Environmental Chemistry: Dissolved Oxygen

Environmental
Chemistry
Dissolved Oxygen
A Conventional Perspective
DO
ZAINI UJANG
Institute of Environmental & Water Resource Management
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Presentation Menu
Introduction
Environmental significance
Collection of samples for DO
test

Oxidation-reduction
Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

Conventional Activated Sludge
Introduction
All living organisms are dependent upon oxygen

in one form or another to maintain the metabolic
processes
that produce energy for:

Growth
Reproduction
(regeneration of new cells)

Introduction
Aerobic
process need for free oxygen

All gases in atmosphere are soluble in water to
some degree
Oxygen and nitrogen are poorly soluble, since
they do not react with water chemically, their
solubility is directly proportional to their partial
pressures
Henrys law is used to calculate the amounts
present at saturation at any given temperatures

15
20
25
Solubility, mg/l
Solubility of oxygen and nitrogen in distilled water

saturated
with air at 760 mm Hg

10
Nitrogen
Oxygen
10 15 20 25 30
Temperature, C
35
Solubility of oxygen and nitrogen in distilled water

saturated
with air at 760 mm Hg

Solubility,
15 mg/l
20
25
Under partial-pressure conditions,

more nitrogen than O2 dissolves
in water
At saturation, dissolved gases contain
Nitrogen
10
Oxygen
0
10
15
20
Temperature, C
25 30
35
38% O2 on molar basis, or twice O2 in

normal atmosphere
Solubility of atmospheric O2 is fresh
waters ranges from 14.6 mg/l at 0oC to
to about 7 mg/l at 35oC under 1 atm.

Poorly soluble gas
Significant for high altitude
Rates of biological oxidation
with tempt, and O2 demand

Solubility of oxygen and nitrogen in water

Most
problems related to O2 deficiency occur during high

temperature (summer in temperate climate) when solubility
of oxygen is low
Solubility of oxygen in freshwater: Maximum of 8 mg/l

under critical conditions
Solubility of oxygen is less in salt-containing water
(compared to clean water)

Solubility of O2 decreases from estuary to sea

Solubility of dissolved oxygen in water in equilibrium

with dry air at 760 mm Hg containing 20.9% oxygen
Temp, oC

0
5
10
20
30
Cl=0 mg/l

14.6
12.8
11.3
9.2
7.6
Cl=5000
mg/l

13.8
12.1
10.7
8.7
7.3
Cl=10,000
mg/l

13.0
11.4
10.1
8.3
6.9

Cl=15,000
mg/l

12.1
10.7
9.6
7.9
6.5
Cl=20,000
mg/l

11.3
10.0
9.0
7.4
6.1
8

with dry air at 760 mm Hg containing 20.9% oxygen
Temp, oC
Cl=0 mg/l
Cl=5000
mg/l
Cl=10,000
mg/l
Cl=15,000
mg/l
Cl=20,000
mg/l
14.6
13.8
13.0
12.1
11.3
10
12.8
12.1
11.4
10.7
10.0
11.3
10.7
10.1
9.6
9.0
Chloride in seawater

20
9.2
30
7.6
8.7
= 19,000
8.3mg/l7.9
7.3
6.9

6.5
7.4
6.1
9

with

dry air at 760 mm Hg containing 20.9% oxygen
In polluted waters the saturation values is less than

clean water

Ratio of the value in polluted water to clean water
= value

Rate of solution of oxygen in polluted waters is
less than clean water, and the ratio = value
Polluted waters: > 0.8; > 0.4
Values of and are important for selection of
aeration equipment
10
Environmental
significance
of
DO

The most important single tests for environmental

engineering

DO determine biological processes in water:
aerobic or anaerobic

Aerobic: use free oxygen for oxidation of organic
and inorganic matters
produce innocuous end
products

Anaerobic: oxidation occurs through reduction of
certain inorganic salts e.g. sulfates
produce
innocuous
end products


11
Environmental
significance
of
DO

DO must be monitored to maintain the

biological process or environmental
conditions

DO related to BOD test

DO foundation

12
Electron Transfer in Bioprocesses

Processes

Aerobic
Anoxic
Anaerobic
Terminal
electron acceptor

Oxygen
Nitrates
Sulfate
Organic
matters
Water
Halogenated
organic compounds
Fe3+

13
Environmental
significance
of
DO

DO is significant in corrosion of iron and

steel, particularly in water distribution
systems and boilers.

Removal of DO from boiler-feed water by
physical and chemical means is common
practice in power industry

14
Determination of DO
In most cases, DO level is below saturation
exposure to
atmosphere will lead to error

DO measurement is in-situ basis

Since oxygen values may change rapidly with time because of
biological activity, samples is treated using conventional
reagent, then perform titration when samples are brought to
laboratory

Two procedures for measuring DO:

Oxidation-reduction titration using iodometry

Specialised adaptation of polarography using membrane covered electrode
15
Oxidation-Reduction
Based on atomic structure and electron transfer

Atom, molecule or ion is said to undergo oxidation
when it loses an electron

Reduction when gains an electron
When sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium
chloride, the sodium atom loses an electron and
becomes oxidized to sodium ion, Na+. Chloride gains
an electron and is reduced to the anion, Cl Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,
16
Process Theory
(ii) Plug-flow reactor

Qo+QR,

Q o, S o, X o
Se, X
X, S
Bioreactor
QR, Xu

Se, Xe
Secondary
clarifier
Qu,
Qo-Qw,
Xu
Q w, X u
17

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Environmental

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

All living organisms are dependent upon oxygen

(regeneration of new cells)

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

process need for free oxygen

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

Solubility of oxygen and nitrogen in distilled water

Solubility of oxygen and nitrogen in distilled water

Under partial-pressure conditions,

38% O2 on molar basis, or twice O2 in

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

Solubility of oxygen and nitrogen in water

problems related to O2 deficiency occur during high

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

Solubility of dissolved oxygen in water in equilibrium

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

Solubility of dissolved oxygen in water in equilibrium

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

Solubility of dissolved oxygen in water in equilibrium

dry air at 760 mm Hg containing 20.9% oxygen

In polluted waters the saturation values is less than

The most important single tests for environmental

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

DO must be monitored to maintain the

DO related to BOD test

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

Electron Transfer in Bioprocesses

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

DO is significant in corrosion of iron and

Zaini Ujang, IEWRM-UTM,

Based on atomic structure and electron transfer

(ii) Plug-flow reactor

Conventional Activated Sludge

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