Was Jonestown A CIA Medical Experiment? - Ch. 2

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II DEEP COVER
This the story of Lisa Philip Layton, a German Nazi who,
along with her family, gave the world the atomic bomb, ICBM
missiles, killer satellites, the modern concept of chemical,
germ and gas warfare as well as a macabre experiment in
ethnic weaponry known as Jonestown. Lisa's family provided
the basic outline for the experiment as well as the
technology and most of the finances to complete it. One
family member was in charge of the Peoples Temple trail
blazers, the advance party that carved Jonestown from the
dense Guyanese jungle. Others, both men and women, were
Jones' top aides and lovers. One was an agent provocateur
who feigned a defection from Jonestown in order to entice
Congressman Leo Ryan to investigate the community while her
brother waited with the assassination team that would murder
him. No one, not even Jim Jones himself, contributed more to
the Jonestown experiment than did the family of Lisa Philip
Layton. Hugo Philip was a wealthy German banker and
stockbroker who represented such noteworthy chemical
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companies as__
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, whose research labs developed a deadly nerve gas
that killed over 6,000 prisoners just in tests and
demonstrations of their new weapon. Though his work was in
finances, Hugo's love was music and he had earned a
reputation as the most accomplished amateur violinist in
Hamburg. In June of 1914, he married Anita Lea Heilbut, a
wealthy stockbroker's daughter who had been educated in
private institutions, including two years at an English
boarding school. For four years following her graduation
from Hamburg College, Anita worked as a volunteer for, what
the family later described as, "an agency helping young
girls to find positions." The couple's first child, Lisa,
was born in Hamburg on July 14, 1915, to provide Hugo with a
deferment from World War I
A second child, Eva, was born soon after. World War I and
the resulting Treaty of Versailles totally devastated the
German economy. The currency was devalued to the point where
the average family's net worth would not even buy a loaf of
bread. The poor were so desperate that they stripped the
wallpaper from their homes in order to eat the paste that
had been made with a mixture of flour and water. As Germany
starved, Lisa and her younger sister Eva were raised in
lavish luxury. They attended Lichtwarckschule, an expensive
private school that taught sociology to their students in
perpetual field trips throughout When not in school, Lisa
and Europe. Eva traveled with their mother to various health
spas in Southern Germany where they resided for extended
periods of time. The family also vacationed regularly
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In the Austrian Alps and in resorts on the Baltic Coast

In 1927, Hugo commissioned the noted architectural firm of
Block and Hochfeld to design and build the most ultra-modern
house in Hamburg. The new home was a showplace that boasted
then-unheard-of luxuries like a sunken bathtub, shower
stalls and built-in closets, cabinets and furniture. Hugo
helped to design the music room, the humidity controlled
vaults for his tobacco and the special cabinets to store his
art collection. He possessed sufficient wealth to be the
patron of several aspiring German artists. The family moved
into their new residence along with several live-in servants
and an English governess for the children. They were
definitely the elite of German society as Adolf Hitler
assumed power.
By 1931, Lisa and Eva had left Lichtwarckschule. Eva went on
to Austria to complete her training as a pediatric nurse in
Himmler's Lebensborn Program. Very little has been recorded
of Lisa's activities between 1931 and April 23, 1938, when
the American consulate in Hamburg issued her a visa to the
United States, but like her sister, Lisa was in the service
of Hitler's Germany.
Hitler was preparing for World War II and it was determined
that the Philip family could best serve the Third Reich
under deep cover in the United States. The first family
member to feign expatriation to the U.S. was Hugo's cousin,
the eminent physician, Dr. James Franck. Dr. Franck was well
known as the foremost authority on the yet undeveloped
science of nuclear weapons. His early work in defining the
laws of physics governing the impact of electrons on the
atom earned him a world-wide reputation and the Nobel
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Prize for Physics in 1925. Dr. Franck had continued his

research but without much success. If he was to develop the
nuclear bomb, he required the resources and technology of
the United States and this meant deceiving the U.S.
government, but they needed a reason to justify his
defection from Germany, so Franck provided one. In 1933,
Heinrich Himmler outlawed the hiring of all non-Aryans in
government-funded organizations. Rather than discharge the
non-Aryans on his staff at Gottingen, Dr. Franck resigned
his position to publish one of the few objections to the new
German law. Despite the fact that Franck was Aryan (he was
not dismissed from his post, only ordered to dismiss the
non-Aryans on his staff) and despite the fact that nothing
in the book-burning mentality of Nazi Germany was published
without the approval of the Nazi Party, a few weeks after
his rebuttal, the U.S. government welcomed him with full
citizenship and a top secret classification for his
continued work on the atomic bomb.
Expatriating the other members of the Philip family would be
more difficult as they could offer only wealth to the United
States and none of the scientific expertise of Dr. Franck.
Their best chance of being accepted was a two level cover. A
fake family history was developed to convince U.S. officials
that the Philips were Jewish and would be persecuted if they
remained in Germany. They claimed to be descendants of
Jewish shepherds who immigrated from Northern Africa to
Spain in the Middle Ages only to be forced to flee to
Germany several centuries later by the Spanish Inquisition.
Their claim to a Jewish heritage was quite flimsy as the
family had never attended a synagogue or even celebrated
Jewish holidays, which
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Even by by Nazi standards, would be the criteria that

determined who lived and who died. On the contrary, the
Philips were famous for entertaining their Aryan friends
during the Christian holidays of Christmas and Easter. In
order to deceive the U.S. officials, Hugo Joined a Jewish
organization, but in fact he only paid the dues, never
attended the meetings and allowed his membership to expire
as soon as the American Consulate read his name on the list
of Jewish members. The family's Jewish defense was very
flimsy, as stated, and perhaps deliberately so, as the
Americans saw through the sham to what they thought was the
true reason for the defection as planted evidence on a
second lower level indicated that the entire family was
homosexual. Homosexuals were second only to Jews in the
numbers killed in the Holocaust and Washington officials
believed that the Philips had developed a false Jewish
identity in order to conceal the shameful truth. The naive
bureaucrats were apparently oblivious to the fact that
homosexuality is not a matter of heredity nor did their
investigation probe any further than the secret they thought
they had discovered. The Philips were granted asylum.
Lisa Philip sailed for New York aboard the S.S. Manhattan on
May 6, 1938. In her possession was a passport stamped
"Juden," a change of clothes and what the family later
described as "many documents from her youth in Germany." She
was met in New York by her sponsor, later identified as
Bernhardt Berlin, and a group of German friends who had
preceded her, including her old boyfriend, Franz Werner.
Lisa went to Philadelphia to live in the home Berlin
operated as a safe house where she would be introduced to
life in America. Little is known of the Berlin family except
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that they were extremely bigoted as evidenced by a letter

Lisa wrote to her parents shortly after her arrival in the
U.S. in which she said, "By the way, they (the Berlins) have
named me Li or Lis because Lisa they say is like a Negro
named Liza. You have to address your letters to Li, Lis, or
Liesel."[6] Lisa remained in Philadelphia until late 1939
when she accepted a position as governess in the home of
Reverend Galen Russell, a minister in the Congregational
Church in Chappaqua, New York. Her family would later
recount the time that Lisa spent with the Russells,
She and the minister's wife, Buddy Russell,
shared an interest in gymnastics and massage.
Continuing the same bent that she had developed
in Germany, Lisa exercised in the privacy of the
Russell's garden joined by Mrs. Russell.[7]
Once safely in the United States, there was no further need
for Lisa to continue her masquerade as a Jew. In the land of
total religious freedom, she worshiped in the Russell's
Congregational Church and later joined the Quakers. Judaism
would not be an issue in Lisa's life for the next thirty
years until the Reverend Jim Jones announced, much to the
shock of her husband, children and close friends, that Lisa
was Jewish. Apparently, she had never given them a reason
for her immigration from Nazi Germany. But now, thirty years
later, her work in the Peoples Temple would bring public
attention, and her association with the Nazi
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____________________
[6]Min S. Yee and Thomas N. Layton, _
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(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981), p. 27.
Note that page numbers were taken from paperback
edition).
[7]Ibid.
P. 36.
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Party might be uncovered so it was necessary to revive her

old Jewish cover. Jim Jones claimed to know all about Lisa's
life in Germany and her feigned expatriation to the United
States. He teased her about admitting that she was a "Jewish
Nigger," as he phrased it. For years, it would be their
little private joke.
Lisa's sister, Eva, soon followed her to the U.S., where she
reportedly lived with sponsors in Houston, Texas. Nothing
has been recorded of Eva's subsequent life nor is there any
indication that Lisa even corresponded with her sister. Eva
Philip disappeared from this story or, more precisely, set
out to live one of her own.
Despite the relative ease in which Lisa and Eva were able to
secure passports, sponsors, and visas Hugo and Anita Philip
remained in Germany because, according to family reports,
they were denied an entry visa to the United States.
Actually, with their children safe in the U.S., Hugo and
Anita had the freedom of mobility to complete their
assignment in Europe. Before they were allowed to leave
Europe for America, the Philips were obliged to help other
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Nazis escape. They sold their futuristic home in Hamburg and

moved into a large house in Merano, Italy, just over the
Austrian border where, according to a family report, "they
intended to take in boarders." The Philip boarding house in
the Italian Alps was a way station in a series of safe
houses known as the "Rat Run," which ran from Germany,
through Austria and Italy, and on to America. A day's
journey north of them was the adjacent link in the Rat Run
chain; a Catholic hospital in Lienz, Austria. Hugo would
rendezvous with a group of Nazis who had spent the night in
the hospital and guide them through the
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unpatrolled mountain trails surrounding the Brenner Pass and

into Italy where they would hide in his boarding house. Hugo
was well suited for this work as, among his other talents,
he was an accomplished mountain climber. He would return to
climb those mountains in Northern Italy___
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1967 when, at age 85, his health prohibited it. South of
Merano were the ports of Genoa and Rome where the Vatican
helped the Nazis to secure false documents for their
steamship voyage to America.
The Catholic Church helped Nazi war criminals and spies to
escape to America. As incredible as that statement might
first appear, it is true. Even today, some forty years
later, the Vatican is still trying to justify their actions.
Recently, a former U.S. Justice Department prosecutor, John
Loftus, announced that his investigation had disclosed that
"the Vatican was unwillingly duped by U.S. intelligence
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agencies" who hid the Nazis' true identities from the Church
because they needed their knowledge and contacts in Eastern
Europe. Though this theory is based in fact, the truth is
much more basic and simple. It has been said that the
Catholic Church would help any Catholic in trouble. In the
fundamental conflict between the predominantly Catholic
Germans and the European Jews, it is obvious which side the
Vatican would favor.
Any doubts as to whether Hugo and Anita were working for the
Nazis are certainly dispelled when one considers what
happened next. At a time when Germany's borders were closed,
Hugo and Anita returned to Hamburg to retrieve their
furniture and other possessions. Not only were they
permitted to enter and depart Germany but they were allowed
to remove a considerable amount of wealth from Hitler's
control. The Nazis made no[8]
____________________
[8]Ibid.
p. 29.
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attempt to impede the Philips from taking a small fortune in

art, antiques and first editions; even the Family's Steinway
piano was shipped to Italy. The Philips remained in Northern
Italy for well over a year while they worked on the Rat Run
and liquidated their assets in preparation for their own
exodus.
In September of 1938, the Italian government ordered all
aliens to leave the country within six months. With their
powerful connections, the Philips were allowed to remain in
Italy for over a year after the decree when, in September of
1939, they appeared at a check point on the Italian-Austrian
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border to begin their feigned defection to the United

States.
According to their cover story, the Philips were denied not
only entry into Austria but also reentry into Italy. Since
they carried German passports, they were ordered onto an
Austrian train bound for Germany and presumably the death
camps. Thirty miles into the trip, a conductor discovered
the Philips supposedly unconscious next to an empty bottle
of poison. It was good theater. The train stopped at Lienz
and the Philips were taken to the Catholic hospital there.
They were traveling back up the Rat Run. They remained at
the hospital for several weeks and, according to their
cover, were befriended by a supervising physician who made
excuses to the SS officers who inquired daily about the
Philips' ability to continue their journey to the death
camps. Actually, it was a pleasant reunion of old
colleagues. Hugo and the doctor reportedly shared an
interest in music and played duets together. Hugo had
retained a priceless violin, hand crafted by Stradivari' s
student, Guadagnini. The only business of their days in
Lienz was the daily briefings and debriefings by the SS.
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The Philips continued on their way back up the Rat Run to

Vienna where, according to family reports, they were helped
by "Aryan friends," Leo and Asta Duke and Walter and Helen
Kalcher. The Dukes were another link in the Rat Run and had
delivered a group of Nazis to the Philip's boarding house in
Italy only a few months earlier. The Kalchers, described as
friends of Anita 's sister, were experts in protecting the
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property transfers of the Germans they helped to secure

false passports and even housed in their home. Part of their
cover story was that the Philips had lost the family fortune
and relied on charity from the Dukes, the Kalchers, the
Vienna Gildemeister Committee and the American Society of
Friends' refugee committee, but in truth the family's wealth
was intact, much of it having been buried in the Italian
Alps.
During their four month stay in Vienna, Nazi officials
continued to visit the Philips on a regular basis,
reportedly to inquire as to why it was taking them so long
to get American Visas. Despite the fact that immigration
quotas had long been filled by numbers of Austrians fleeing
the Holocaust, the Philips were issued the necessary exit
and entry visas for their voyage to America. It helped that
their daughters already in the U.S. and their cousin was a
top secret government scientist but, in all probability, the
Philips paid for their papers by bribing the Austrian
officials and enticing the Americans either with their gross
wealth or perhaps with the secret formula for nerve gas that
Hugo had carried with him ever since he had pirated it from
I.G. Farben. In any event, they telegrammed Lisa, "Leave
Genova by Contesavoia 20 March (1940). Inform everybody.
Hurray. Hugo and Anita Philip ..
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Philips split up on the docs. Hugo is said to have gone to

Cambridge, Massachusetts to explore a possible position,
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while Anita followed Lisa back to Philadelphia to work at

the Kingsley Settlement House that, in all probability, was
an "end-of-the-line" safe house in the Rat Run.
By mid 1940, the family's efforts were concentrated on the
campus of Pennsylvania State College. Continuing her
interest in massage, Lisa had accepted a position as
physical therapist in the University's hospital. Her uncle,
Dr. James Franck, was a physics professor there and her
former German boyfriend, Franz Werner, was one of his
students. Together, Dr. Franck and Werner recognized the
potential of a promising young scientist, Laurence Layton,
and Werner befriended the young man. Layton was the
president of the Graduate Club of Pennsylvania State College
and, in the pursuit of his doctoral degree, Professor Franck
required that he be proficient in German. Franz Werner, who
was still dating Lisa Philip at the time, suggested that she
would be an excellent German tutor. Lisa agreed and, to
everyone's surprise, Franz Werner encouraged Laurence to
date Lisa and thus began the romance.
Laurence Laird Layton was born on March 8, 1914 in the coal
mining town of Boomer, West Virginia, the first child of
John Wister Layton and Eva Huddleston Nutter Layton.
Laurence's father, John, was a self- taught electrical
engineer who reportedly patterned his life after Thomas
Edison. John was employed by the largest coal mining company
in West Virginia and had several patented inventions to his
credit; most notably the electric circuit breaker that
seventy years later is still the industry standard. Between
his salary
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from the coal company and the products he developed in his

home laboratory, John was able to provide his family with a
standard of living higher than most in West Virginia. The
Laytons were the first family in Boomer to have electrical
appliances like ceiling fans and automatic clothes washers.
This was a far cry from the luxuries of Lisa's early life in
Germany, but Laurence and the other Layton children grew up
amid all the wealth that part of the world had to offer.
Laurence's mother, Eva, was descended from the Huddleston
family, who had the dubious distinction of being the
aristocracy of West Virginia. Her family had owned Southern
plantations with thousands of cultivated acres and hundreds
of Black slaves to provide for them. The Civil War changed
all that and the family lost everything but their pride. Eva
Layton was overly preoccupied with family heritage, ancestry
and, what she called, "blood lines." Even the family's own
description of Eva leaves the impression that she was selfrighteous, sanctimonious and extremely prejudiced. So
concerned was she about blood lines that she married into
her own family; her husband John was a cousin. Laurence grew
up with his mother's bigoted attitudes and his father's
interest in science; a deadly combination that would dictate
the balance of his life.
When Laurence was about eight years old, his father was
killed in a mining accident and Eva moved the children into
her father's house. Sheldon Thomas Nutter would have a
lasting influence on young Laurence. Nutter had married the
niece of John Boomer Huddleston, the town's namesake, whose
family had owned the surrounding land since 1765. During the
Civil War, the family estate house was used as a
headquarters by General Robert E. Lee and his Army of
Northern
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Virginia. When the Mark A. Hanna Coal Company began

operations in Boomer in 1902, Sheldon "Tom" Nutter was the
logical choice to head the organization. He proceeded to
build a company town with eight hundred company owned
houses, a company store, a company school a company
municipal government and even a company church that he
headed as a part-time Methodist minister. Young Laurence,
who had been born a Quaker, was raised a Methodist by his
strong-willed grandfather.
About six years later, Eva remarried and moved to Scranton,
Pennsylvania with her new husband, Charles Chandler, and
three of her children. Laurence was left to care for his
ailing grandfather.
In 1932, Laurence enrolled at New River State College where
he majored in mathematics, chemistry and physics. He was so
brilliant that he completed a year long course in
differential calculus in only two weeks. For some
unexplained reason, Laurence left college in his sophomore
year to live with his mother and stepfather in Scranton
where he remained for a year and a half. His only activity
in Scranton was his work in the local Young People's
Socialist League, a group of Jewish immigrants, who elected
Laurence, a gentile, as President of their organization. It
is conceivable that Laurence had been sent to spy on the
socialist's activities by the federal government that
eventually would employ him for life. Laurence returned to
New River State College as a sophomore with a paid teaching
position and a grant. It was then he met the first woman in
his life, a young poet, Constance Jeffries, but the two soon
went their separate ways. Laurence graduated with honors in
mathematics and pursued a masters degree at West Virginia
University where he
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invented a molecular still. Two weeks after Laurence's photo

appeared in the newspapers along with an article about the
brilliant young scientist, Constance Jeffries committed
suicide. Laurence later recalled,
I had the guilty feeling that she had read this
article and then committed suicide. We had
separated. We both had gone away to school, and
she had become a nurse, while I was still a
graduate student. When I got this newspaper
clipping that she was dead I went into mourning.
I always had the feeling that whenever I was
involved with women there were personal
disasters.[9]
Laurence was one of only three in his class of forty to pass
the examination for a masters degree in chemistry. Several
universities offered him a full scholarship but he chose to
continue his studies at Pennsylvania State as the school had
a reputation as the leader in the field of chemistry. But it
was Laurence's reputation as a brilliant scientist and
inventor that preceded his arrival at Penn State and
targetted him by Dr. Franck and Lisa Philip.
Laurence was never really interested in Lisa. According to
family reports he was never really interested in any women,
but that did not deter Lisa, who set out to marry him.
Lisa's beauty has been compared to that of the Austrian
actress, Heddy Lamarr. She was intelligent and popular and
she could have
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____________________
[9]Ibid., pp.14-15.
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dated any man on campus but she chose to pursue one who was
not the least bit interested in her. She courted him for a
few months. She said they should get married. Franz Werner
and Dr. Franck said they should get married, but still
Laurence was not interested. Several things about Lisa
bothered him. She was too aggressive, domineering and
arrogant. He would later recall,
We would take walks, and I noticed that she
would step on the ants. 'My God, what do you do
that for?' I asked. She said, 'It's strange but
in Germany I learned to hate weak things. I
can't help myself.' Things like this shocked me.
[10]
When all else had failed, Lisa resorted to her secret weapon
or rather Laurence's secret weakness. She threatened to
commit suicide if Laurence would not marry her, knowing full
well that this would stir his guilt feelings about the death
of Constance Jeffries. Laurence was not about to have yet
another woman's death on his conscience so he succumbed to
Lisa's ultimatum. The two had been attending Quaker meetings
together but the Quakers required a six month engagement
before sanctioning a marriage. Lisa refused to wait that
long so they were married by the campus Methodist minister
on October 18, 1941. They had known each other only six
months.
Seven weeks after their wedding, the Japanese bombed Pearl
Harbor, the United States was thrust into World War II and
Laurence was likely to be drafted.
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____________________
[10]
Ibid. p. 300.
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Lisa arranged a deferment for her husband when her uncle,

Dr. Franck, offered Laurence a top secret appointment on the
Manhattan Project. Dr. Franck had since accepted a
professorship in physics at the University of Chicago where
he was secretly developing the atomic bomb. Laurence joined
the project, was issued a student deferment to complete his
studies at Penn State, and was assigned his first full-time
job working for Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New
York. He remained at Kodak for about a year during which
time he perfected his molecular still technology that
utilized thermal diffusion to purify uranium isotopes for
Kodak's Manhattan Project laboratory in Kingsport,
Tennessee. On December 2, 1942, the nuclear age was born
when Dr. Franck and his colleagues, using Dr. Layton's
purified uranium, set off the first self-sustaining nuclear
reaction under the grandstands of the University of
Chicago's football stadium. The world would never be the
same. Without the combined efforts of Lisa's uncle and
husband, the Manhattan Project might have failed or at least
its success would have been severely delayed.
It was Adolf Hitler who first conceived the atomic bomb and
it was his German scientists, like Dr. Franck, who made his
dream a reality. It was no coincidence that those scientists
announced they were ready to explode the first atomic bomb
only days after Germany surrendered in May of 1945; they
were ensuring that the ultimate weapon would not be used
against their fatherland. The first atomic explosion
occurred in June. In August, the Japanese sub-humans were
the first atomic victims. Such was the control that the
Nazis exerted in the U.S. After the war, Dr. Franck led a
contingent of nuclear scientists to petition the
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government to consider the atomic bomb, not as just a larger

explosive, but as a political tool; a threat to maintain
world control. On the surface the__
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t published in
1946, appears to be a plea not to explode another bomb from
the scientists who felt guilty for having invented it, but
actually it was the beginning of the Cold War. German
scientists not only made the first atomic bomb for the U.S.,
they also made the atomic policy.
The Layton's first child was born in Rochester on November
13, 1942. Thomas Nutter Layton was named for Laurence's
recently deceased grandfather and had been conceived on the
eightieth anniversary of the patriarch's birth. Dr. Layton
satisfied the requirements of his national security
deferment, completed his work with Kodak and moved the
family to the Washington, D.C. suburb of College Park, where
he sat out the remainder of the war as a chemistry professor
at the University of Maryland.
The couple's second child, Annalisa Laird Layton, was born
in Maryland on September 9, 1944. According to family
reports, Annalisa was named for Lisa's old German Aryan
friend, Annalisa Schmidt, who had been killed in a British
bombing raid while walking in the woods outside Hamburg.
Ever since she had left Germany, Lisa corresponded regularly
with Annalisa. Later, the family went so far as to publish
some of their letters, but no one seems to be conscious of
how terribly suspicious their correspondence was. Annalisa
was a good German, who enjoyed all the freedoms afforded a
Nazi, including freedom to correspond but there was no
postal service between the two warring countries; absolutely
no communications were permitted so it follows that Lisa and
Annalisa corresponded
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covertly. Overall, it was a breach of U.S. national security

for the wife and niece of two of the most important top
secret nuclear scientists to correspond with the enemy.
The Layton's third child was born on January 11, 1946 in
Maryland. Laurence John or Laurency or Larry, as the family
nicknamed him, was named for his father. Larry was an
unwanted child. He was ignored, estranged, and maladjusted,
which accounted for the psychosomatic illnesses that plagued
him as a youth. It is really no surprise that Larry would be
the first Layton sacrificed to Jim Jones but it is rather
ironic that he also be the last for, as of this writing
(1986), he stands alone as the only person ever to be tried
in U.S. courts for the conspiracy to murder Congressman Leo
Ryan.
In 1946, following the end of World War II, the Laytons
moved to Baltimore where Laurence had accepted a position at
Johns Hopkins University as a researcher and professor of
biochemistry. He had been hired by the department head,
Reginald Archibald of the Rockefeller Institute of Medical
Research,
to develop a procedure for diagnosing
cartilaginous cancer. Dr. Layton's findings were considered
to be major medical discoveries and his subsequent report,
published in the medical journals in 1951, brought him a
professional prestige he had not known since his invention
of the molecular still. He was invited to lecture at
universities in England, Switzerland, and Germany. Lisa
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stayed home with the children while Dr. Layton toured

Europe. While in Germany, he received a letter from the U.S.
Army offering him a position as Chief of Chemical Warfare at
double the salary he was then earning. Dr. Layton accepted
the Arm's offer.
Orignal page 43
Jonetown
In the fall of 1951, Dr. Layton arrived at the U.S. Army's

Chemical Warfare Division at the Dugway Proving Grounds in
Utah. His first four months at Dugway were a transition
period in which he headed the Biochemistry Department after
which he was appointed chief of the entire Chemical Warfare
Division. His duties included directing the research and
development of chemical weapons and deployment systems
conducted by the five departments in his charge.
The Dugway Proving Grounds are as desolate a place as any on
earth. For miles in all directions there is nothing but the
hard packed salt of a prehistoric lake bed. Under the
direction of Dr. Layton, scientists in the analytical,
biological, organic, and physical chemistry departments
developed chemical and germ weapons that were then tested on
the Lake Bonneville salt flats. The chemical agents were
dropped from airplanes or observation towers onto a grid
patterned target area containing chemical monitoring devices
and tethered farm animals. Following the tests, autopsies
were performed on the animals and their bodies were buried
in mass graves. Dr. Layton personally developed new
techniques to evaluate the extent to which an animal had
been killed. "Dead" was not sufficient for the doctor. He
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needed to know "how dead."

Many of the experiments performed at Dugway under Dr.
Layton's direction had to do with nerve gas; the same deadly
weapon that his father-in-law's company had developed in
Nazi Germany. Of his work at Dugway, Dr. Layton would later
write,
You can blow people to bits with bombs, you can
shoot them with
Orignal page 44
Jonetown
shells, you can atomize them with atomic bombs,

that's considered moral, but the same people
think there's something terrible about poisoning
the air and letting people breathe it. Anything
having to do with gas warfare, chemical warfare,
has this taint of horror on it, even if you only
make people vomit. It's all right to kill
somebody in war, but it's not all right to make
him vomit, or make him silly. Actually, it's one
of the most humane types of warfare, if you want
to compare it to other types. I'm not
apologizing for chemical warfare. I'm just
saying that the prejudice against chemical
weapons in favor of conventional and atomic
weapons is absurd."[11]
Dr. Layton's defense of chemical warfare was itself
"absurd," as the intention is not to make people "vomit" or
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"silly" but to kill them.

On May 10, 1952, two months after Dr. Layton accepted the
position of Chief of Chemical Warfare, his mother-in-law,
Anita Philip, died from injuries suffered in a fall from a
window of a New York City apartment house. The police
determined that Anita's death was a suicide when they
discovered the following note written in German:
____________________
[11]
Ibid. pp. 60-61.
Orignal page 45
Jonetown
My friends, know that I, free and proper, am a

good American. But I was a gossip and have been
entangled in a network of intrigue. I no longer
have the strength to free myself from it. Forget
me not my beloved children and family. And you,
Hugo, forgive me. Live well. All of you loved
mankind so well.[12]
According to the family, Anita's suicide note is roughly
translated from German, but the essence of the message
remains. Reportedly, she killed herself because someone
suspected her of not being a "good American" which, in the
context of her life, meant a Nazi. She admitted to being
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"entangled in a network of intrigue" which concisely depicts

her involvement in the organization of expatriated Nazi
spies. According to the Layton family, Anita's suicide was a
result of an increasing paranoia she suffered since her
Quaker friends in New York informed her that she was being
investigated by U.S. intelligence agents. She reportedly did
not know that the reason for the investigation was Dr.
Layton's top secret appointment as Chief of Chemical
Warfare. She rationalized the probe as a personal attack,
reminiscent of the alleged persecution she suffered in
Europe and, in her resulting despondency, she killed herself
rather than suffer the ordeal a second time. Through this
rationale is plausible, it does not take into account two
very important facts. Certainly, Dr. Layton would have
forewarned his family of the standard security check
required in such a case. Also, this was not the
____________________
[12]
Ibid. pp. 61-62.
Orignal page 46
Jonetown
first time that Anita had been investigated by the federal

government. The first time was when she applied to enter the
country, the second when her cousin and son-in-law were
appointed to the Manhattan project. So, not only should
Anita have been acquainted with such standard procedures,
but the federal government should have been well acquainted
with Anita.
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Throughout this story there are several deaths termed

suicide that were, in fact, murder and Anita's demise may
well be another example. It is possible that in their
investigation, the federal government discovered that Anita
was a Nazi spy and killed her because of it, staging a fake
suicide. It is also possible that the Nazis killed her as
she had served her purpose. Because of her obvious
involvement with the Nazis, she was a threat to the cover of
her daughter, whose assignment with the Chief of Chemical
Warfare became far more important than any service Anita
might have provided them. There is a third possibility that
also permeates this story. Someone could have been killed
and falsely identified as Anita giving her the freedom to
continue her work under deep cover. There remains an ironic
postscript to the reports of Anita's death. Though she had
been educated in an English boarding school and was well
versed in the English language, Anita wrote her last words
-- a defense that she was a "good American" -- in German.
Following Anita's death, her husband, Hugo returned to
Germany where he resided for the rest of his life in luxury.
He could even afford to send Lisa considerable amounts of
money that, according to the family, she deposited in secret
bank accounts and eventually contributed to Jim Jones and
the Jonestown experiment.
Orignal page 47
Jonetown
Within a week of Anita's death, Laurence and Lisa Layton

conceived their fourth and last child. Deborah June
Huddleston Layton was born in February of 1953. Such
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accurate records of conception were easily maintained by the

Laytons as they did not sleep together and viewed sex only
as a means to produce children. Not only did they believe in
reincarnation, but they attempted to engineer it in the
creation of children in the likeness of deceased relatives
and friends. With the exception of Larry, each of the Layton
children were identified with a past life.
Dr. Layton's contributions to chemical warfare remain top
secret but, according to one published government report, he
"was responsible for the publication of ten classified
reports on research aspects of chemical warfare agents, and
more than 100 reports on chemical weapons systems." [13]
This ten to one ratio is important to understand as it
accurately reflects the essence of his work at Dugway. The
chemical toxins that had been developed by the Army were
state-of-the-art, requiring little need for improvement, but
the chemical deployment systems were so ineffective as to
jeopardize the entire concept of chemical warfare.
Basically, no matter how lethal the agent was, the wind just
blew it away. Dr. Layton and his staff joked that their work
was actually meteorological warfare, but this was no joking
matter to the Army. Within a month of Dr. Layton's arrival
at Dugway, the Army exploded a chemical bomb in the Presidio
and tracked the presumably harmless gas as the ocean breeze
carried it through downtown San Francisco. The gas failed to
penetrate the buildings and the wind simply blew it away.
The Army then exploded a similar bomb in the New York City
subway hoping to avoid the
____________________
[13]
Ibid. p. 60.
Orignal page 48
Jonetown
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wind effect. Again, the test failed. The gas did not evenly
disperse in the tunnels and besides, an actual chemical war
would not provide such large concentrations of people
underground.
The unpredictable effect of weather on chemical weapon
deployment was an overwhelming problem that would take Dr.
Layton two years to solve with a very simple answer;
chemical weapons were good but air-borne deployment was bad.
He recommended that the Army concentrate on developing new
systems to introduce chemical agents into a society. There
were many alternatives. One could poison the water supply,
the food source or even the glue on the back of a country's
postage stamps. He had solved the Army's long-standing
problems with the deployment of chemical weapons and his
work at Dugway was complete.
According to the family, Dr. Layton was then approached by
"a friend from Washington, D.C." who arranged for his
appointment as associate director of research and
development at the Naval Powder Factory (later renamed the
Propellant Facility) in Indian Head, Maryland. It was the
Navy's turn to utilize his genius. After two years in the
desolation of Dugway, the family was happy to return to
Maryland where, for the next four years, Dr. Layton worked
at arming the Navy's Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles and
Vanguard Satellites. As in Dugway, his work was classified
top secret.
In July of 1957, the Laytons moved to Berkeley, California
where, after two years with the Army and four years with the
Navy, Dr. Layton accepted a position as research scientist
with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Western Regional
Research Laboratory. Even at the Department of Agriculture,
Dr. Layton's
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Orignal page 49
Jonetown
work was military in nature as his first assignment was to

ascertain whether chickens and other farm animals could be
safely eaten after being exposed to nuclear radiation; a
study in post-nuclear war survival. According to an article
in the__
N_
e_
w__
Y_
o_
r_
k__
T_
i_
m_
e_
s_
,
In 1961, he (Dr. Layton) published a paper that
outlined, for the first time, an effective way
to use laboratory monkeys to test human food
allergies; previously such research could be
done only on humans.[14]
Dr. Layton's process of substituting laboratory monkeys for
human test subjects would be his last published contribution
to science as, ironically, his next project would be a top
secret, unpublished experiment that utilized human test
subjects in place of lab animals - an experiment in ethnic
weaponry known as Jonestown.
Dr. Layton's warfare work had been very profitable,
permitting him to purchase a luxurious home in the Berkeley
hills that the family called "the mansion." He enjoyed
referring to himself as the only non-millionaire on
millionaire's row. The neighborhood, the elite of Berkeley,
included a number of Nobel laureates, intellectuals,
university professors, and even the retired Navy Admiral,
Chester Nimitz. Admiral Nimitz was well aware of Dr.
Layton's contributions to the Navy and befriended his new
neighbor and especially his young daughter, Deborah, who
looked to the Admiral as a surrogate grandfather. The two
were often seen walking hand-in-hand on the Admiral's
afternoon constitutional. Berkeley was good to the Laytons
who
____________________
[14]
"The Layton Family's Tragedy: From Hitler's Germany to
Jim Jones's Commune," _
N_
e_
w _
Y_
o_
r_
k _
T_
i_
m_
e_
s_
, December 4, 1978,
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p. A1, col. 2.
Orignal page 50
Jonetown
lived comfortably nested between money and social prestige.

Reminiscent of Dr. Frankenstein, Dr. Layton lived in
constant fear of the nuclear monster he had helped to
create. Reacting to an article in the January 1962 issue of
________
E_
s_
q_
u_
i_
r_
e___
M_
a_
g_
a_
z_
i_
n_
e_
, entitled "Nine Places to
Hide," he
proposed to move his family to Christchurch, New Zealand,
one of the locations cited in the study as being safe from
the effects of a nuclear war. On October 24, 1962, at the
height of the Cuban missile crisis, he wrote to Tom and
Annalisa who were then attending school in Davis,
California,
With the world situation in such a critical
(explosive) phase, I am most uneasy about my
children. I think you and Tom are probably safer
from direct blast effects than are Laurence and
Debbie, however the fallout effects should
certainly affect Davis and Points East and up
the main valleys of the rivers. I prefer that
you both stay out of the cities until the crisis
has passed.___
D_
o__
n_
o_
t come to Berkeley until we
all agree that you should. I suppose the only
relatively safe area of California is north and
west.[15]
According to the article in Esquire, the safe area north and
west in California was the city of Eureka; one of the "Nine
Places to Hide." The safe zone
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____________________
[15]
Yee and Layton, p. 124.
Orignal page 51
Jonetown
extended from Eureka southeast to Ukiah. Even in the early

1960's, the lives of Dr. Layton and the Reverend Jim Jones
were congruous as Jones' reactions to that same magazine
article prompted him to move his family to Belo Horizonte,
Brazil, one of the other nine safe places. Upon his return
to the U.S., Jones moved his congregation to Ukiah to begin
the odyssey.
The 1960's saw the Layton children grow up and, one at a
time, leave their Berkeley home. Tom and Annalisa enrolled
at the University of California at Davis where, following in
the family tradition, they would become prominent scientists
in their chosen fields of study. Larry also attended Davis
but his performance was regarded as below the standards set
by the other Layton scientists. By 1966, all but Deborah had
left home and with her new-found freedom, Lisa decided to
take her first job since her marriage to Laurence.
Though she had little work experience, Lisa offered one
qualification that set her apart from other middle-aged
housewives seeking employment. She had passed at least three
separate investigations and was cleared by the federal
government for top secret work. She was assigned to the
library of the University of California at Berkeley where
she was placed in charge of the radical leftists and Third
World newspapers and periodicals. In the 1960's, the U.C.
Berkeley campus was the center of revolutionary activity in
the United States and the university's library possessed the
most comprehensive collection of leftist literature in the
country. Lisa's job was to discern the published information
and pass anything she considered important on to the Central
Intelligence Agency. Not only did she provide the CIA with
current publications that were
29/35
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Orignal page 52
Jonetown
primarily a protest against the CIA and the militaryindustrial complex but she also provided lists of those
Berkeley radicals who requested such publications.
Sometime between 1963 and 1965, the CIA presented Dr. Layton
with a very serious problem that threatened the internal
security of the United States. In every major city in the
country, Black citizens were demonstrating and rioting for
their civil rights and there was also a strong possibility
of a modern day Indian uprising. The racial unrest in the
Black and Native American communities was by no means under
control and the CIA was compelled to explore any and all
possible solutions. The agency hoped that their most
distinguished chemical scientist might
provide
a
pharmaceutical solution to the violence.
The CIA had developed several ethnic behavior modification
drugs in their MK ULTRA project but none had been adequately
tested outside the laboratory. Dr. Layton was assigned the
task of designing a large scale field test to evaluate the
two most promising drugs to alter the behavior of Blacks and
Native Americans.
Of course, Dr. Layton could not be directly involved in the
experiment because his career, especially as the Army's
Chief of Chemical Warfare, would certainly expose the
government's sponsorship of the field test. Very few people
in the CIA were privy to the experiment, as it had been
classified at the highest security level. Dr. Layton had to
know and, as the agency usually deals, not with individuals,
but with entire families (for security reasons), it was
decided that instead of bringing others into the experiment
it would be best to have Dr. Layton's wife and children
administer the project with the help of a figurehead
scapegoat named Jim Jones.
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Orignal page 53
Jonetown
Dr. Layton had never heard of Jim Jones until the agency
introduced him as one of their MK ULTRA experts in the
behavior modification of Blacks. Jones had just returned
from a successful assignment in South America where he had
incited Blacks to riot in British Guiana. The racial
violence that ensued eventually toppled the government and
the CIA-backed politician, Forbes Burnham, assumed control
of the country as Prime Minister. Jones' expertise in
coercing Blacks to riot was invaluable in the experiment
designed to subjugate of a self-ordained Jones had worked
under the cover ordained minister and missionary, but this
monumental undertaking required a more orthodox disguise so,
a few weeks after his return to the United States, he was
officially ordained a minister. The Reverend Jim Jones
immediately initiated plans to move his church to Ukiah,
California where he would join the Layton family.
In an effort to simplify the very complicated involvement of
the Layton family in the Jonestown experiment, the balance
of this chapter will vary from chronological order and
consider the contributions of each of the family members
individually.
*******************************************************
Larry Layton
As a student at Berkeley High in the early 1960s, Larry was
president of the Young Democrats and editor of their
newsletter,__
T_
h_
e__
L_
i_
b_
e_
r_
a_
l_
. Following the lead of his older
brother and sister, Larry enrolled at the University of
California at Davis, where he majored in sociology and cohabitated with Carolyn Moore, the daughter of John Moore,
the Methodist minister on campus. The Reverend Moore was an
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outspoken proponent
Orignal page 54
Jonetown
of Jim Jones up to and even after the massacre in Jonestown.

He was close to both the Laytons and Jim Jones and provided
a buffer by which Dr. Layton could remain "once removed"
from the experiment.
Larry and Carolyn were married in July of 1967. Both
families attended the ceremonies conducted by Reverend
Moore. Dr. Layton gave the newlyweds some money and a car
and loaned them his Volkswagen bus when they moved into the
married student housing complex in Davis. Larry and Carolyn
complemented each other. He was quiet and passive while she
was aggressive and outspoken with "a slight arrogance."
Carolyn made all the decisions and one of the first was that
the couple should move to Ukiah and join Jim Jones and his
Peoples Temple, which they did immediately after Larry's
graduation in 1968.
It was the height of the Vietnam War and without his student
deferment, Larry would probably be drafted into the Army.
Like his father and his maternal grandfather before him,
Larry avoided military service during war time; Jim Jones
would help. According to a statement Larry later issued from
a jail cell in Guyana,
The draft was on my heels, so I really was
looking for a happy existence and this, after
graduation, led me and Carolyn, whom I loved
very deeply, to head to Ukiah in search of
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utopia.[16]
Larry had been denied several appeals for a conscientious
objector status based on his affiliation with the pacifist
Quakers. Jim Jones offered to
____________________
[16]
Ibid. p. 104,
Orignal page 55
Jonetown
dictate a letter for Larry "guaranteed to result in C.O.

status." With his help, Larry received a deferment and was
ordered to perform alternative service at the Mendocino
State Mental Hospital where Peoples Temple medical
technicians trained. Larry worked at his volunteer job,
attended Temple services and helped to build the new Redwood
Valley Temple building. His financial support came from his
father and, like other top Temple aides, Larry donated 25%
of his income to Jim Jones. Even at this early stage, Dr.
Layton was indirectly supporting the experiment.
There are conflicting reports as to why Larry and Carolyn
were divorced but all agree it was because Jim Jones had sex
with one of them. According to the family's account, Jones
announced the divorce at a Temple meeting, much to Larry's
surprise. He arranged the property settlement right then and
there, the papers were signed and Larry was ordered to Reno,
Nevada to establish residency and file for the divorce.
Before he left the meeting, Jones asked him to choose his
next wife from those in attendance. Larry chose Karen Tow
and a few months later, they were married.
Carolyn became one of Jones' favorite mistresses, eventually
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bearing his child whom they named Kimo (Hawaiian for Jim).
Jones arranged for Carolyn to marry Temple aide, Michael
Prokes, so the child would be considered legitimate.
According to the Layton family, Carolyn's affair with Jim
Jones was known only by the Moores and a few top aides who
made excuses for their absence to the others.
Temple members didn't see much of Jones either
during that period.
Orignal page 56
Jonetown
They thought he was out working on some

revolutionary venture, while he was actually at
the Moore home with Carolyn... Carolyn
introduced Jones to her parents, John and
Barbara Moore, and they all became quite
friendly. The Moores moved from Davis to
Berkeley, and Jones began spending much of his
time at their house. He flattered them by
sharing inside information about the socialist
goals of his church, and soon they regarded him
as a virtual son-in-law.[17]
Jones was busy building an empire and must have had a good
reason to spend "much of his time" at the Moores' home.
True, he did confide "inside information" about his true
goals but, by no means, were they socialistic in nature as
Jones was a fascist. The Moores had moved to Berkeley to
facilitate their communications with the Layton family and
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much of the information Jones passed to the Moores was in

turn passed to Dr. Layton. The Reverend Moore acted as a
mediator or messenger which allowed Dr. Layton to remain at
a safe distance from Jones and the experiment. It is rather
strange that John and Barbara Moore would regard Jones as a
"virtual son-in-law" when their daughter was married to Mike
Prokes and the Reverend Jones was married to his wife,
Marceline. Not only did Reverend Moore accept the father of
his illegitimate grandson but he went to great lengths to
proclaim his "good works" to the local press. He eventually
visited Jonestown and returned
____________________
[17]
Ibid.
p. 117.
Orignal page 57
Jonetown
with glowing reports of the project. He would remain one of

Jones' foremost supporters even after the carnage. Reverend
Moore 's actions seem absurd.
In time, Larry and Karen Layto
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Was Jonestown A CIA Medical Experiment? - Ch. 2

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4/21/2015

In the Austrian Alps and in resorts on the Baltic Coast

Prize for Physics in 1925. Dr. Franck had continued his

Even by by Nazi standards, would be the criteria that

that they were extremely bigoted as evidenced by a letter

Party might be uncovered so it was necessary to revive her

Nazis escape. They sold their futuristic home in Hamburg and

unpatrolled mountain trails surrounding the Brenner Pass and

attempt to impede the Philips from taking a small fortune in

border to begin their feigned defection to the United

The Philips continued on their way back up the Rat Run to

property transfers of the Germans they helped to secure

Philips split up on the docs. Hugo is said to have gone to

while Anita followed Lisa back to Philadelphia to work at

from the coal company and the products he developed in his

Virginia. When the Mark A. Hanna Coal Company began

invented a molecular still. Two weeks after Laurence's photo

Lisa arranged a deferment for her husband when her uncle,

government to consider the atomic bomb, not as just a larger

covertly. Overall, it was a breach of U.S. national security

stayed home with the children while Dr. Layton toured

In the fall of 1951, Dr. Layton arrived at the U.S. Army's

needed to know "how dead."

shells, you can atomize them with atomic bombs,

"silly" but to kill them.

My friends, know that I, free and proper, am a

"entangled in a network of intrigue" which concisely depicts

first time that Anita had been investigated by the federal

Throughout this story there are several deaths termed

Within a week of Anita's death, Laurence and Lisa Layton

accurate records of conception were easily maintained by the

work was military in nature as his first assignment was to

lived comfortably nested between money and social prestige.

extended from Eureka southeast to Ukiah. Even in the early

of Jim Jones up to and even after the massacre in Jonestown.

dictate a letter for Larry "guaranteed to result in C.O.

They thought he was out working on some

much of the information Jones passed to the Moores was in

with glowing reports of the project. He would remain one of

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