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    Lab. 1 Two Component Systems

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    sultan
    This document describes a laboratory experiment on the miscibility of phenol and water mixtures at different temperatures and compositions. Two-component phenol/water systems were prepared at various weight percentages and observed for phase separation at room temperature and higher temperatures. The results were used to construct phase diagrams showing binodal curves that separate single- and two-phase regions. Tie lines were drawn across the two-phase regions to indicate conjugate phase compositions. Calculations were performed to determine phase compositions and ratios at equilibrium. The goal was to observe and characterize the phase behavior of partially miscible phenol/water systems and determine the upper consolute temperature where complete miscibility occurs.

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    Lab. 1 Two Component Systems

    Uploaded by

    sultan
    2K views4 pages
    This document describes a laboratory experiment on the miscibility of phenol and water mixtures at different temperatures and compositions. Two-component phenol/water systems were prepared at various weight percentages and observed for phase separation at room temperature and higher temperatures. The results were used to construct phase diagrams showing binodal curves that separate single- and two-phase regions. Tie lines were drawn across the two-phase regions to indicate conjugate phase compositions. Calculations were performed to determine phase compositions and ratios at equilibrium. The goal was to observe and characterize the phase behavior of partially miscible phenol/water systems and determine the upper consolute temperature where complete miscibility occurs.

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    This document describes a laboratory experiment on the miscibility of phenol and water mixtures at different temperatures and compositions. Two-component phenol/water systems were prepared at various weight percentages and observed for phase separation at room temperature and higher temperatures. The results were used to construct phase diagrams showing binodal curves that separate single- and two-phase regions. Tie lines were drawn across the two-phase regions to indicate conjugate phase compositions. Calculations were performed to determine phase compositions and ratios at equilibrium. The goal was to observe and characterize the phase behavior of partially miscible phenol/water systems and determine the upper consolute temperature where complete miscibility occurs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views4 pages

    Lab. 1 Two Component Systems

    Uploaded by

    sultan
    This document describes a laboratory experiment on the miscibility of phenol and water mixtures at different temperatures and compositions. Two-component phenol/water systems were prepared at various weight percentages and observed for phase separation at room temperature and higher temperatures. The results were used to construct phase diagrams showing binodal curves that separate single- and two-phase regions. Tie lines were drawn across the two-phase regions to indicate conjugate phase compositions. Calculations were performed to determine phase compositions and ratios at equilibrium. The goal was to observe and characterize the phase behavior of partially miscible phenol/water systems and determine the upper consolute temperature where complete miscibility occurs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Lab.

    1 Two Component Systems

    Physical Pharmacy I

    Hamid Alghurabi

    Lab. 1

    Two Component Systems


    Introduction
    Phase is the part where physical and chemical properties are completely
    equal and homogenous. It is separated from other parts of the system by interfaces
    e.g. a system containing water and its vapor is a two system. An equilibrium
    mixture of ice, water, and water vapor is a three phase system.
    Water and ethyl alcohol are miscible in all proportions, whereas water and
    mercury are completely immiscible regardless of the relative amounts of each
    present. Between these two extremes lies a range of systems that exhibit partial
    miscibility. One such system is phenol and water. Their miscibility depends on
    their relative proportions and temperature as shown in the diagram below:
    The curve that separates two phases area from one phase area is called
    Binodal curves.
    The maximum temperature at
    which the two-phase region exists is
    termed the critical solution temperature
    (or upper consolute temperature). All
    combinations above this temperature are
    completely miscible and yield onephase liquid systems.
    The line drawn across the region
    containing two phases is termed a tie
    line; it is always parallel to the base line
    in two-component systems. All systems
    prepared on a tie line will separate
    into phases of constant composition at
    equilibrium. These phases are termed
    conjugate phases. For example, any
    system represented by a point on the
    Fig 1-1: Temperaturecomposition diagram
    line bc at 50C separates to give a pair for the system consisting of water and phenol.
    of
    conjugate
    phases
    whose
    compositions are b and c. The relative
    amounts of the two layers or phases
    vary.

    University of Kerbala

    College of Pharmacy

    Lab. 1 Two Component Systems

    Physical Pharmacy I

    Hamid Alghurabi

    For example consider a system containing 24% by weight of phenol and


    76% by weight of water (point d in the diagram). At equilibrium we have two
    liquid phases present in the tube. The upper one, A, has a composition of 11%
    phenol in water (point b on the diagram), whereas the lower layer, B, contains
    63% phenol (point c on the diagram). The relative weights of the two phases can
    be calculated by the equation below:
    Weight of phase A Length dc
    =
    weight of phase B Length bd
    Weight of phase A 63-24
    =
    weight of phase B 24-11

    The lengths dc and bd can be expressed by


    the units of percent weight of phenol

    If the liquid system in equilibrium represented by point d weigh 10 g, then


    the relative weight of the two phases are 7.5 g of phase A and 2.5 g of phase B.
    The weight of composition of each phase can be calculated in addition to
    the weight of the phases:
    Phase A therefore contains a total of (0.11 7.5) = 0.825 g of phenol, whereas
    phase B contains a total of (0.63 2.5) = 1.575 g of phenol.

    Materials and equipment


    Water and phenol
    Test tubes, water bath, glass stirrer, and balance.

    Procedure
    1. Prepare the following concentrations (% w/w) of phenol/water systems (10 g
    total): 2%, 7%, 9%, 11%, 24%, 40%, 55%, 63%, 70%, and 75%
    2. Leave the test tubes at room temperature (25 C) for 10 min, then record which
    one has two phases and which has one phase.
    3. Repeat the work at a higher temperature of 40 C, 50 C, and 70 C

    Calculations
    1. Draw a curve temperature versus concentration (% w/w) and show the area
    that contain two phases and the area that contain one phase in the curve (draw
    the binodal curve).
    2. Draw a tie line for each temperature.
    3. Take for example the 40% w/w concentration and find the mass ratio and the
    composition (% w/w) of each phases at different temperatures.
    4. Find the upper consolute temperature.

    University of Kerbala

    College of Pharmacy

    Lab. 1 Two Component Systems

    Group:

    Subgroup:

    Physical Pharmacy I

    Date:

    Hamid Alghurabi

    Lab instructor signature:

    Names:

    Results
    Flask Phenol/H2O Phenol Water
    No. of phases
    No.
    (%w/w)
    Wt. (g) Wt. (g) 25 C 40 C 50 C 60C 70 C
    1
    2
    2
    7
    3
    9
    4
    11
    5
    24
    6
    40
    7
    55
    8
    63
    9
    70
    10
    75

    Graph

    University of Kerbala

    College of Pharmacy

    Lab. 1 Two Component Systems

    Physical Pharmacy I

    Hamid Alghurabi

    Homework
    1. What (% w/w) of phenol/water system will give equal weights of phase A
    and phase B at 50 C?

    University of Kerbala

    College of Pharmacy

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