Chapter One 1.1 Background of The Study
Chapter One 1.1 Background of The Study
Chapter One 1.1 Background of The Study
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The errors associated with the existing manual method of student records and processing of
results in most universities in Nigeria, including Benson Idahosa University, make it not only
desirable but imperative that computerizedapproach be used to the full in measuring students
academic progress. The manualmethods being employed suffer a number of set-back. They make
the process to betime-consuming and prone to errors even as they lead to late publication
ofexamination results. Worst still, sometimes wrong grades are being entered andstudents grade
point averages are computed wrongly. Consequently, thecumulative errors being generated are
ultimately linked to awarding of erroneousclass of grade. Some students could end up with
undeserved good classes ofgrade, while others could be unfairly victimized, bringing about
frustration. Inthis case, the image of the department(s) concerned and the whole University alike
could become tarnished. The problem, therefore, that arises is to find a method of processing
examination results that would be sufficiently accurate and reasonably timely.
The students record and result processing is a routine activity. Every semester in the higher
institution callsfor assessment of the performances of the students. This assessment usually
comes in the form of examinations, tests, practicals, labs, and the like. Without anassessment of
the students, there will not be the need to work hard.
Assessment takes the form of a reward system. Students are interested in acompetitive
environment. Tracing this to the primary and secondary schoolsystems where the students are
graded in positions; each student works very hardto make the best results. The higher institution
1
system is no difference. At the endof each academic semester, the results of the semester
academic activities arecomputed. The issue here is in the conversion of the levels of involvement
andexpertise of the students into relative figures which ranks the students.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problems posed by manual methods of result processing are enormous. The issueshere can
only be addressed by employing upper hands. The effort expended in theprocess of registration
of students and computation of their examination results istedious. Quite worrisome is the fact
that these processes are carried out everyacademic session, putting the operators in a continuous
and ever demanding cycle.
The computation of examination results and registration of students is obviously anobjectcentered activity, the student being the dominant object in this case. Hence,the need to evolve not
just a computerized process, but an object-orientedsoftware design and implementation that will
effectively and efficientlycapture all the important objects associated with the registration and
examinationresult processing within the University and the interactions among the objects.
To arrest this problem, there is a need to develop software that is accurate, errorfree, and that can
run on the web (using real time) in order to give students accessto their results as at when
needed. This will also help reduce the queue usually seenat the course advisers office during
results check and in turn tackle the so muchstress on both exams and record and the
management in Universities.
The system developed will only cover registration of students, result processing and security of
students record functions.
The duration for this project was too small for the study to be carried out in a more complex
scope. There were some other programmes like exams, to be attended to which curtailed the
time spent on the project. The above constraint led to limiting the application functionalities.
The limited resources available for carrying out this project posed a major constraint. There
was much work to be done but, limited cash was available. The available related materials in
this research topic were insufficient and some of the respondents were unwilling to supply
useful information.
1.7
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND OTHER RELATED CONCEPTS
The introduction of computer into information technology has massively improved the
information need of organization; the success of this machine is dependent on the knowledge
base. Therefore, one can be prompted to ask aloud what is computer. Funk (1980), defined a
computer as an electronic device that can perform automatically and at a high speed a sequence
of logical operations according to instructions given to it inform of a pre-arranged program.
Anigbogu (2000) defined a computer as an electronic device capable of accepting data and
instructions, processing the data based on the instructions to generate results or output in such a
manner that is yet to be equaled by any other known machine to mankind.
Chimezie (1990) stated that Computers are looked upon as obedient servants who are ever
ready to free man from tedious procedures and produce results as compared with human
computing time.
Obilikwu (1995) described computer as a machine that is capable of accepting input data, store
and process the data based on instructions given by the computer user and in this way produce
expected results generally called output. These definitions of computer would lead us to answer
the question what is a program?
In his definition Obilikwu (1995), defined a program as a sequence of instructions given to the
computer to perform a specific operation. From Encarta Encyclopedia, computer program is a set
of instructions that directs a computer to perform some processing function or combination of
functions. The above definitions of computer clearly demonstrated the limitless area of
and performances. World Net describes an information system (IS) as a system consisting of the
network of all communication channels used within an organization, and includes software and
hardware. It may also be defined as a system that collects and processes data (information) and
provides it to mangers at all levels that use it for decision making, planning, program
implementation and control.
The aim of information system to admission, registration and result processing in universities is
improving the quality and accuracy of information provided to all involved as well as assisting
universities in compiling and reporting information.
The information system (IS) has common data set on admission, admittance regulations of
different universities and admission procedures. Computerization is a social process for
providing access to and support for computer equipment to be used in activities such as teaching,
accounting, writing, designing, circuits, file processing etc. Computerization entails social
choices about the levels of appropriate investment and control over equipment and expertise, as
well as choices of equipment.
Dunlop and Kling (1991), by the early 1990s, computing and telecommunications accounted for
half of the capital investments made by private firms. However, paper (1980) Feigenbaum and
McCorduck (1983) and Yourdon (1986) stated that the most fervent advocates of
computerization have argued that the actual pace of computerization in schools, factories and
homes is too slow.
Taylor (1980), classified computer-based education includes both computer-assisted instruction
programs that interact with students in a dialogue and a broader array of educational computer
applications such as simulations or instruction in computer programming. There is major national
push for extended application of computer based education at educational levels. For example, in
the mid-1980s private several colleges and Universities required all their freshmen students to
buy a specific kind of Micro-computers and others invested heavily in visions of wired
Campus.
Kling (1983) avers that computer-based education has been promoted with two different
underlying ideologies in all levels of education. Some educators argue that computer- based
instructional approaches can help fulfill the traditional values of progressive education: the
simulation of intellectual curiosity, initiative, and democratic experiences. For examples, (1984)
has argued that computerized universities are qualitatively different than traditional universities:
College students with micro computers in their dorm rooms will be more stimulated to learn
because they will have easy access to instructional materials and more interesting problems to
solve. Papert (1979), argues that in a new computer based school cultivate, students will no
longer simply be taught mathematics. These visions portray an enchanted social order
transformed by advanced computing technologies. Other advocates are a bites romantic, but not
less enthusiastic.
For example Cole (1972), states because of the insatiable desire of students for more and more
information at a higher level of complexity and more sophisticated level of utilization, more
effective means of communication must be used. Computers can provide a unique vehicle for
this transmission. Hence, it is important to note that computer-based education goes a long way
in helping the students as well as the staff to effectively make use of the computerized course
registration system. It also helps in convincing the stakeholders of the importance and need for
adopting the computerized admission, registration and result processing system as it provides
effective and accurate handling of students files.
10
admission only 100 candidates need to be chosen. With the ranking of the scores or grades of the
candidates, the management is in position to choose best candidates with the best results with
ease and on time with the use of computer. Again, many computerized systems have become
more than tools they are environments that people sometimes find hard to change and so on.
Kling and Suzanne (1988), argue that we have much to learn about future uses and consequences
of computerization by carefully examining past and present experiences. Knowing fully well
how the University program is being run(manually), studying the past and present experiences
energize the idea of computerization of the board or the program.
2.2
2.2.1 Processing
Practically all naturally occurring processes can be viewed as examples of data processing
systems where "observable" information in the form of pressure, light, etc. are converted by
human observers into electrical signals in the nervous system as the senses we recognize as
touch, sound, and vision. Even the interaction of non-living systems may be viewed in this way
as rudimentary information processing systems. Conventional usage of the terms data processing
and information systems restricts their use to refer to the algorithmic derivations, logical
deductions, and statistical calculations that recur perennially in general business environments,
rather than in the more expansive sense of all conversions of real-world measurements into realworld information in, say, an organic biological system.
The importance of high-speed data processing and communication to modern society and
economy can scarcely be exaggerated. Thomas Friedman, in The World is Flat (Farrar, 2005)
argues that they have wrought a more profound revolution change in communication and trade
11
than did the Gutenberg printing press and have changed the world permanently in far less time.
The proliferation of PCs, PDAs and cellular communications, the ubiquity of the internet and the
accelerating development of software that allows all of these technologies to interact on a
common communication framework have flattened our world, in Friedmans parlance, by
literally erasing the significance of geography and national boundaries in the conduct of
commerce and trade. Together with the emergence of the leadership and management practices to
take advantages of these flatteners, and the collapse of political and economic barriers that
accompanied the end of the cold war, what Friedman calls the triple convergence has literally
changed everything. Friedmans observations are supported by the words of the CEO of
Hewlett Packard, that the world is entering an era in which technology will literally transform
every aspect of business, every aspect of life and every aspect of society.
12
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
This chapter tries to explain or describe and analyze the existing system. The research have tried
in describing and analyzing the manual system that has been in use in the stem for many years
now and is still in the record department of Computer science BIU
3.1
The existing system is the only system affordable by the university at the time it was initiated.
The students come to the staff in a single file in other to obtain the form or to submit the same
after due completion of the documents.
promoted by facial contact, which in most cases brings about favoritism. On the contrary the
existing system is not devoid of demerits.
Since human beings are impatient to accept and tolerate individual difference in fact, this is one
of the reasons why we have strongly encouraged the online students record system.
The analysis of the existing system will do justice in pointing out the different stages involved in
manual method of student record process. This ranges from the purchase of the form to the
submission, processing and publication of names the registration point.
Since the researchers are taking the study from the students record system, to identify the
existing problem because narrowed down to the use of documentation, interview and
experience/observational method since the project is both theoretical as well as practically
oriented one.
13
Documentation: This type of method collects data from a given document that is relevant to the
issue at stake. These documents contain records of vital events that can help the researcher. It
also continue vital information on varied concepts. There are facts on different issues that are
documented for different use and in different time by people from various aspects of life.
Interview:
The primary of interview is to obtain both quantitative and qualitative data, which
are current as well as desired, regarding the users requirements, policies, procedures and
practice.
person or events, persons involve will not be aware that someone is taking record of their lives.
The record is collected at the persons natural state, and different intervals.
The researchers were sometime involved in this process and know a considerable events about
the system coupled with their observation of other students at different intervals gave rise to this
write-ups.
3.2
The existing system that has been in operation in students record process of B.I.U . is the
manual system. And there are some objectives upon which they are expected to achieve.
Therefore, the following objectives are to be achieved.
Frustration.
3.3
Name
of Reg. No
Candidate
State of Dept.
Level
Origin
Fig 3.1 A sample of input data
PROCESS ANALYSIS
The processing takes place here. The data will be queued according as they should be and be
acted upon by the machine to bring out needed outcome. The document about each person is
processed here and after that their personal document is proved
Output Analysis
The analysis of the output will focus on the result from the processing stage. The individual
document is entered one after the other and be processed according. But sometimes the output of
the existing system is not reliable.
This could be as a result of poor processing technique mistakes and always observed on the
output data or result. An unauthorized person can also alter it.
15
Sex
Output Data
S/
Name
Candidate
of Reg. No
Course
of Age
Study
State
Dept.
Level
of
Origin
Candidate name
Sex
Sex (optional)
Course of study
Date of Birth
Name of parent/Guardian
Date of application
3.5
INPUT SPECIFICATION
It defines the method in which instruction for student records are supplied and store. This will
first of all consider a Database structure/table for students.
S/
Name
Candidate
of Reg. No
Course
Study
of Age
State
Dept.
Level
of
Origin
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fig 3.3 DATABASE FILE STRUCTURE FOR THE STUDENT
3.6 FLOW CHART
Flow chart is the diagrammatic representation of the solution to a problem (that is design of an
online students record system in BIU) using symbols arrows for flow of information in the
system.
18
Sex
19
20
21
22
CHAPTER FIVE
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
The moving from the old system to a new system is called conversion. It is done by moving all
the works done in the system development. The whole conversion process may be seen in parts.
considered:
(a)
Training the personnel who are to be operative in the new system and the users of the
system.
4.2
CONVERSION
The needed time to convert has come. The system is designed and all the work necessary to
make it operate has been done. Now we must convert from the old system to the new system.
There are several approaches such as the direct, pilot, phase and parallel approaches. Among
these, and for the purpose of this project, we recommend the parallel approach for the
implementation.
4.3 THE PARALLEL APROACH
The old system and the new system should be operated simultaneously for a time to make sure
that the new system meets the requirement that the old system has been missing all long it will be
necessary to compare the output of the new system with the required output for the sanctification
of the new system.
23
4.4 DOCUMENTATION
The program Design and Implementation of an online students Record system is written in
PHP programming language. This language was chosen based on its capability in data base
management system (DBMS) and its suitability to student record keeping process. The program
is menu-driven-one-entry-one-exit.
filename. Welcome program is the filename upon which other filenames of the sub programs or
modules are linked.
24
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
25
VGA monitor
Uninterrupted power supply
printer
26
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
CONCLUSION
The research work was carried out to develop a functional design that could be used in the
university record process for students. It was not some in isolation of staff members of record.
Also there is an expert in the field of computer science who supervised the work to ensure its
workability for the real purpose it was made.
So far, the fact that it was carried out under a systematic reconstruction of knowledge and
experiences of both teaching and non-teaching staff of the university, it has the implication that
the same could be functional in other universities in all parts of the country as well.
Data were collected from different source and its analysis was such that any since user can
follow it systematically and arrive at expected conclusion even without the presence of the
researcher due to its clarity and unambiguity stated in the work and how both the staff and the
student can through the folders in the drive examine properly every students document. Student
on record can find a solace in the procedures presented here in the work by going through it
accurately and patiently.
There is clear and detailed information on what students have to bring along on record.
Therefore it becomes imperative to state that their educational implication is its applicability in
all other universitys of education as well as in the institutions of education (like IMT) all over
the country. B.I.U .which was the confined area of the study.
27
5.2
RECOMMENDATION
The important of an online system in an establishment cannot be over emphasized. This has led
to some of the recommendations.
The design and implementations or any electronic gadget especially in an online in such area of
schools record process must be facilitated by some certain factors.
*
The Federal government through federal ministry of education should find the online of
such adventures.
The school on its own should see to the implementation of the project.
There should be available online Engineers and Technicians for both installation,
operating and maintenance of the system.
There should be attached to the record form some educative manuals that should guide
and direct the new students on record processor.
There should be workshop or seminars organized to educate the staff members on some
basic aspects that concerns them.
An air conditioning unit is vital to increase the life span of the machine and to keep
away from dust.
There should be need for the acquiring of the uninterrupted power supply (UPS).
The monthly servicing of the entire system would be a good policy and spare parts
further study may be carried out on the project topic availability should be assured.
Ensure that only uninfected diskettes are introduced to avoid rival corruption of the
programs.
28
REFERENCES
Ibenyenwa, C.N (2000) Introduction to an online system, Markison press, Ibadan
Maddision, J. (1983) Education in the Microelectronic Ena. The Open University press Milton
Keyness.
Naphtali, R. Database Design fundamentals. Prentice-Hall International Edition.New York
Ovute, A.O and Onah, P.C (1998). A handbook on educational Research. Prize Publisher
Nsukka.
Rejaraman, V (1991) Analysis and Design of Information System New Delhi Prentice-Hall
International Inc.
Sandison, P.C (1994). The key to a new Educational Strategy. He Essentials Pedugogical
Features of the viable Education System.
29
APPENDIX
SOURCE CODE
Login Page
<?phprequire_once("../includes/initialize.php");?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="author" content="">
<title>ONLINE STUDEN RECORD SYSTEM</title>
<!-- Bootstrap core CSS -->
<link href="<?php echo WEB_ROOT; ?>css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="<?php echo WEB_ROOT; ?>css/bootstrap-datetimepicker.min.css" rel="stylesheet"
media="screen">
<!-- Custom styles for this template -->
<link href="<?php echo WEB_ROOT; ?>css/offcanvas.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<div class="navbarnavbar-fixed-top navbar-inverse" role="navigation">
<div class="container">
<div class="navbar-header">
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbarcollapse">
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="index.php">BENSON IDAHOSA UNIVERSITY-ONLINE
STUDENT RECORD SYSTEM</a>
</div>
</div><!-- /.container -->
</div><!-- /.navbar -->
</div>
<?php
if (logged_in()) {
?>
30
<script type="text/javascript">
window.location = "index.php";
</script>
<?php
}
include("banner.php") ?>
<?php
if (isset($_POST['btnlogin'])) {
//form has been submitted1
$uname = trim($_POST['uname']);
$upass = trim($_POST['pass']);
$h_upass = sha1($upass);
//check if the email and password is equal to nothing or null then it will show message box
if ($uname == '' OR $upass == '') {
?><script type="text/javascript">
alert("Invalid Username and Password!");
</script>
<?php
} else {
//it creates a new objects of member
$user = new User();
//make use of the static function, and we passed to parameters
$res = $user::AuthenticateUser($uname, $h_upass);
//then it check if the function return to true
if($res == true){
?><script type="text/javascript">
//then it will be redirected to home.php
window.location = "index.php";
</script>
<?php
} else {
?><script type="text/javascript">
alert("Username or Password Not Registered! Contact Your administrator.");
window.location = "index.php";
</script>
<?php
}
}
} else {
31
$email = "";
$upass = "";
}
?>
<div class="container">
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-9">
<div class="rows">
<div class="well">
<fieldset>
<legend><h4 class="text-center">VISION
STATEMENT</h4></legend>
<p>Benson Idahosa University (BIU)
aspires to be a model for Academic Excellence with Godliness.
We are a university that will raise academics. professionals and entrepreneurs, who will be
effective disciples for Christ by excelling in their professional elds. It will be
distinguished by
high performance in interdisciplinary research, addressing national and international
problems, eliminating wrong behavioural patterns among students and becoming a
estorehouse of knowledge to be used for the benets of mankind on Christian ethical
principles, designed to change the nation and the continent by changing one student's life at a
time.</p>
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend><h4 class="text-center">MISSION
STATEMENT</h4></legend>
<p>BIU is a private Christian University
providing state-of-the-art undergraduate and the
professional education. We are committed to the mission of raising leaders for the
nation, who are complete in spirit mind and body, thus contributing to the production of
high level leadership and quality manpower for the nation and the world.
Our key services are teaching, research, community development and character building. We
perform these functions by judiciously utilizing current information and communication
technology, networking with similar institutions worldwide, putting people rst in our
eoperations and emphasizing Christian ethical values. The beneciaries of the
university's
services are students, employers of labour, present and future generations, Nigeria and the
global community.</p>
</fieldset>
</div>
</div>
</div>
32
<!--/span-->
<?php include("sidebar.php") ?>
</div>
<!--/row-->
<hr>
Index Page
<?php
require_once("../includes/initialize.php");
$content='home.php';
$view = (isset($_GET['page']) && $_GET['page'] != '') ? $_GET['page'] : '';
switch ($view) {
case '1' :
$title="Home";
$content='home.php';
break;
case '2' :
$title="Profile";
$content='teacherprof.php';
break;
case '3' :
$title="Instructor Subject";
$content='instructorsubj.php';
break;
case '4' :
$title="Instructor Class";
$content='instclass.php';
break;
case '5' :
$title="Grade";
$content='grades.php';
break;
default :
$title="Home";
$content ='home.php';
}
require_once 'theme/frontendTemplate.php';
?>
Profile Page
<div class="container">
<?php
check_message();
33
?>
<div class="wellss">
<?php
$student = new Student();
$cur = $student->single_student($_SESSION['IDNO']);
?>
<fieldset>
<legend>Student Information</legend>
<table class="table table-bordered" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td>ID Number :</td><td width="80%"><?
php echo $cur->IDNO; ?></td></tr>
<td>Fullname :</td><td><?php echo $cur>LNAME .', '. $cur->FNAME.', '. $cur->MNAME; ?></td></tr></tr>
<td>Gender :</td><td><?php
if($cur->SEX== 'F'){
echo "Female";
}else{
echo "Male";
}
?></td>
</tr>
<td>Age :</td><td><?php echo $cur>AGE; ?></td>
</tr>
<td>Birth Date :</td><td><?php echo $cur>BDAY; ?></td>
</tr>
<td>Place of Birth :</td><td><?php echo
$cur->BPLACE; ?></td>
</tr>
<td>Civil Status :</td><td><?php echo
$cur->STATUS; ?></td>
</tr>
<td>Nationality :</td><td><?php echo
$cur->NATIONALITY; ?></td>
</tr>
<td>Religion :</td><td><?php echo $cur>RELIGION; ?></td>
</tr>
<td>Contact No. :</td><td><?php echo
$cur->CONTACT_NO; ?></td>
</tr>
<td>Email Address :</td><td><?php echo
$cur->EMAIL; ?></td>
</tr>
<td>Home Address :</td><td><?php echo
$cur->HOME_ADD; ?></td></tr>
</tr>
</table>
</fieldset>
34
<?php
$details = new Student_details();
$det = $details->secondary_details($_SESSION['IDNO']);
?>
<fieldset>
<legend>Secondary details</legend>
<table class="table table-bordered" cellspacing="0"
width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr><td>Father :</td><td width="80%"><?
php echo $det->FATHER; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Occupation :</td><td><?php echo
$det->FATHER_OCCU; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Mother :</td><td><?php echo
$det->MOTHER; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Occupation :</td><td><?php echo
$det->MOTHER_OCCU; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Boarding :</td><td><?php echo
$det->BOARDING; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>With family :</td><td><?php echo
$det->WITH_FAMILY; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Guardian :</td><td><?php echo
$det->GUARDIAN; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Address :</td><td><?php echo
$det->GUARDIAN_ADDRESS; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Other Person Supporting
:</td><td><?php echo $det->OTHER_PERSON_SUPPORT; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Address :</td><td><?php echo
$det->ADDRESS; ?></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</fieldset>
<?php
$req = new Requirements();
$res = $req->single_result($_SESSION['IDNO']);
?>
<fieldset>
<legend>Requirements</legend>
<table class="table table-bordered"
cellspacing="0">
<tr><td>NSO :</td><td width="80%"><?
php echo $res->NSO; ?></td></tr>
<tr><td>Baptismal :</td><td><?php echo
$res->BAPTISMAL; ?></td></tr>
35
Login page
36