Tutorial Sheet 3

(Air properties at 25 C, 100 kPa, Rair=0.287 kJ/kg-K, Cp,air=1.004 kJ/kg-K, Cv,air=0.717 kJ/kg-K)
1. What is the difference between the flow through nozzle and throttle process. In case a saturated liquid is throttled,
comment on liquid state and its temperature after throttling. Comment on temperature if it is ideal gas.
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2. Air at 600 K flows with 3 kg/s into a heat exchanger and out at 100 C. How much (kg/s) water coming in at 100 kPa,
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20 C can the air heat to convert it in to saturated vapor? Ans. 0.27 kg/s.
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3. An initially empty cylinder is filled with air from 20 C, 100 kPa until it is full. Assuming no heat transfer is the final
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temperature larger, equal to or smaller than 20 C? Does the final T depend on the size of the cylinder? Ans. (T2>T1),
No.
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4. Cylinder has 0.1 kg air at 25 C, 200 kPa with a 5 kg piston on top. A valve at the bottom is opened to let the air out and
the piston drops 0.25 m towards the bottom. What is the work involved in this process? What happens to the energy?
Ans. -0.0245 kJ.
5. Superheated vapor ammonia enters an insulated nozzle at 20C, 800 kPa, with a low velocity (low velocity in nozzle
~V=0 m/s) and at the steady rate of 0.01 kg/s. The ammonia exits at 300 kPa with a velocity of 450 m/s. Determine the
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temperature (state quality/superheated) and the exit area of the nozzle. Ans. X=0.947, 8.56 X10 m .
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6. R-134a is throttled in a line flowing at 25 C, 750 kPa with negligible kinetic energy to a pressure of 165 kPa. Find the
exit temperature and the ratio of exit pipe diameter to that of the inlet pipe (D ex/Din) so the velocity stays constant.
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Ans. -15 C, 6.19.
7. A small turbine, shown in Figure, is operated at part load by throttling a 0.25 kg/s steam supply at 1.4 MPa, 250C
down to 1.1 MPa before it enters the turbine and the exhaust is at 10 kPa. If the turbine produces 110 kW, find the
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exhaust temperature (and quality if saturated). Ans. 45.8 C, X=0.959.
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8. A 4 kg/s steady flow of ammonia runs through a device where it goes through polytropic process. The inlet state is 150
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kPa, -20 C and exit state is 400 kPa, 80 C (Neglect kinetic and potential energies changes). The specific work input has
been found to be given as [n/(n-1)] (Pv). Find a) polytropic index n. b) Find specific work and specific heat transfer.
Ans. 1.538, -140.0 kJ/kg, 73.8 kJ/kg.
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9. An exhaust fan in a building should be able to move 2.5 kg/s air at 98 kPa, 20 C through a 0.4 m diameter vent hole.
How high a velocity must it generate and how much power is required to do that? Ans. 17.1 m/s, 0.366 kW.
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10. A condenser (cooler) receives 0.05 kg/s R-22 at 800 kPa, 40 C and cools it so the exit state is saturated liquid. What
cooling capacity (kW) must the condenser have? Ans. 10.6 kW.
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11. Compressor receives 0.1 kg/s R-134a at 150 kPa, -10 C and delivers at 1000 kPa, 40 C. Power input is measured to be 3
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kW. Compressor has heat transfer to air at 100 kPa coming in at 20 C and leaving at 25 C. Find mass flow rate of air?
Ans. 0.0715 kg/sec.
12. In a co-flowing (same direction) heat exchanger 1 kg/s air at 500 K flows into one channel and 2 kg/s air flows into the
neighboring channel at 300 K. If it is infinitely long what is the exit temperature? Sketch the variation of T in the two
flows. Ans. 367 K.
13. An evacuated 150-L tank is connected to a line flowing air at room temperature, 25C, and 8 MPa pressure. The valve is
opened allowing air to flow into the tank until the pressure inside is 6 MPa. At this point the valve is closed. This filling
process occurs rapidly and is essentially adiabatic. The tank is then placed in storage where it eventually returns to
room temperature. What is the final pressure? Ans. 4.29 MPa.
14. A 1-m3 tank contains ammonia at 150 kPa, 25C. The tank is attached to a line flowing ammonia at 1200 kPa, 60C. The
valve is opened, and mass flows in until the tank is half full of liquid, by volume at 25C. Calculate the heat transferred
from the tank during this process. Ans. -379636 kJ.

15. An empty canister of volume 1 L is filled with R-134a from a line flowing saturated liquid R-134a at 0 C. The filling is
done quickly so it is adiabatic. How much mass of R-134a is there after filling? The canister is placed on a storage shelf
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where it slowly heats up to room temperature 20 C. What is the final pressure? Ans. 11.61 kg, 572.8 kPa.
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16. Piston cylinder contains 1 kg water at 20 C with constant load on piston such that pressure is 250 kPa. Nozzle in a line
to cylinder is opened to enable a flow to the outside atmosphere at 100 kPa. Process continues till half mass has
flowed out, assuming no heat transfer. Assume constant water temperature and find exit velocity and total work done
in the process. Ans. -0.125 kJ, 22.36 m/s.
17. A 100-L rigid tank contains carbon dioxide gas at 1 MPa, 300 K. A valve is cracked open, and carbon dioxide escapes
slowly until the tank pressure has dropped to 500 kPa. At this point the valve is closed. The gas remaining inside the
tank may be assumed to have undergone a polytropic expansion, with polytropic exponent n = 1.15. Find the final
mass inside and the heat transferred to the tank during the process. (Gas leaving at average temperature during the
process) Cv=0.6529, Cp=0.8418 kJ/kg-K, Ans. 20.1 kJ.
18. A nitrogen line, 300 K and 0.5 MPa, shown in figure, is connected to a turbine that
exhausts to a closed initially empty tank of 50 m3. The turbine operates to a tank pressure
of 0.5 MPa, at which point the temperature is 250 K. Assuming the entire process is
adiabatic, determine the turbine work. Ans. 41.04 MJ.

19. A 2 m tall cylinder has a small hole in the bottom. It is filled with liquid water 1 m high, on top of
which is 1 m high air column at atmospheric pressure of 100 kPa. As the liquid water near the hole
has a higher P than 100 kPa it runs out. Assume a slow process with constant T. Will the flow ever
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stop? When? Given w= 998 kg/m . Ans. Yes,0.903 m.

20. A 2-m3 insulated vessel, shown in figure, contains saturated vapor steam at 4 MPa. A valve on the
top of the tank is opened, and steam is allowed to escape. During the process any liquid formed
collects at the bottom of the vessel, so that only saturated vapor exits. Calculate the total mass
that has escaped when the pressure inside reaches 1 MPa. Ans. 27.24 kg.

21. A 750-L rigid tank, shown in Figure, initially contains water at 250C, 50% liquid and 50% vapor, by
volume. A valve at the bottom of the tank is opened, and liquid is slowly withdrawn. Heat transfer
takes place such that the temperature remains constant. Find the amount of heat transfer required
to the state where half the initial mass is withdrawn. Ans. 6750 kJ.
b) Consider the previous problem but let the line and valve be located in the top of the tank. Now saturated vapor is
slowly withdrawn while heat transfer keeps the temperature inside constant. Find the heat transfer required to reach a
state where half the original mass is withdrawn. Ans. 270389 kJ.
Discontinuity