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Complex Variables I

1) Complex variables are necessary to learn as they are useful for certain types of integrals via the residue theorem, for 2D fluid/solid mechanics problems where Laplace's equation applies, and because real variable theories are subsets of complex variable theory via the fundamental theorem of algebra. 2) Complex numbers can be visualized on the complex plane where operations correspond to vector additions and multiplications. Euler's formulas show trigonometric functions can be written in terms of complex exponentials. 3) Evaluating examples, the integral of e−x sin x dx from 0 to infinity equals 1/2, and solving sin z = 3i leads to the solutions z = (π/2) ± 2nπ + i ln

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Nirmal Kumar Umapathy
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93 views

Complex Variables I

1) Complex variables are necessary to learn as they are useful for certain types of integrals via the residue theorem, for 2D fluid/solid mechanics problems where Laplace's equation applies, and because real variable theories are subsets of complex variable theory via the fundamental theorem of algebra. 2) Complex numbers can be visualized on the complex plane where operations correspond to vector additions and multiplications. Euler's formulas show trigonometric functions can be written in terms of complex exponentials. 3) Evaluating examples, the integral of e−x sin x dx from 0 to infinity equals 1/2, and solving sin z = 3i leads to the solutions z = (π/2) ± 2nπ + i ln

Uploaded by

Nirmal Kumar Umapathy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Variables

Why is it necessary to learn the complex variable theory ?


Useful for certain types of integrals (the residue theorem).
Z

(Examples:)

x4
dx,
1 + x6

Z 2
0

cos
d
1 + sin 2

Useful for 2-D fluid mechanics/solid mechanics problems 1 .


u = v = 0,

w = u + iv.

Real variable theories are subsets of the complex variable theory (the fundamental theorem of algebra 2 ).
With a complex number in the form of
z = a + ib,

where i = 1, divisions and multiplications between two complex numbers are computed as
z1 z2

= (a1 + ib1 )(a2 + ib2 )


= (a1 a2 b1 b2 ) + i(a1 b2 + a2 b1 ),

(1)

and
z1
z2

(a1 +ib1 )(a2 ib2 )


(a2 +ib2 )(a2 ib2 )
a1 a2 +b1 b2
a1 b2
+ i a2 ab21 +b
2 .
a22 +b22
2
2

=
=

(2)

The complex conjugate of z = a + ib is defined as


z = a ib.
It follows

z1 + z2
z1 z2

z1
z2

= z1 + z2 ,
= z1 z2 ,
=

z1
z2 .

Note that
zz = |z|2 .
1

The real part and the imaginary part of any analytic functions (e.g. f (z) = z3 ) satisfy the Laplace equation. For instance,
z3 = (x + iy)3 = x3 3xy2 + i(3x2 y y3 ),
so
u = x3 3xy2 ,
Verify that both u and v satisfy

2 An

algebraic equation of the n-th order has n zeros.

u = 0,

v = 3x2 y y3 .
v = 0.

(3)

Complex Plane
With the introduction of the imaginary number, i, it is possible to associate z = a + ib with a point (a, b) in a 2-D plane.

y
z=a+i b

|z| = a2 + b2
=
zz,
and

(4)

arg z = .

It is noted that
= a + ib

2
2
=
a +b

a
a2 +b2

= |z|(cos + i sin )
= rei ,

+ i 2b 2
a +b

(5)

where Eulers formula


ei = cos + i sin , 3
was used.
On the complex plane, it is possible to visualize the operations among complex numbers as shown in the table below:

z1 z2
z1 z2

addition of vectors
r1 r2 ei(1 +2 )
r1 i(1 2 )
r2 e

z1
z2

Using Eulers formulas,

ei
ei

= cos + i sin ,
= cos i sin ,

(7)

(8)

trigonometric functions can be written as


cos
sin

=
=

ei +ei
2
ei ei
2i

,
.

(9)

ei

=
=
=

)
(i )
1 + (i ) + (i2!) + (i
3! + 4! . . .

2
4
3
5
1 2! + 4! . . . + i 3! + 5! . . .
cos + i sin .
2

(6)

It is seen from the above that sine and cosine functions are the even and odd parts of f ( ) = ei .
Similarly, the hyperbolic sine and cosine functions can be defined as (the even and odd parts of f ( ) = e )
cosh
sinh

=
=

e +e
2
e e
2

,
.

(10)

The following similarity can be immediately verified:


(sin )0 = cos
(cos )0 = sin
cos2 + sin2 = 1

(sinh )0 = cosh
(cosh )0 = sinh
cosh2 sinh2 = 1

Example 1 Evaluate sin i.


sin i

=
=
=

eii eii
2i
e1 e
2i
i
1
2 (e e ).

(11)

Note that this is a pure imaginary number.


Example 2 Evaluate
I

Z
0

ex sin xdx.

= 0 ex eix dx4
R
= h0 e(1+i)x dx i

1
e(1+i)x
= 1+i
1
50
= 1+i
(0 1)

1 1i
= 1+i
1i

1
= 2 + 12 i
= 12 .

(12)

Example 3 Solve sin z = 3 6 .


Let z = x + iy, then,
sin z = sin (x + iy)

1 i(x+iy)
e
ei(x+iy)
=
2i

1
=
cos x(ey ey ) + i sin x(ey + ey ) ,
2i

(13)

cos x(ey ey ) + i sin x(ey + ey ) = 6i,

(16)

(14)
(15)

so

or by comparing the imaginary part and real part of both sides,


cos x(ey ey ) = 0,
sin x(ey + ey ) = 6.
4 ( f )

is the imaginary part of f .


x , e(1+i)x = ex eix 0 since ex 0 and eix = cos x + i sin x is bounded (but indefinite).
6 This equation does not make sense if z is a real number.
5 As

(17)
(18)

If ey ey = 0 in eq.(17), it follows e2y = 1 or y = 0 which implies that sin x = 3 from eq.(18) which is impossible, so
cos x = 0 must be satisfied from eq.(17). Therefore,

n ,
2

(19)

n )(ey + ey ) = 6.
2

(20)

x=
and
sin (
For the right hand side to be positive,
sin (

n ),
2

x=

2n .
2

(21)

ey + ey = 6,

(22)

(ey )2 6ey + 1 = 0,

(23)

y = ln (3 2 2),

(24)

must be positive which implies that

From eq.(20),
or
which can be solved as
so finally
z=

2n + i ln (3 2 2).
2

(25)

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