.1
19.7
21.8

Electric current R2
(mA)
1.3
2.5
3.1
4.5
7.5
8.2
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.0
16.6
18.1

Questionair

18

1. What is the characteristic of a circuit on serie?

Answer: a series circuit are those components (capacitor, inductors, sources,
resistors), that share only one node, and current flows with the same intensity in each
of the components.
2.

What is the characteristic of a circuit on parallel?

Answer: a parallel circuit is one in which all components share the same nodes, also it
has the same voltage and power difference.

3.

What is the principal difference between a analogical meter and a digital meter?
Answer: an analog electric meter an analog process, for example, to an input signal
whose variation is continuous, also provides a continuous output, which can take any
of the values within the specified limits, while, a digital meter to an input signal whose
variation is continuous, provides an output or discrete finite number of values. Your
appears as numerical measurement.
Therefore, the analog meter reading is slower and less accurate that the digital meter.

4.

Why a ammeter shouldnt to connect on parallel?

Answer: given that the current is the flow of charge power per unit of time that runs
through a material, and with the meter we measure current intensity, therefore, the
amount of electrons passing through a conductor, then we must use the instrument as
an extension of the driver, in other words when connected in parallel, not we would be
measuring the flow of electrons

5. Why should deenergize the circuit when it measured the resistance of a electric circuit?
Answer: the resistance value obtained by the formula R = V / I, if the circuit were
energized, would voltage and current that would affect the measurement.

Conclusion
Garca Barrera Guadalupe:

19

For me it is important this practice, because, I don not nothing about circuits, in my life had
I seen this, but this practice is a bigger panorama about what will be in the matter.
which in practice is me difficult was to calculate the parallel circuit, did not understand that
they placed so some things, after the teacher told us as was done and why it was a little
clearer, I feel that what I was better understood in series circuit, both the calculation to
recognize the measurements, as it is important not only see reflected the exercise in the
notebook but also more tangible way.
It is important in this area learn to use the circuits and how energy flows as how to
calculate it.

Mara del Carmen Garca Macas:

In conclusion, we learn how to use differents instruments that are able to measure and
allow appreciate some facts, for instance: Verify Ohms law due to that when the
resistance increases in a circuit, the value of electric current is less and the voltaje grows.
Furthermore, we identify the form of measure amperaje (in serie) and votage (in parallel).
Moreover, the amperaje and voltage are distributed along of the electronic circuit, and the
sum of all values of amperaje and voltage in this circuit is equal to the total of circuit.
Finally, The value of voltage and amperaje depends on the resistance.
In addition,we made simulation on Livewire software and allowed us to notice the values
of simulation to compare with the values got by measurement instruments in the lab.

Oscar Arturo Garca Ortega:

The practice was interesting, but I complicate to the start because electronics is a new
subject for my training.
But thanks to the help of my team, the explanations of the professor, the information that
consult in internet and the have realised practises it in the laboratory could comprise the
subject of a better form.
In conclusion to be the first time that work with an asignatura of electronic seemed me a
practice no so complicated and at the same time very important because I consider that it
will be the base to work all the rest of the course. I consider that I learnt enough and I will
be able to put it in practice more advance.

Garca Medina Juan Carlos:

Certainly most of us have asked how does a circuit work, this practice was the best way to
settle any kind of question related to it, we realized that most of the measurements made

20

are not exactly like we expected, in fact, they were so close but none of them were exactly
the same.
It was quite exciting because it was the first time that I watched something like this and I
think it was an opportunity to learn how to work with a team and listen their opinions,
therefore implicitly this practice also show us a little bit about the work in the outside.

Sources of consultation

21

 Renny Tovar y Jos Romero. (2007). Laboratorio de circuitos

electricos. Venezuela: COMISIN ACADMICA DEL
PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE FORMACIN EN ELECTRICIDAD.

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/vehicle-maintenance/how-touse-voltmeter.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammeter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-breadboard

https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/resistors

http://www.wikihow.com/Use-an-Ohmmeter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter

22