SEMINAR SESSION

SEMINAR REPORT ON CLOUD COMPUTING

SUBMITTED TO:
CLASS COORDINATOR:
Ms. SARIKA SACHDEVA
HOD
Prof. SACHIN SHARMA

SEMINAR COORDINATOR:
Prof. ANUJ GUPTA
Prof. M.FIROZ WARSI
Prof. DHARMENDRA KUMAR

SUBMITTED BY:
ANKIT RAWAT
R.NO:1213231037
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
SESSION:2014-15
SEC:A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset I thank the Almighty for the grace,strength and hope to
make my endeavor a success

I also express my gratitude to MR.SACHIN SHARMA,(HOD-EC) Head of

Department
And my seminar guide for providing me with adequate facilities,ways
and means by which I was able to complete this report. I express my
sincere gratitude to him for his constant support and valuable.

Suggestions without which the successful completion of this seminar

would not have been possible.

I thank Mr.ANUJ GUPTA, my seminar guide for her boundless

cooperation andhelps extended for this seminar. I express my
Immense leasure and thankfulness to all the teachers and staff.

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that ANKIT RAWAT(ROLL NO.-1213231037) has carried
out seminar work entitled CLOUD COMPUTING for the VIth semester
for Bechelor of Technology Degree program from
UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,LUCKNOW.

DATE:PLACE:-Greater Noida

HOD:-

SEMINAR COORDINTOR:-

Prof.SACHIN SHARMA

Prof.ANUJ GUPTA
Prof.DHARMENDRA KUMAR
Prof.M.FIROZ WARSI

Table of Contents
Chap. No.

Title

Pg No.

List of figures

ii

Abstract

iii

Introduction

Cloud Computing

2.1Characteristics of cloud computing

Need for cloud computing

Enabling Technologies

4.1 Cloud computing application architecture

4.2 Server Architecture

4.3 Map Reduce

11

4.4 Google File System

12

4.5 Hadoop

14

Cloud Computing Services

16

5.1 Amazon Web Services

16

5.2 Google App Engine

19

Cloud Computing in the Real World

21

6.1 Time Machine

21

6.2 IBM Google University Academic Initiative

21

6.3 SmugMug

22

6.4 Nasdaq

22

Cloud Storage

23

7.1 Types Of Cloud Storage

23

7.2 Advanatges

25

7.3 Disadvantages

25

7.4 Some Popular Cloud Storage Service Providers

26

Cloud Computing Application in Indian con-text

27

8.1 E-Governance

27

8.2 Rural Development

30

Conclusion

33

10

References

34

List of figures
Sl. No.

Image

Page No.

4.1

Cloud computing application architecture

4.2

Server Architecture

4.3

Map Function

11

4.4

Reduce Function

12

4.5

Types of cloud storage

24

Abstract
Computers have become an indispensable part of life. We need
computers everywhere, be it for work, research or in any such field. As the use
of computers in our day-to-day life increases, the computing resources that we
need also go up. For companies like Google and Microsoft, harnessing the
resources as and when they need it is not a problem. But when it comes to
smaller enterprises, affordability becomes a huge factor. With the huge
infrastructure come problems like machines failure, hard drive crashes,
software bugs, etc. This might be a big headache for such a community. Cloud
Computing offers a solution to this situation.
Cloud computing is a paradigm shift in which computing is moved away
from personal computers and even the individual enterprise application server
to a cloud of computers. A cloud is a virtualized server pool which can
provide the different computing resources of their clients. Users of this system
need only be concerned with the computing service being asked for. The
underlying details of how it is achieved are hidden from the user. The data and
the services provided reside in massively scalable data centers and can be
ubiquitously accessed from any connected device all over the world.
Cloud computing is the style of computing where massively scaled IT
related capabilities are provided as a service across the internet to multiple
external customers and are billed by consumption. Many cloud computing
providers have popped up and there is a considerable growth in the usage of
this service. Google, Microsoft, Yahoo, IBM and Amazon have started
providing cloud computing services. Amazon is the pioneer in this field.
Smaller companies like SmugMug, which is an online photo hosting site, has
used cloud services for the storing all the data and doing some of its services.
Cloud Computing is finding use in various areas like web hosting,
parallel batch processing, graphics rendering, financial modeling, web
crawling, genomics analysis, etc.

Cloud Computing

1. Introduction
The Greek myths tell of creatures plucked from the surface of the Earth and
enshrined as constellations in the night sky. Something similar is happening today in
the world of computing. Data and programs are being swept up from desktop PCs and
corporate server rooms and installed in the compute cloud. In general, there is a
shift in the geography of computation.
What is cloud computing exactly? As a beginning here is a definition
An emerging computer paradigm where data and services
reside in massively scalable data centers in the cloud and
can be accessed from any connected devices over the
internet
Like other definitions of topics like these, an understanding of the term cloud
computing requires an understanding of various other terms which are closely related
to this. While there is a lack of precise scientific definitions for many of these terms,
general definitions can be given.
Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm in the computer industry where the
computing is moved to a cloud of computers. It has become one of the buzz words of
the industry. The core concept of cloud computing is, quite simply, that the vast
computing resources that we need will reside somewhere out there in the cloud of
computers and well connect to them and use them as and when needed.
Computing can be described as any activity of using and/or developing
computer hardware and software. It includes everything that sits in the bottom layer,
i.e. everything from raw compute power to storage capabilities. Cloud computing ties
together all these entities and delivers them as a single integrated entity under its own
sophisticated management.
Cloud is a term used as a metaphor for the wide area networks (like internet)
or any such large networked environment. It came partly from the cloud-like symbol
used to represent the complexities of the networks in the schematic diagrams. It
represents all the complexities of the network which may include everything from
cables, routers, servers, data centers and all such other devices.
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Computing started off with the mainframe era. There were big mainframes and
everyone connected to them via dumb terminals. This old model of business
computing was frustrating for the people sitting at the dumb terminals because they
could do only what they were authorized to do. They were dependent on the
computer administrators to give them permission or to fix their problems. They had
no way of staying up to the latest innovations.
The personal computer was a rebellion against the tyranny of centralized
computing operations. There was a kind of freedom in the use of personal computers.
But this was later replaced by server architectures with enterprise servers and others
showing up in the industry. This made sure that the computing was done and it did not
eat up any of the resources that one had with him. All the computing was performed
at servers. Internet grew in the lap of these servers. With cloud computing we have
come a full circle. We come back to the centralized computing infrastructure. But this
time it is something which can easily be accessed via the internet and something over
which we have all the control.

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2. Cloud Computing
A definition for cloud computing can be given as an emerging computer
paradigm where data and services reside in massively scalable data centers in the
cloud and can be accessed from any connected devices over the internet.
Cloud computing is a way of providing various services on virtual machines
allocated on top of a large physical machine pool which resides in the cloud. Cloud
computing comes into focus only when we think about what IT has always wanted - a
way to increase capacity or add different capabilities to the current setting on the fly
without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel or licensing new
software. Here on the fly and without investing or training becomes the keywords
in the current situation. But cloud computing offers a better solution.
We have lots of compute power and storage capabilities residing in the
distributed environment of the cloud. What cloud computing does is to harness the
capabilities of these resources and make available these resources as a single entity
which can be changed to meet the current needs of the user. The basis of cloud
computing is to create a set of virtual servers on the available vast resource pool and
give it to the clients. Any web enabled device can be used to access the resources
through the virtual servers. Based on the computing needs of the client, the
infrastructure allotted to the client can be scaled up or down.
From a business point of view, cloud computing is a method to address the
scalability and availability concerns for large scale applications which involves lesser
overhead. Since the resource allocated to the client can be varied based on the needs
of the client and can be done without any fuss, the overhead is very low.
One of the key concepts of cloud computing is that processing of 1000 times
the data need not be 1000 times harder. As and when the amount of data increases, the
cloud computing services can be used to manage the load effectively and make the
processing tasks easier. In the era of enterprise servers and personal computers,
hardware was the commodity as the main criteria for the processing capabilities
depended on the hardware configuration of the server. But with the advent of cloud
computing, the commodity has changed to cycles and bytes - i.e. in cloud computing
services, the users are charged based on the number of cycles of execution performed
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or the number of bytes transferred. The hardware or the machines on which the
applications run are hidden from the user. The amount of hardware needed for
computing is taken care of by the management and the client is charged based on how
the application uses these resources.

2.1.Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1. Self Healing
Any application or any service running in a cloud computing
environment has the property of self healing. In case of failure of the
application, there is always a hot backup of the application ready to
take over without disruption. There are multiple copies of the same
application - each copy updating itself regularly so that at times of
failure there is at least one copy of the application which can take over
without even the slightest change in its running state.
2. Multi-tenancy
With cloud computing, any application supports multi-tenancy - that is
multiple tenants at the same instant of time. The system allows several
customers to share the infrastructure allotted to them without any of
them being aware of the sharing. This is done by virtualizing the
servers on the available machine pool and then allotting the servers to
multiple users. This is done in such a way that the privacy of the users
or the security of their data is not compromised.
3. Linearly Scalable
Cloud computing services are linearly scalable. The system is able to
break down the workloads into pieces and service it across the
infrastructure. An exact idea of linear scalability can be obtained from
the fact that if one server is able to process say 1000 transactions per
second, then two servers can process 2000 transactions per second.

4. Service-oriented
Cloud computing systems are all service oriented - i.e. the systems are
such that they are created out of other discrete services. Many such
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discrete services which are independent of each other are combined
together to form this service. This allows re-use of the different
services that are available and that are being created. Using the
services that were just created, other such services can be created.
5. SLA Driven
Usually businesses have agreements on the amount of services.
Scalability and availability issues cause clients to break these
agreements. But cloud computing services are SLA driven such that
when the system experiences peaks of load, it will automatically adjust
itself so as to comply with the service-level agreements.
The services will create additional instances of the applications on
more servers so that the load can be easily managed.
6. Virtualized
The applications in cloud computing are fully decoupled from the
underlying hardware. The cloud computing environment is a fully
virtualized environment.
7. Flexible
Another feature of the cloud computing services is that they are
flexible. They can be used to serve a large variety of workload types varying from small loads of a small consumer application to very
heavy loads of a commercial application.

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3. Need for Cloud Computing

What could we do with 1000 times more data and CPU power? One simple
question. Thats all it took the interviewers to bewilder the confident job applicants at
Google. This is a question of relevance because the amount of data that an application
handles is increasing day by day and so is the CPU power that one can harness.
There are many answers to this question. With this much CPU power, we
could scale our businesses to 1000 times more users. Right now we are gathering
statistics about every user using an application. With such CPU power at hand, we
could monitor every single user click and every user interaction such that we can
gather all the statistics about the user. We could improve the recommendation systems
of users. We could model better price plan choices. With this CPU power we could
simulate the case where we have say 1,00,000 users in the system without any
glitches.
There are lots of other things we could do with so much CPU power and data
capabilities. But what is keeping us back. One of the reasons is the large scale
architecture which comes with these are difficult to manage. There may be many
different problems with the architecture we have to support. The machines may start
failing, the hard drives may crash, the network may go down and many other such
hardware problems. The hardware has to be designed such that the architecture is
reliable and scalable. This large scale architecture has a very expensive upfront and
has high maintenance costs. It requires different resources like machines, power,
cooling, etc. The system also cannot scale as and when needed and so is not easily
reconfigurable.
The resources are also constrained by the resources. As the applications
become large, they become I/O bound. The hard drive access speed becomes a
limiting factor. Though the raw CPU power available may not be a factor, the amount
of RAM available clearly becomes a factor. This is also limited in this context. If at
all the hardware problems are managed very well, there arises the software problems.
There may be bugs in the software using this much of data. The workload also
demands two important tasks for two completely different people. The software has to
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be such that it is bug free and has good data processing algorithms to manage all the
data.
The cloud computing works on the cloud - so there are large groups of often
low-cost servers with specialized connections to spread the data-processing chores
among them. Since there are a lot of low-cost servers connected together, there are
large pools of resources available. So these offer almost unlimited computing
resources. This makes the availability of resources a lesser issue.
The data of the application can also be stored in the cloud. Storage of data in
the cloud has many distinct advantages over other storages. One thing is that data is
spread evenly through the cloud in such a way that there are multiple copies of the
data and there are ways by which failure can be detected and the data can be
rebalanced on the fly. The I/O operations become simpler in the cloud such that
browsing and searching for something in 25GB or more of data becomes simpler in
the cloud, which is nearly impossible to do on a desktop.
The cloud computing applications also provide automatic reconfiguration of
the resources based on the service level agreements. When we are using applications
out of the cloud, to scale the application with respect to the load is a mundane task
because the resources have to be gathered and then provided to the users. If the load
on the application is such that it is present only for a small amount of time as
compared to the time its working out of the load, but occurs frequently, then scaling
of the resources becomes tedious. But when the application is in the cloud, the load
can be managed by spreading it to other available nodes by making a copy of the
application on to them. This can be reverted once the load goes down. It can be done
as and when needed. All these are done automatically such that the resources maintain
and manage themselves

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4. Enabling Technologies
4.1.Cloud Computing Application Architecture

This gives the basic architecture of a cloud computing application. We know

that cloud computing is the shift of computing to a host of hardware infrastructure that
is distributed in the cloud. The commodity hardware infrastructure consists of the
various low cost data servers that are connected to the system and provide their
storage and processing and other computing resources to the application. Cloud
computing involves running applications on virtual servers that are allocated on this
distributed hardware infrastructure available in the cloud. These virtual servers are
made in such a way that the different service level agreements and reliability issues
are met. There may be multiple instances of the same virtual server accessing the
different parts of the hardware infrastructure available. This is to make sure that there
are multiple copies of the applications which are ready to take over on another ones
failure. The virtual server distributes the processing between the infrastructure and the
computing is done and the result returned. There will be a workload distribution
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management system, also known as the grid engine, for managing the different
requests coming to the virtual servers. This engine will take care of the creation of
multiple copies and also the preservation of integrity of the data that is stored in the
infrastructure. This will also adjust itself such that even on heavier load, the
processing is completed as per the requirements. The different workload management
systems are hidden from the users. For the user, the processing is done and the result
is obtained. There is no question of where it was done and how it was done. The users
are billed based on the usage of the system - as said before - the commodity is now
cycles and bytes. The billing is usually on the basis of usage per CPU per hour or GB
data transfer per hour.

4.2.Server Architecture

Cloud computing makes use of a large physical resource pool in the cloud. As
said above, cloud computing services and applications make use of virtual server
instances built upon this resource pool. There are two applications which help in
managing the server instances, the resources and also the management of the
resources by these virtual server instances. One of these is the Xen hypervisor which
provides an abstraction layer between the hardware and the virtual OS so that the
distribution of the resources and the processing is well managed. Another application
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that is widely used is the Enomalism server management system which is used for
management of the infrastructure platform.
When Xen is used for virtualization of the servers over the infrastructure, a
thin software layer known as the Xen hypervisor is inserted between the server's
hardware and the operating system. This provides an abstraction layer that allows
each physical server to run one or more "virtual servers," effectively decoupling the
operating system and its applications from the underlying physical server. The Xen
hypervisor is a unique open source technology, developed collaboratively by the Xen
community and engineers at over 20 of the most innovative data center solution
vendors, including AMD, Cisco, Dell, HP, IBM, Intel, Mellanox, Network Appliance,
Novell, Red Hat, SGI, Sun, Unisys, Veritas, Voltaire, and Citrix. Xen is licensed
under the GNU General Public License (GPL2) and is available at no charge in both
source and object format. The Xen hypervisor is also exceptionally lean-- less than
50,000 lines of code. That translates to extremely low overhead and near-native
performance for guests. Xen re-uses existing device drivers (both closed and open
source) from Linux, making device management easy. Moreover Xen is robust to
device driver failure and protects both guests and the hypervisor from faulty or
malicious drivers
The Enomalism virtualized server management system is a complete virtual
server infrastructure platform. Enomalism helps in an effective management of the
resources. Enomalism can be used to tap into the cloud just as you would into a
remote server. It brings together all the features such as deployment planning, load
balancing, resource monitoring, etc. Enomalism is an open source application. It has a
very simple and easy to use web based user interface. It has a module architecture
which allows for the creation of additional system add-ons and plugins. It supports
one click deployment of distributed or replicated applications on a global basis. It
supports the management of various virtual environments including KVM/Qemu,
Amazon EC2 and Xen, OpenVZ, Linux Containers, VirtualBox. It has fine grained
user permissions and access privileges.

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4.3.Map Reduce
Map Reduce is a software framework developed at Google in 2003 to support
parallel computations over large (multiple petabyte) data sets on clusters of
commodity computers. This framework is largely taken from map and reduce
functions commonly used in functional programming, although the actual semantics
of the framework are not the same. It is a programming model and an associated
implementation for processing and generating large data sets. Many of the real world
tasks are expressible in this model. MapReduce implementations have been written in
C++, Java and other languages.
Programs written in this functional style are automatically parallelized and
executed on the cloud. The run-time system takes care of the details of partitioning
the input data, scheduling the programs execution across a set of machines, handling
machine failures, and managing the required inter-machine communication. This
allows programmers without any experience with parallel and distributed systems to
easily utilize the resources of a largely distributed system.
The computation takes a set of input key/value pairs, and produces a set of
output key/value pairs. The user of the MapReduce library expresses the computation
as two functions: Map and Reduce.
Map, written by the user, takes an input pair and produces a set of
intermediate key/value pairs. The MapReduce library groups together all intermediate
values associated with the same intermediate key I and passes them to the Reduce
function.

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The Reduce function, also written by the user, accepts an intermediate key I
and a set of values for that key. It merges together these values to form a possibly
smaller set of values. Typically just zero or one output value is produced per Reduce
invocation. The intermediate values are supplied to the user's reduce function via an
iterator. This allows us to handle lists of values that are too large to fit in memory.

MapReduce achieves reliability by parceling out a number of operations on

the set of data to each node in the network; each node is expected to report back
periodically with completed work and status updates. If a node falls silent for longer
than that interval, the master node records the node as dead, and sends out the node's
assigned work to other nodes. Individual operations use atomic operations for naming
file outputs as a double check to ensure that there are not parallel conflicting threads
running; when files are renamed, it is possible to also copy them to another name in
addition to the name of the task (allowing for side-effects).

4.4.Google File System

Google File System (GFS) is a scalable distributed file system developed by
Google for data intensive applications. It is designed to provide efficient, reliable
access to data using large clusters of commodity hardware. It provides fault tolerance
while running on inexpensive commodity hardware, and it delivers high aggregate
performance to a large number of clients.
Files are divided into chunks of 64 megabytes, which are only extremely rarely
overwritten, or shrunk; files are usually appended to or read. It is also designed and
optimized to run on computing clusters, the nodes of which consist of cheap,
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"commodity" computers, which means precautions must be taken against the high
failure rate of individual nodes and the subsequent data loss. Other design decisions
select for high data throughputs, even when it comes at the cost of latency.
The nodes are divided into two types: one Master node and a large number of
Chunkservers. Chunkservers store the data files, with each individual file broken up
into fixed size chunks (hence the name) of about 64 megabytes, similar to clusters or
sectors in regular file systems. Each chunk is assigned a unique 64-bit label, and
logical mappings of files to constituent chunks are maintained. Each chunk is
replicated several times throughout the network, with the minimum being three, but
even more for files that have high demand or need more redundancy.
The Master server doesn't usually store the actual chunks, but rather all the
metadata associated with the chunks, such as the tables mapping the 64-bit labels to
chunk locations and the files they make up, the locations of the copies of the chunks,
what processes are reading or writing to a particular chunk, or taking a "snapshot" of
the chunk pursuant to replicating it (usually at the instigation of the Master server,
when, due to node failures, the number of copies of a chunk has fallen beneath the set
number). All this metadata is kept current by the Master server periodically receiving
updates from each chunk server ("Heart-beat messages").
Permissions for modifications are handled by a system of time-limited, expiring
"leases", where the Master server grants permission to a process for a finite period of
time during which no other process will be granted permission by the Master server to
modify the chunk. The modified chunkserver, which is always the primary chunk
holder, then propagates the changes to the chunkservers with the backup copies. The
changes are not saved until all chunkservers acknowledge, thus guaranteeing the
completion and atomicity of the operation.
Programs access the chunks by first querying the Master server for the locations
of the desired chunks; if the chunks are not being operated on (if there are no
outstanding leases), the Master replies with the locations, and the program then
contacts and receives the data from the chunkserver directly. As opposed to many file
systems, it's not implemented in the kernel of an Operating System but accessed
through a library to avoid overhead.
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4.5.Hadoop
Hadoop is a framework for running applications on large cluster built of
commodity hardware. The Hadoop framework transparently provides applications
both reliability and data motion. Hadoop implements the computation paradigm
named MapReduce which was explained above. The application is divided into many
small fragments of work, each of which may be executed or re-executed on any node
in the cluster. In addition, it provides a distributed file system that stores data on the
compute nodes, providing very high aggregate bandwidth across the cluster. Both
MapReduce and the distributed file system are designed so that the node failures are
automatically handled by the framework. Hadoop has been implemented making use
of Java. In Hadoop, the combination of the entire JAR files and classed needed to run
a MapReduce program is called a job. All of these components are themselves
collected into a JAR which is usually referred to as the job file. To execute a job, it is
submitted to a jobTracker and then executed.
Tasks in each phase are executed in a fault-tolerant manner. If node(s) fail in
the middle of a computation the tasks assigned to them are re-distributed among the
remaining nodes. Since we are using MapReduce, having many map and reduce tasks
enables good load balancing and allows failed tasks to be re-run with smaller runtime
overhead.
The Hadoop MapReduce framework has master/slave architecture. It has a
single master server or a jobTracker and several slave servers or taskTrackers, one per
node in the cluster. The jobTracker is the point of interaction between the users and
the framework. Users submit jobs to the jobTracker, which puts them in a queue of
pending jobs and executes them on a first-come first-serve basis. The jobTracker
manages the assignment of MapReduce jobs to the taskTrackers. The taskTrackers
execute tasks upon instruction from the jobTracker and also handle data motion
between the map and reduce phases of the MapReduce job.
Hadoop is a framework which has received a wide industry adoption. Hadoop
is used along with other cloud computing technologies like the Amazon services so as
to make better use of the resources. There are many instances where Hadoop has been
used. Amazon makes use of Hadoop for processing millions of sessions which it uses
for analytics. This is made use of in a cluster which has about 1 to 100 nodes.
Facebook uses Hadoop to store copies of internal logs and dimension data sources and
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use it as a source for reporting/analytics and machine learning. The New York Times
made use of Hadoop for large scale image conversions. Yahoo uses Hadoop to
support research for advertisement systems and web searching tools. They also use it
to do scaling tests to support development of Hadoop.

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5. Cloud Computing Services

Even though cloud computing is a pretty new technology, there are many
companies offering cloud computing services. Different companies like Amazon,
Google, Yahoo, IBM and Microsoft are all players in the cloud computing services
industry. But Amazon is the pioneer in the cloud computing industry with services
like EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and S3 (Simple Storage Service) dominating the
industry. Amazon has an expertise in this industry and has a small advantage over the
others because of this. Microsoft has good knowledge of the fundamentals of cloud
science and is building massive data centers. IBM, the king of business computing
and traditional supercomputers, teams up with Google to get a foothold in the clouds.
Google is far and away the leader in cloud computing with the company itself built
from the ground up on hardware.

5.1.Amazon Web Services

The Amazon Web Services is the set of cloud computing services offered by
Amazon. It involves four different services. They are Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2),
Simple Storage Service (S3), Simple Queue Service (SQS) and Simple Database
Service (SDB).
1. Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that
provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It is designed to make webscale computing easier for developers. It provides on-demand processing
power.
Amazon EC2's simple web service interface allows you to obtain and
configure capacity with minimal friction. It provides you with complete
control of your computing resources and lets you run on Amazon's proven
computing environment. Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and
boot new server instances to minutes, allowing you to quickly scale capacity,
both up and down, as your computing requirements change. Amazon EC2
changes the economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for capacity
that you actually use. Amazon EC2 provides developers the tools to build
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failure resilient applications and isolate themselves from common failure

scenarios.
Amazon EC2 presents a true virtual computing environment, allowing
you to use web service interfaces to requisition machines for use, load them
with your custom application environment, manage your network's access
permissions, and run your image using as many or few systems as you desire.
To set up an Amazon EC2 node we have to create an EC2 node
configuration which consists of all our applications, libraries, data and
associated configuration settings. This configuration is then saved as an AMI
(Amazon Machine Image). There are also several stock instances of Amazon
AMIs available which can be customized and used. We can then start,
terminate and monitor as many instances of the AMI as needed.
Amazon EC2 enables you to increase or decrease capacity within
minutes. You can commission one, hundreds or even thousands of server
instances simultaneously. Thus the applications can automatically scale itself
up and down depending on its needs. You have root access to each one, and
you can interact with them as you would any machine. You have the choice of
several instance types, allowing you to select a configuration of memory,
CPU, and instance storage that is optimal for your application. Amazon EC2
offers a highly reliable environment where replacement instances can be
rapidly and reliably commissioned. Amazon EC2 provides web service
interfaces to configure firewall settings that control network access to and
between groups of instances. You will be charged at the end of each month for
your EC2 resources actually consumed. So charging will be based on the
actual usage of the resources.
2. Simple Storage Service (S3)
S3 or Simple Storage Service offers cloud computing storage service.
It offers services for storage of data in the cloud. It provides a high-availability
large-store database. It provides a simple SQL-like language. It has been
designed for interactive online use. S3 is storage for the Internet. It is designed

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to make web-scale computing easier for developers. S3 provides a simple web

services interface that can be used to store and retrieve any amount of data, at
any time, from anywhere on the web. It gives any developer access to the
same highly scalable, reliable, fast, inexpensive data storage infrastructure that
Amazon uses to run its own global network of web sites.
Amazon S3 allows write, read and delete of objects containing from 1
byte to 5 gigabytes of data each. The number of objects that you can store is
unlimited. Each object is stored in a bucket and retrieved via a unique
developer-assigned key. A bucket can be located anywhere in Europe or the
Americas but can be accessed from anywhere. Authentication mechanisms are
provided to ensure that the data is kept secure from unauthorized access.
Objects can be made private or public, and rights can be granted to specific
users for particular objects. Also the S3 service also works with a pay only for
what you use method of payment.
3. Simple Queue Service (SQS)
Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) offers a reliable, highly
scalable, hosted queue for storing messages as they travel between computers.
By using SQS, developers can simply move data between distributed
components of their applications that perform different tasks, without losing
messages

or

requiring

each

component

to be always

available.

.
With SQS, developers can create an unlimited number of SQS queues,
each of which can send and receive an unlimited number of messages.

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Messages can be retained in a queue for up to 4 days. It is simple, reliable,

secure and scalable.
4. Simple Database Service (SDB)
Amazon SimpleDB is a web service for running queries on structured data
in real time. This service works in close conjunction with the Amazon S3 and
EC2, collectively providing the ability to store, process and query data sets in
the cloud. These services are designed to make web-scale computing easier
and more cost-effective to developers. Traditionally, this type of functionality
is accomplished with a clustered relational database, which requires a sizable
upfront investment and often requires a DBA to maintain and administer them.
Amazon SDB provides all these without the operational complexity. It
requires no schema, automatically indexes your data and provides a simple
API for storage and access. Developers gain access to the different
functionalities from within the Amazons proven computing environment and
are able to scale instantly and need to pay only for what they use.

5.2.Google App Engine

Google App Engine lets you run your web applications on Google's
infrastructure. App Engine applications are easy to build, easy to maintain, and easy
to scale as your traffic and data storage needs grow. You can serve your app using a
free domain name on the appspot.com domain, or use Google Apps to serve it from
your own domain. You can share your application with the world, or limit access to
members of your organization. App Engine costs nothing to get started. Sign up for a
free account, and you can develop and publish your application at no charge and with
no obligation. A free account can use up to 500MB of persistent storage and enough
CPU and bandwidth for about 5 million page views a month.
Google App Engine makes it easy to build an application that runs reliably,
even under heavy load and with large amounts of data. The environment includes the
following features:

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dynamic web serving, with full support for common web technologies

persistent storage with queries, sorting and transactions

automatic scaling and load balancing

APIs for authenticating users and sending email using Google Accounts

a fully featured local development environment that simulates Google App

Engine on your computer
Google App Engine applications are implemented using the Python

programming language. The runtime environment includes the full Python language
and most of the Python standard library. Applications run in a secure environment that
provides limited access to the underlying operating system. These limitations allow
App Engine to distribute web requests for the application across multiple servers, and
start and stop servers to meet traffic demands.
App Engine includes a service API for integrating with Google Accounts.
Your application can allow a user to sign in with a Google account, and access the
email address and displayable name associated with the account. Using Google
Accounts lets the user start using your application faster, because the user may not
need to create a new account. It also saves you the effort of implementing a user
account system just for your application
App Engine provides a variety of services that enable you to perform common
operations when managing your application. The following APIs are provided to
access these services: Applications can access resources on the Internet, such as web
services or other data, using App Engine's URL fetch service. Applications can send
email messages using App Engine's mail service. The mail service uses Google
infrastructure to send email messages. The Image service lets your application
manipulate images. With this API, you can resize, crop, rotate and flip images in
JPEG and PNG formats.
In theory, Google claims App Engine can scale nicely. But Google currently
places a limit of 5 million hits per month on each application. This limit nullifies App
Engine's scalability, because any small, dedicated server can have this performance.
Google will eventually allow webmasters to go beyond this limit (if they pay).

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6. Cloud Computing in the Real World

6.1.Time Machine
Times machine is a New York Times project in which one can read any issue
from Volume 1, Number 1 of The New York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851
through to The New York Times of December 30, 1922. They made it such that one
can choose a date in history and flip electronically through the pages, displayed with
their original look and feel. Heres what they did. They scanned all their public
domain articles from 1851 to 1992 into TIFF files. They converted it into PDF files
and put them online. Using 100 Linux computers, the job took about 24 hours. Then a
coding error was discovered that required the job be rerun. Thats when their software
team decided that the job of maintaining this much data was too much to do in-house.
So they made use of cloud computing services to do the work.
All the content was put in the cloud, in Amazon. They made use of 100
instances of Amazon EC2 and completed the whole work in less than 24 hours. They
uploaded all the TIFF files into the cloud and made a program in Hadoop which does
the whole job. Using Amazon.com's EC2 computing platform, the Times ran a PDF
conversion app that converted that 4TB of TIFF data into 1.5TB of PDF files. The
PDF files were such that they were fully searchable. The image manipulation and the
search ability of the software were done using cloud computing services.

6.2.IBM Google University Academic Initiative

Google and IBM came up with an initiative to advance large-scale distributed
computing by providing hardware, software, and services to universities. Their idea
was to prepare students "to harness the potential of modern computing systems," the
companies will provide universities with hardware, software, and services to advance
training in large-scale distributed computing. The two companies aim to reduce the
cost of distributed computing research, thereby enabling academic institutions and
their students to more easily contribute to this emerging computing paradigm. Eric
Schmidt, CEO of Google, said in a statement. "In order to most effectively serve the
long-term interests of our users, it is imperative that students are adequately equipped
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to harness the potential of modern computing systems and for researchers to be able to
innovate ways to address emerging problems."
The first university to join the initiative is the University of Washington.
Carnegie-Mellon University, MIT, Stanford University, the University of California at
Berkeley, and the University of Maryland are also participating in the program.
As part of the initiative, Google and IBM are providing a cluster of several
hundred computers -- Google's custom servers and IBM BladeCenter and System x
servers. Over time, the companies expect the cluster to surpass 1,600 processors. The
Linux-based servers will run open source software including Xen's virtualization
system and Hadoop, an open source implementation of Google's distributed file
system that's managed by the Apache Software Foundation.
Students working with the cluster will have access to a Creative Commonslicensed curriculum for massively parallel computing developed by Google and the
University of Washington.

6.3.SmugMug
SmugMug is an online photo hosting application which is fully based on cloud
computing services. They dont own any hard drives. All their storage is based in the
Amazon S3 instances.

6.4.Nasdaq
NASDAQ which had lots of stock and fund data wanted to make extra
revenue selling historic data for those stocks and funds. But for this offering, called
Market Replay, the company didn't want to worry about optimizing its databases and
servers to handle the new load. So it turned to Amazon's S3 service to host the data,
and created a lightweight reader app that let users pull in the required data. The
traditional approach wouldn't have gotten off the ground economically. NASDAQ
took its market data and created flat files for every entity, each holding enough data
for a 10-minute replay of the stock's or fund's price changes, on a second-by-second
basis. It adds 100,000 files per day to the several million it started with.

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7. Cloud Storage
Cloud Storage means "the storage of data online in the cloud," wherein a company's
data is stored in and accessible from multiple distributed and connected resources
that comprise a cloud.
Cloud storage can provide the benefits of greater accessibility and reliability;
rapid deployment; strong protection for databackup, archival and disaster recovery purposes;
and lower overall storage costs as a result of not having to purchase, manage and maintain
expensive hardware. However, cloud storage does have the potential for security and
compliance concerns.

7.1.Types Of Cloud Storage

Public Cloud

Private Cloud

Hybrid Cloud

Public Cloud
A form of cloud storage where the enterprise and storage service provider are separate
and the data is stored outside of the enterprise's data center. With public cloud storage,
or external storage clouds, enterprises and small businesses offload their data storage and
archival / backup needs to a third-party cloud storage service provider, freeing them from
the expensive costs of having to purchase, manage and maintain on-premises storage
hardware and software resources.

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Private Cloud
The phrase used to describe a cloud computing platform that is implemented within the
the corporate firewall, under the control of the IT department.
A private cloud is designed to offer the same features and benefits of public cloud
systems, but removes a number of objections to the cloud computing model including
control over enterprise and customer data, worries about security, and issues connected
to regulatory compliance.

Hybrid Cloud
A combination of public cloud storage and private cloud storage where some critical data
resides in the enterprise's private cloud while other data is stored and accessible from
a public cloud storage provider.
Hybrid cloud storage combines the advantages of scalability, reliability, rapid
deployment and potential cost savings of public cloud storage with the security and
full control of private cloud storage.

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7.2.Advantages

Lower computer costs.

Improved performance.

Reduced software costs.

Instant software updates.

Improved document format compatibility.

Unlimited storage capacity.

Increased data reliability.

Universal document access.

Latest version availability.

Device independence.

7.3.Disadvantages

Requires a constant Internet connection.

Does not work well with low-speed connections.

Features might be limited.

Can be slow.

Stored data might not be secure.

Stored data can be lost.

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7.4.Some Popular Cloud Storage Service Providers

Amazon Cloud Drive

Dropbox

Google Drive

Apple iCloud

OneDrive

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8.

Cloud Computing Application in Indian context

Today most of the studies in cloud computing is related to commercial benets.

But this idea can also be successfully applied to non-prot organizations and to
the social benet.
In the developing countries like India Cloud computing can
bring about a revolution in the eld of low cost computing with greater eciency,
availability and reliability. Recently in these countries e-governance has started to
ourish. Experts envisioned that utility based computing has a great future in egovernance. Cloud computing can also be applied to the development of rural life in
India by building information hubs to help the concerned people with greater access
to required information and enable them to share their experiences to build new
knowledge bases.

8.1

E-Governance

E-Governance is an interface between Government and public or this can be an

interface between two governments or between government and business organizations [7]. Objectives are generally to improve eciency and eectiveness to serve
public demand and to save costs for online services. This requires Government to
have the will to decentralize the responsibilities and processes and start to have faith
on electronic and internet systems. E-government is a form of e-business in governance and refers to the processes and structures needed to deliver electronic services
to the public (citizens and businesses), collaborate with business partners and to
conduct electronic transactions within an organizational entity. This E-Governance
can be greatly improved by utility computing [8].
Impact of Technology in E-governance 24/7 Service Model Systems and services require high availability. Get the
citizens feel that Government is always at their service.
Need for Content Web contents should be regularly updated and the information provided to the public should be sucient. Respective departments
should be responsible for providing the information.
Human Resource Building these I T skilled resources would need properly
trained personals. This would make government to compete with other private
organizations.
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Security Sensitive Government data is to be highly secured. Policies are to

be taken seriously maintained and designed.
Privacy Personal data should be given sucient privacy. It can be a dicult
issue if data is stored across dierent departments and computer systems.
Recently Government of India have taken initiative and launched several
projects to facilitate people with better mechanism of governance using IT as a tool.
They have launched projects like Gyan Ganga, e-Gram [17] to leverage the strength
of connectivity. Gyan Ganga is one of the initiatives of the Government of Gujrat
to ensure wireless Internet connectivity to 18000 villages in Gujrat. This project
is based on corDECT a technology based on Wireless Local Loop (WLL). Rural
citizens are provided with facilities like browsing emails, Internet, land records,
rural job opportunities, status of various government projects, information about
local weather, soil and consult with experts to increase productivity in agriculture,
to have answer to their queries about veterinary and health care. Gyan Ganga comes
with other facilities with on-line registration of various applications, on-line public
grievance form, information on Government projects etc.
Another Government of India initiative is E-Gram computerization of local
Gram panchayats. This is also now implemented in the villages of Gujrat. This EGram provides the rural people services like birth and death certication, property
assessment, tax-collection, accounts of gram panchayats etc.
Why traditional systems are not sucient? For maintaining traditional systems in e-government there are many more disadvantages.
Application life cycle management Applications are generally developed in
evolutionary manner and changes should be consistent across all the departments and up gradation should be performed when the system is functioning.
Software licensing Software should be licensed for each and every department terminal. This incurs a large amount of establishment cost.
Scalability Traditional centralized systems have inherent weakness towards
the aspect of scalability.
Security This is the most crucial aspect for e-governance. Government
information is highly sensitive. So they should be highly secured. For the
traditional systems all the systems across all the departments should have
sucient security.
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Most of these disadvantages are addressed by cloud computing [2].

Scalability Cloud computing by design supports scalability. The data centers have enough computing and storage capacity to cope up with the spike
demand.
Modiable Applications hosted in cloud can be modied internally without
too much concern of the end users. Change in one place would reect in all
the places inherently and it would be consistent.
Data logging This central facility can be very useful for locating any fault
in the system. Logging can also be used for detecting unauthorized usage
checking or detecting compromization.
Availability Cloud services are well known for high availability. If any data
center is down for any reason there is hot backup ready to work immediately.
Virtual machine migration is used to great extend in this situation to facilitate
load balancing in case of failure of some systems.
Reliability Replication and migration of instances across data centers make
the reliability of the system very high in the cloud scenario.
Physical disaster recovery Backup policies can be very useful for physical
disaster avoidance and this is inherent to the cloud system. Data is stored
in dierent physical location so that hot backup can be provided whenever
needed.
Policy management Polices can be managed in a centralized fashion. This is
helpful for introducing Government policies readily unlike the present scenario.
Legacy software An already developed software can be moved to cloud with
minor changes some times. So the Government doesnt incur cost for developing applications which it already has.
Pay model Cloud providers pay-as-you-use model enables the customer
(Government) to reduce cost of deployment and control the usage.
Reduce power consumption Adaptation of cloud reduces power consumption in dierent oces and usage of power is concentrated in the data center
only. But also that is not the concern of the government as those data centers
are to be handled by the third party who provides cloud services.
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Though it seems that cloud computing is indispensable for e-government but

there are many issues related to Cloud Computing application Security Concern Government works are highly security sensitive and the
policies sometimes must not be gointo public. But in cloud computing scenario
security is not properly implemented today. So this is a big concern.
Policy Concern Government has certain policies but the third party cloud
provider may have contradicting policies.
Lack of faith in networks Many government departments dont have that
much trust in networks and internet. So they would not jump into accepting
cloud computing.

8.2

Rural development

In the context of rural development cloud computing can also be used to success
for its centralized storage and computing facility and utility based pay model. As
per [3] 72.2% of total Indian population resides in rural areas. According to the
survey conducted by Hole in the Wall project [11] computer literacy among boys
and girls of age group 8-14 in rural area varies across the regions of India. It is 4050% in most of the regions. So the computer literacy is not a concern in rural India
and also in [11] it shown that learning rate is pretty high for computer literacy.
Agriculture is Indias biggest employment source, accounting for 52% employment
in India [4]. And agricultural sector contributes to 20% of countrys total GDP. So
it is very important to make a serious attempt to develop rural India.
Rural development can be in the form of education, agriculture, health, culture or in any other elds. Now a days most of the villages have some access to
electricity and cellular phone. So there is technical feasibility of establishing computer systems. But the mentality of the people havent been changed that much
and thats why the spread of personal computer is not that much signicant in the
villages. We think this growth rate can be enhanced if the computing system is
really cheap, easy to operate with minimum level of knowledge, without upfront
commitment and more essentially if the system is helpful to enhance their life style.
The main aim of the system is to make the people in rural areas to have access to
recent technologyand with the help of the computing system enhance their standard
of living and also this would lead to a grater good of developing the nation.
Why not traditional web services?
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Availability Many of the services should be available always like health

etc. These availability issues are not that well handled by the traditional web
services as they are handled typically by a single server and thus the server
downtime is always there to happen.
The villagers have to own a PC To use traditional web services through internet the villagers need to own a PC which would increase their investment.
Then the issues of need for technical experts for software/hardware installation and maintenance are needed. But naturally the number of such experts is
very less in number in the remote village. Upgradation of software or hardware
would be a problem both economically and technically.
With the help of cloud computing this can be made possible. Well now
discuss the technological and economic advantages for using cloud.
No upfront commitment The villagers need not to invest too much to buy
computing system and commit.
But instead they can have very low cost
terminals with basic functionality of I/O and have a network access.
No maintenance issues The users need not to be an expert for maintenance.
This solves the unavailability of technical experts in the remote villages as the
maintenance issues are handled by the cloud provider explicitly.
Upgraded version of hardware and software The users always use the upgraded version of software and hardware as maintained by the cloud provider.
This reduces the cost of up gradation.
On-demand resource allocation The virtual resources can be extended as
needed. If the user needs more resource then it is provided on demand basis.
Utility computing model The economic model used by the cloud is pay-asyou-use. This enables the users handle the cost they have to pay.
By using cloud computing model some improvement of the current system is
possible to bring about social and as well as economic prospect in rural India.
Share knowledge and build knowledge base Most of the agriculture related
issues are generally local and they cant be solved by general expertise. So
it happens many times that the so called experts are not the right person to
answer the problems but instead the local farmers are better in understanding.
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So in these situations better solution can be given by the local experts. If these
local experts access a common space to share their knowledge then others
eventually come to know about the solution. Thus a knowledge base can be
build which would represent the issues in that local scenario. It is like building
Wikipedia.
Health and medical services In the developing countries like India one of
the concern of Rural health care is in spite of best intention from both the
medical professionals and patients a practical challenge is faced for diculties
of communications among interested parties [15]. This issue can be solved
using cloud computing in an appropriate way. Consultation among doctors
around the world make sharing of knowledge possible and takes telemedicince
to the next level, creating a network that goes beyond the one-to-one, patientto-patient, patient-to-doctor or doctor-to-doctor interactions. In this way a
patient suering from a particular disease can be better treated by consulting
with doctors within region and also outside who may have more experience
with such a case.
Education in remote areas Education in rural areas can be enhanced with
the help of distance education. Education can be provided in dierent languages and with respect to dierent curriculum with the aid of e-learning
components. Students can be encouraged to build their own multimedia presentations. These can be hosted in the cloud. This type of approach encourage
the students to concentrate more on learning and representing the material and
also that would build the knowledge in the cloud for other students to refer.
This is possible with the aid of cloud computing with greater reliability and
availability.
Government decision making Looking at the common knowledge base the
Government can have a fair knowledge of the local situation and take adoptive
steps.
Access to Information hub Government can provide relevant information
such as land revenue data, weather data, soil information etc. through these
cloud services to the people concerned.
All these things are possible with right initiative. These may need customizing the original cloud services. Some generally unpopular services like Desktop as
a Service may make sense in these scenario which essentially tells about providing
the users a virtual desktop environment. But deployment of cloud services in rural
areas have some issues associated with it.
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The rst and foremost issue for the deployment of internet based services in
rural India is the availability of electricity and networks. Currently there are
a number of initiatives underway to explore alternative to wired Internet, including WiFi, WiMax, satellite-based Internet connectivity. Such an eort is
made by Midas Communication technologies and Indian Institute of Madras
in the name of corDECT which is a wireless access system. It provides simultaneously voice and 35-70kbps Internet access to wireless subscriber. Another
eort is [19] where the authors modied traditional WiFi to make it eciently
work in long distance suitable in the context of rural area.
Optimization due to data locality Store the data where it is mostly used is
known as the data locality. This is very helpful for optimization purpose. This
can be done by establishing data centers in rural India. But the cost of power
and bandwidth may not be cheap in many places. So for those places some
eciency and economic trade o should be obeyed.
India is now worlds 2nd fastest growing economy. As per World Bank survey,
by this year the growth rate of Indias economywould be faster than currently fastest
economy China. In India there is very large scope of applying I T in domestic level
and that encouraged the cloud providers to establish cloud services in India. Today
companies like Reliance, TATA, Zenith Computers, Wipro Technologies, Netmagic
Solutions, and Reliance are providing cloud services in India successfully. These
companies can grasp the huge market in the rural India as well as making social
development.

Conclusion

Cloud computing is a newly developing paradigm of distributed computing. Virtualization in combination with utility computing model can make a dierence in
the IT industry and as well as in social perspective. Though cloud computing is
still in its infancy but its clearly gaining momentum. Organizations like Google,
Yahoo, Amazon are already providing cloud services. The products like Google
App-Engine, Amazon EC2, Windows Azure are capturing the market with their
ease of use, availability aspects and utility computing model. Users dont have to be
worried about the hinges of distributed programming as they are taken care of by
the cloud providers. They can devote more on their own domain work rather than
these administrative works. Business organizations are also showing increasing interest to indulge themselves into using cloud services. There are many open research
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issues in this domain like security aspect in the cloud, virtual machine migration,
dealing with large data for analysis purposes etc. In developing counties like India
cloud computing can be applied in the e-governance and rural development with
great success. Although as we have seen there are some crucial issues to be solved
to successfully deploy cloud computing for these social purposes. But they can be
addressed by detailed study in the subject.

References
[1] Google app engine. http://code.google.com/appengine/.
[2] Cloud computing for e-governance. White paper, IIIT-Hyderabad, January
2010. Available online (13 pages).
[3] Demographics of india. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_
India, April 2010.
[4] Economy of india.
April 2010.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India,

[5] Michael Armbrust, Armando Fox, Rean Grith, Anthony D. Joseph, Randy H.
Katz, Andrew Konwinski, Gunho Lee, David A. Patterson, Ariel Rabkin, Ion
Stoica, and Matei Zaharia. Above the clouds: A berkeley view of cloud computing. Technical Report UCB/EECS-2009-28, EECS Department, University
of California, Berkeley, Feb 2009.
[6] F.M. Aymerich, G. Fenu, and S. Surcis. An approach to a cloud computing network. Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies, 2008.
ICADIWT 2008., pages 113 118, August 2008.
[7] M. Backus. E-governance in Developing Countries. IICD Research Brief, 1,
2001.
[8] Jaijit Bhattacharya and Sushant Vashistha. Utility computing-based framework
for e-governance, pages 303309. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2008.
[9] D. Chappell. Introducing windows azure. http://go.microsoft.com/, December 2009.

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