SPM Chemistry Chapter 3

SPM CHEMISTRY
Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae & Equations

Prepared by: Ms. Brintha Ganapathy BSc. MSc.
3.1 Relative atomic mass and Relative molecular mass

1.
Relative atomic mass, Ar is the __________________________

of an atom when compared to a __________________________.
2.
Standard atom:
a.
Hydrogen scale: hydrogen is the lightest atom of all

and the mass of one hydrogen atom was assigned 1
unit.
Weakness of Hydrogen scale:
not too many elements can react readily with
hydrogen,
b.
hydrogen exists as a gas at room temperature and
has a number of isotopes with different masses.
Helium scale: the second lightest atom of all and the

mass of one helium atom were assigned 1 unit.
Weakness of Helium scale:
c.
helium exists as a gas at room temperature and
helium is an inert gas.
Oxygen scale: chose as the standard atom to compare

the masses of atoms
Weakness of Oxygen scale:
the existence of three isotopes of oxygen were

discovered
natural oxygen (containing all the three isotopes)

as the standard
used the isotopes oxygen-16 as the standard
d.
Carbon scale: standard atom of comparison
internationally.
a carbon-12 atom is __________________________than

an atom of hydrogen
exists as a solid at room temperature
most abundant carbon isotope, happening about
98.89%
3.
Relative atomic mass, Ar of an atom is
4.
Relative molecular mass, Mr of a substance is
5.
Example:
Relative atomic mass, Ar of helium =
Relative molecular mass, Mr of HO
Relative formula mass, Na2CO310H2O
=
3
Practice 3.1
Calculate the RMM of the following substances.
[RMM: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16; Cl, 35.5, Na, 23; Mg, 24; Al, 27; S, 32;
Ca, 40]
a. Ethanol, CHOH
b.
Oxygen gas, O
c. Carbon dioxide,
CO
d. Water molecule,
e. Tetrachlorometha
HO
ne, CCl
g. Carbon
h. Aluminium
monoxide, CO
carbonate,
f. Sodium chloride,
NaCl
i. Magnesium
chloride, MgCl
Al(CO)
j. Calcium
carbonate,
k. Calcium sulphate, l. Hydrochloric

CaSO
acid, HCl
CaCO
3.2, 3.3, 3.4 Relationship between the number of moles

and the number of particles, mass and volume of
gas
1.
Avogadro constant / Avogadros number is 6.02 x 1023
2.
Room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.) = 24 dm3 mol-1

(25C and 1 atm)
3.
Standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p) = 22.4 dm3 mol-1
Mass (g) = Number of moles x Molar mass

Number of particles = Number of moles x Avogadro
constant
Volume (dm3) = Number of moles x Molar volume
Question!
State three formulae to find number of moles
3.5 Empirical and Molecular Formulae

1.
Empirical formulae definition

Simplest ratio of atoms of each element that present in
the compound
2.
Molecular formulae definition

Actual number of atoms of each element that is present in
one molecule of the compound
3.
Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n,
Calculation of Empirical Formula

Example 1
Example 2
List of cations
Charge
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+3
+3
+3
+4
+4
positively-charged ions
Cations
Ammonium ion
Copper(I) ion
Hydrogen ion
Lithium ion
Nickel(I) ion
Potassium ion
Silver ion
Sodium ion
Barium ion
Calcium ion
Copper(II) ion
Iron(II) ion
Lead(II) ion
Magnesium ion
Manganese(II) ion
Nickel(II) ion
Tin(II) ion
Zinc ion
Aluminium ion
Chromium(III) ion
Iron(III) ion
Lead(IV) ion
Tin(IV) ion
PLEASE
MEMORISE!
Formula
NH4+
Cu+
H+
Li+
Ni+
K+
Ag+
Na+
Ba2+
Ca2+
Cu2+
Fe2+
Pb2+
Mg2+
Mn2+
Ni2+
Sn2+
Zn2+
Al3+
Cr3+
Fe3+
Pb4+
Sn4+
List of Anions=
negatively-charged ions
Charge
Anions
-1
Bromide ion
-1
Chloride ion
-1
Chlorate(V) ion
-1
Ethanoate ion
-1
Fluoride ion
-1
Hydride ion
-1
Hydroxide ion
-1
Iodide ion
-1
Manganate(VII) ion
-1
Nitrate ion
-1
Nitrite ion
-2
Oxide ion
-2
Carbonate ion
-2
Chromate(VI) ion
-2
Dichromate(VI) ion
-2
Sulphide ion
-2
Sulphate ion
-2
Sulphite ion
-2
Thiosulphate ion
-3
Nitride ion
-3
Phosphate ion
-3
Phosphite ion
PLEASE
MEMORISE!
Formula
BrClClO3CH3COOFHOHIMnO4NO3NO2O2CO32CrO42Cr2O72S2SO42SO32S2O32N3PO43PO33-
Chemical formulae for ionic compounds

Name
Chemical
Number of
Number of
cation
anion
Zinc chloride
Copper(II)
formula
ZnCl2
CuSO4
sulphate
Aluminium
Al2(SO4)3
sulphate
Prefixes
Prefix
MonoDiTriTetraPentaHexaHeptaOctaNonaDeca-
Meaning
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Chemical Equation
nA + nB
nC + nD
Example 1:
Word equation:
Sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid
sodium sulphate
+ water
Chemical equation: NaOH + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + H2O
Balancing equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Complete chemical equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4
Na2SO4 +
2H2O
Example 2:
Word equation:
Aluminium + copper(II) oxide
aluminium(III) oxide +
copper
Chemical equation:
Balancing equation:
Al + CuO
Al2O3 + Cu
__________________________________________________________
Complete chemical equation:

_______________________________________________
Example 3:
Word equation: Nitrogen + hydrogen
ammonia
Chemical equation:
NH3
Balancing equation:
N 2 + H2
__________________________________________________________
10
Complete chemical equation:
_______________________________________________
Information obtainable from chemical equations
i) mass of reactants
ii) volume of reacting gas
iii) mass of products formed
iv) volume of gas produced
Balancing Chemical Equations
TIPS!
Always balance
the chemical
equations starting
from the gases
11
12
Example:
2 cm3 of lead (II) nitrate solution is added to excess of potassium
iodide solution. How many molecules of potassium nitrate will be
formed?
[Relative atomic mass: N, 14; O, 16; K, 39; I, 127; Pb, 207;
Avogadro's constant: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
Step 1: Write a complete chemical equation.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) > PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
From the equation, 1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 reacts with 2 moles of

KI formed 1 mole PbI2 of and 2 moles of KNO3.
Step 2: Convert to moles.
No. of moles of Pb(NO3)2

= Mass of Pb(NO3)2 / Relative molecular mass
= 2 / [207 + 2(14 + 3 x 16)]
= 6.04 x 10-3 mol
Step 3: Ratio of moles.
Number of moles of KNO3/ Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2

= 2/1
Number of moles of KNO3

= (2 x 6.04 x 10-3) / 1
= 12.08 x 10-3 mol
Step 4: Convert to the number of molecules of potassium

nitrate.
13
Number of molecules of KNO3

= 12.08 x 10-3 x 6.02 x 1023
= 7.27 x 1021
This part of the

chapter is the most
challenging, but once
you hit the technique
it will be easy forever.
14

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SPM CHEMISTRY

Chapter 3: Chemical Formulae & Equations

3.1 Relative atomic mass and Relative molecular mass

Relative atomic mass, Ar is the __________________________

Hydrogen scale: hydrogen is the lightest atom of all

hydrogen exists as a gas at room temperature and

has a number of isotopes with different masses.

Helium scale: the second lightest atom of all and the

helium exists as a gas at room temperature and

helium is an inert gas.

Oxygen scale: chose as the standard atom to compare

the existence of three isotopes of oxygen were

natural oxygen (containing all the three isotopes)

used the isotopes oxygen-16 as the standard

Carbon scale: standard atom of comparison

a carbon-12 atom is __________________________than

exists as a solid at room temperature

most abundant carbon isotope, happening about

Relative atomic mass, Ar of an atom is

Relative molecular mass, Mr of a substance is

Relative atomic mass, Ar of helium =

Relative molecular mass, Mr of HO

Relative formula mass, Na2CO310H2O

k. Calcium sulphate, l. Hydrochloric

3.2, 3.3, 3.4 Relationship between the number of moles

Avogadro constant / Avogadros number is 6.02 x 1023

Room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.) = 24 dm3 mol-1

Standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p) = 22.4 dm3 mol-1

Mass (g) = Number of moles x Molar mass

3.5 Empirical and Molecular Formulae

Empirical formulae definition

Molecular formulae definition

Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n,

Calculation of Empirical Formula

Chemical formulae for ionic compounds

Chemical equation: NaOH + H2SO4

Balancing equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4

Complete chemical equation: 2NaOH + H2SO4

Complete chemical equation:

Word equation: Nitrogen + hydrogen

Complete chemical equation:

ii) volume of reacting gas

iii) mass of products formed

iv) volume of gas produced

Balancing Chemical Equations

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) > PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

From the equation, 1 mole of Pb(NO3)2 reacts with 2 moles of

Step 2: Convert to moles.

No. of moles of Pb(NO3)2

Step 3: Ratio of moles.

Number of moles of KNO3/ Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2

Number of moles of KNO3

Step 4: Convert to the number of molecules of potassium

Number of molecules of KNO3

This part of the

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