DBMSInterviewQuestionsDBMSInterviewQuestionsQuestionandAnswers

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1.Whatisdatabase?
Adatabaseisacollectionofinformationthatisorganized.Sothatitcaneasilybeaccessed,managed,andupdated.

2.WhatisDBMS?

DBMSstandsforDatabaseManagementSystem.Itisacollectionofprogramsthatenablesusertocreateandmaintainada

3.WhatisaDatabasesystem?
ThedatabaseandDBMSsoftwaretogetheriscalledasDatabasesystem.

4.WhataretheadvantagesofDBMS?
I.Redundancyiscontrolled.
II.Providingmultipleuserinterfaces.
III.Providingbackupandrecovery
IV.Unauthorizedaccessisrestricted.
V.Enforcingintegrityconstraints.

5.Whatisnormalization?

ItisaprocessofanalysingthegivenrelationschemasbasedontheirFunctionalDependencies(FDs)andprimarykeytoach
(1).Minimizingredundancy,(2).Minimizinginsertion,deletionandupdateanomalies.

6.WhatisDataModel?
Acollectionofconceptualtoolsfordescribingdata,datarelationshipsdatasemanticsandconstraints.

7.WhatisERmodel?

Thisdatamodelisbasedonrealworldthatconsistsofbasicobjectscalledentitiesandofrelationshipamongtheseobjects.
asetofattributes.

8.WhatisObjectOrientedmodel?

Thismodelisbasedoncollectionofobjects.Anobjectcontainsvaluesstoredininstancevariableswithintheobject.Anobje
operateontheobject.Thesebodiesofcodearecalledmethods.Objectsthatcontainsametypesofvaluesandthesameme
classes.

9.WhatisanEntity?
Anentityisathingorobjectofimportanceaboutwhichdatamustbecaptured.

10.WhatisDDL(DataDefinitionLanguage)?

AdatabaseschemaisspecifiesbyasetofdefinitionsexpressedbyaspeciallanguagecalledDDL.

11.WhatisDML(DataManipulationLanguage)?

Thislanguagethatenableusertoaccessormanipulatedataasorganisedbyappropriatedatamodel.ProceduralDMLorLow
whatdataareneededandhowtogetthosedata.NonProceduralDMLorHighlevel:DMLrequiresausertospecifywhatda
togetthosedata

12.WhatisDMLCompiler?

IttranslatesDMLstatementsinaquerylanguageintolowlevelinstructionthatthequeryevaluationenginecanunderstan

13.WhatisQueryevaluationengine?
Itexecuteslowlevelinstructiongeneratedbycompiler.

14.WhatisFunctionalDependency?

FunctionalDependencyisthestartingpointofnormalization.FunctionalDependencyexistswhenarelationbetweentwoat
determinethecorrespondingattribute
svalue.

15.Whatis1NF(NormalForm)?

Thefirstnormalformor1NFisthefirstandthesimplesttypeofnormalizationthatcanbeimplementedinadatabase.The
1.Eliminateduplicativecolumnsfromthesametable.
2.Createseparatetablesforeachgroupofrelateddataandidentifyeachrowwithauniquecolumn(theprimarykey).

16.WhatisFullyFunctionaldependency?

AfunctionaldependencyXYisfullfunctionaldependencyifremovalofanyattributeAfromXmeansthatthedependencyd

17.Whatis2NF?

ArelationschemaRisin2NFifitisin1NFandeverynonprimeattributeAinRisfullyfunctionallydependentonprimaryk

18.Whatis3NF?

ArelationisinthirdnormalformifitisinSecondNormalFormandtherearenofunctional(transitive)dependenciesbetwee
attributes.

19.WhatisBCNF(BoyceCoddNormalForm)?
AtableisinBoyceCoddnormalform(BCNF)ifandonlyifitisin3NFandeverydeterminantisacandidatekey.

20.Whatis4NF?
FourthnormalformrequiresthatatablebeBCNFandcontainnomultivalueddependencies.

21.Whatis5NF?

Atableisinfifthnormalform(5NF)orProjectJoinNormalForm(PJNF)ifitisin4NFanditcannothavealosslessdecompo
tables.

22.Whatisaquery?
AquerywithrespecttoDBMSrelatestousercommandsthatareusedtointeractwithadatabase.

23.Whatismeantbyqueryoptimization?

Thephasethatidentifiesanefficientexecutionplanforevaluatingaquerythathastheleastestimatedcostisreferredtoas

24.Whatisanattribute?
Itisaparticularproperty,whichdescribestheentity.

25.WhatisRDBMS?

RelationalDataBaseManagementSystems(RDBMS)aredatabasemanagementsystemsthatmaintaindatarecordsandin

26.What
sdifferencebetweenDBMSandRDBMS?

DBMSprovidesasystematicandorganizedwayofstoring,managingandretrievingfromcollectionoflogicallyrelatedinform
DBMSprovidesbutabovethatitprovidesrelationshipintegrity.

27.WhatisSQL?

SQLstandsforStructuredQueryLanguage.SQLisanANSI(AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute)standardcomputerlan
databasesystems.SQLstatementsareusedtoretrieveandupdatedatainadatabase.

28.WhatisStoredProcedure?

AstoredprocedureisanamedgroupofSQLstatementsthathavebeenpreviouslycreatedandstoredintheserverdatabas

29.Whatisaview?

Aviewmaybeasubsetofthedatabaseoritmaycontainvirtualdatathatisderivedfromthedatabasefilesbutisnotexplic

30.WhatisTrigger?
AtriggerisaSQLprocedurethatinitiatesanactionwhenanevent(INSERT,DELETEorUPDATE)occurs.

31.WhatisIndex?
Anindexisaphysicalstructurecontainingpointerstothedata.

32.Whatisextensionandintension?
ExtensionItisthenumberoftuplespresentinatableatanyinstance.Thisistimedependent.
IntensionItisaconstantvaluethatgivesthename,structureoftableandtheconstraintslaidonit.

33.Whatdoyoumeanbyatomicityandaggregation?

AtomicityAtomicitystatesthatdatabasemodificationsmustfollowan
allornothing
rule.Eachtransactionissaidtobe
atom
fails,theentiretransactionfails.

AggregationAfeatureoftheentityrelationshipmodelthatallowsarelationshipsettoparticipateinanotherrelationshipse
bydrawingadashedboxaroundtheaggregation.

34.WhatisRDBMSKERNEL?

TwoimportantpiecesofRDBMSarchitecturearethekernel,whichisthesoftware,andthedatadictionary,whichconsistso
usedbythekerneltomanagethedatabase.

35.NamethesubsystemsofaRDBMS?

I/O,Security,LanguageProcessing,ProcessControl,StorageManagement,LoggingandRecovery,DistributionControl,Tran
LockManagement.

36.HowdoyoucommunicatewithanRDBMS?
YoucommunicatewithanRDBMSusingStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL)

37.DisadvantageinFileProcessingSystem?
Dataredundancy&inconsistency.
Difficultinaccessingdata.
Dataisolation.
Dataintegrity.
Concurrentaccessisnotpossible.
SecurityProblems.

38.WhatisVDL(ViewDefinitionLanguage)?
Itspecifiesuserviewsandtheirmappingstotheconceptualschema.

39.WhatisSDL(StorageDefinitionLanguage)?
Thislanguageistospecifytheinternalschema.ThislanguagemaySpecifythemappingbetweentwoschemas.

40.Describeconcurrencycontrol?

Concurrencycontrolistheprocessmanagingsimultaneousoperationsagainstadatabasesothatdatabaseintegrityisnoco
toconcurrencycontrol.
Thepessimisticapproachinvolveslockingandtheoptimisticapproachinvolvesversioning.

41.Describethedifferencebetweenhomogeneousandheterogeneousdistributeddatabase?

AhomogenousdatabaseisonethatusesthesameDBMSateachnode.Aheterogeneousdatabaseisonethatmayhavea

42.Whatisadistributeddatabase?

Adistributeddatabaseisasinglelogicaldatabasethatisspreadacrossmorethanonenodeorlocationsthatareallconnecte

43.Explainthedifferencebetweentwoandthreetierarchitectures?
Threetierarchitectureincludesaclientandtwoserverlayers.

Theapplicationcodeisstoredontheapplicationserverandthedatabaseisstoredonthedatabaseserver.Atwotierarch
serverlayer.Thedatabaseisstoredonthedatabaseserver.

44.BrieflydescribethethreetypesofSQLcommands?

Datadefinitionlanguagecommandsareusedtocreate,alter,anddroptables.Datamanipulationcommandsareusedtoins
thedatabase.DatacontrollanguagecommandshelptheDBAtocontrolthedatabase.

45.Listsomeofthepropertiesofarelation?

Relationsinadatabasehaveauniquenameandnomultivaluedattributesexist.Eachrowisuniqueandeachattributewith
sequenceofbothcolumnsandrowsisirrelevant.

46.Explainthedifferencesbetweenanintranetandanextranet?

AnInternetdatabaseisaccessiblebyeveryonewhohasaccesstoaWebsite.Anintranetdatabaselimitsaccesstoonlypeo

47.WhatisSQLDeadlock?

Deadlockisauniquesituationinamultiusersystemthatcausestwoormoreuserstowaitindefinitelyforalockedresource

48.WhatisaCatalog?

Acatalogisatablethatcontainstheinformationsuchasstructureofeachfile,thetypeandstorageformatofeachdataite
.TheinformationstoredinthecatalogiscalledMetadata.

49.Whatisdatawarehousing&OLAP?

DatawarehousingandOLAP(onlineanalyticalprocessing)systemsarethetechniquesusedinmanycompaniestoextracta
verylargedatabasesfordecisionmaking.

50.Describethethreelevelsofdataabstraction?
Physicallevel:Thelowestlevelofabstractiondescribeshowdataarestored.

Logicallevel:Thenexthigherlevelofabstraction,describeswhatdataarestoredindatabaseandwhatrelationshipamongt
Viewlevel:Thehighestlevelofabstractiondescribesonlypartofentiredatabase.

51.WhatisDataIndependence?
Dataindependencemeansthattheapplicationisindependentofthestoragestructureandaccessstrategyofdata.

52.Howmanytypesofrelationshipexistindatabasedesigning?

Therearethreemajorrelationshipmodels:
Onetoone
Onetomany
Manytomany

53.Whatisorderbyclause?
ORDERBYclausehelpstosortthedataineitherascendingordertodescending

54.WhatistheuseofDBCCcommands?

DBCCstandsfordatabaseconsistencychecker.Weusethesecommandstochecktheconsistencyofthedatabases,i.e.,m
checks.

55.WhatisCollation?
Collationreferstoasetofrulesthatdeterminehowdataissortedandcompared.

56.WhatisdifferencebetweenDELETE&TRUNCATEcommands?

DeletecommandremovestherowsfromatablebasedontheconditionthatweprovidewithaWHEREclause.Truncatewill
tableandtherewillbenodatainthetableafterwerunthetruncatecommand.

57.WhatisHashingtechnique?
Thisisaprimaryfileorganizationtechniquethatprovidesveryfastaccesstorecordsoncertainsearchconditions.

58.Whatisatransaction?
Atransactionisalogicalunitofdatabaseprocessingthatincludesoneormoredatabaseaccessoperations.

59.WhatarethedifferentphasesofTransaction?
Analysisphase
Redophase
Undophase

60.Whatis
transparentdbms
?
Itisone,whichkeepsitsphysicalstructurehiddenfromuser.

61.WhataretheprimitiveoperationscommontoallrecordmanagementSystem?
Addition,deletionandmodification.

62.Explainthedifferencesbetweenstructureddataandunstructureddata.

Structureddataarefactsconcerningobjectsandevents.Themostimportantstructureddataarenumeric,character,andd

Structureddataarestoredintabularform.Unstructureddataaremultimediadatasuchasdocuments,photographs,maps,
UnstructureddataaremostcommonlyfoundonWebserversandWebenableddatabases.

63.Whatarethemajorfunctionsofthedatabaseadministrator?

Managingdatabasestructure,controllingconcurrentprocessing,managingprocessingrightsandresponsibilities,developing
databaserecovery,managingtheDBMSandmaintainingthedatarepository.

64.Whatisadependencygraph?
Adependencygraphisadiagramthatisusedtoportraytheconnectionsbetweendatabaseelements.

65.Explainthedifferencebetweenanexclusivelockandasharedlock?

Anexclusivelockprohibitsotherusersfromreadingthelockedresourceasharedlockallowsotheruserstoreadthelocked

66.Explainthe"paradigmmismatch"betweenSQLandapplicationprogramminglanguages.

SQLstatementsreturnasetofrows,whileanapplicationprogramworksononerowatatime.Toresolvethismismatchth
processedaspseudofiles,usingacursororpointertospecifywhichrowisbeingprocessed.

67.Namefourapplicationsfortriggers.
(1)Providingdefaultvalues,(2)enforcingdataconstraints,
(3)Updatingviewsand(4)enforcingreferentialintegrity

68.Whataretheadvantagesofusingstoredprocedures?

Theadvantagesofstoredproceduresare(1)greatersecurity,(2)decreasednetworktraffic,(3)thefactthatSQLcanbeopt
leadstolesswork,standardizedprocessing,andspecializationamongdevelopers.

69.Explainthedifferencebetweenattributesandidentifiers.

Entitieshaveattributes.Attributesarepropertiesthatdescribetheentity'scharacteristics.Entityinstanceshaveidentifiers.
oridentify,entityinstances.

70.WhatisEnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP),andwhatkindofadatabaseisusedinanERPapplication?

EnterpriseResourcePlanning(ERP)isaninformationsystemusedinmanufacturingcompaniesandincludessales,inventor
otherbusinessfunctions.AnERPsystemtypicallyusesamultiuserdatabase.

71.DescribethedifferencebetweenembeddedanddynamicSQL?

EmbeddedSQListheprocessofincludinghardcodedSQLstatements.Thesestatementsdonotchangeunlessthesourcec
processofgeneratingSQLonthefly.Thestatementsgenerateddonothavetobethesameeachtime.

72.Explainajoinbetweentables

Ajoinallowstablestobelinkedtoothertableswhenarelationshipbetweenthetablesexists.Therelationshipsareestablish
tablesandoftenusestheprimary/foreignkeyrelationship.


73.Describeasubquery.

Asubqueryisaquerythatiscomposedoftwoqueries.Thefirstquery(innerquery)iswithintheWHEREclauseoftheothe

74.Compareahierarchicalandnetworkdatabasemodel?

Thehierarchicalmodelisatopdownstructurewhereeachparentmayhavemanychildrenbuteachchildcanhaveonlyon
oneandonetomanyrelationships.

Thenetworkmodelcanbemuchmoreflexiblethanthehierarchicalmodelsinceeachparentcanhavemultiplechildrenbut
parents.Thismodelsupportsonetoone,onetomany,andmanytomanyrelationships.

75.Explainthedifferencebetweenadynamicandmaterializedview.

Adynamicviewmaybecreatedeverytimethataspecificviewisrequestedbyauser.Amaterializedviewiscreatedandor
synchronizedwithitsassociatedbasetable(s).

76.Explainwhatneedstohappentoconvertarelationtothirdnormalform.

Firstyoumustverifythatarelationisinbothfirstnormalformandsecondnormalform.Iftherelationisnot,youmustcon
relationisinsecondnormalform,youmustremovealltransitivedependencies.

77.Describethefourtypesofindexes?

Auniqueprimaryindexisuniqueandisusedtofindandstorearow.Anonuniqueprimaryindexisnotuniqueandisusedt

row(basedonitsuniqueprimaryindex).Auniquesecondaryindexisuniqueforeachrowandusedtofindtablerows.Anon
andusedtofindtablerows.

78.Explainminimumandmaximumcardinality?

Minimumcardinalityistheminimumnumberofinstancesofanentitythatcanbeassociatedwitheachinstanceofanother
maximumnumberofinstancesofanentitythatcanbeassociatedwitheachinstanceofanotherentity.

79.Whatisdeadlock?Howcanitbeavoided?Howcanitberesolvedonceitoccurs?

Deadlockoccurswhentwotransactionsareeachwaitingonaresourcethattheothertransactionholds.Deadlockcanbepr
acquirealllocksatthesametimeonceitoccurs,theonlywaytocureitistoabortoneofthetransactionsandbackoutof

80.ExplainwhatwemeanbyanACIDtransaction.

AnACIDtransactionisonethatisatomic,consistent,isolated,anddurable.Durablemeansthatdatabasechangesareperm
statementlevelortransactionlevelconsistency.Withtransactionlevelconsistency,atransactionmaynotseeitsownchan
unit.

81.Underwhatconditionsshouldindexesbeused?

Indexescanbecreatedtoenforceuniqueness,tofacilitatesorting,andtoenablefastretrievalbycolumnvalues.Agoodcan
frequentlyusedwithequalconditionsinWHEREclauses.

82.WhatisdifferencebetweenSQLandSQLSERVER?

SQLisalanguagethatprovidesaninterfacetoRDBMS,developedbyIBM.SQLSERVERisaRDBMSjustlikeOracle,DB2.

83.WhatisSpecialization?

Itistheprocessofdefiningasetofsubclassesofanentitytypewhereeachsubclasscontainalltheattributesandrelationsh
additionalattributesandrelationshipswhicharespecifictoitself.

84.Whatisgeneralization?

Itistheprocessoffindingcommonattributesandrelationsofanumberofentitiesanddefiningacommonsuperclassforth

85.WhatismeantbyProactive,RetroactiveandSimultaneousUpdate?
ProactiveUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabasebeforeitbecomeseffectiveinrealworld.
RetroactiveUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabaseafteritbecomeseffectiveinrealworld.
SimultaneousUpdate:Theupdatesthatareappliedtodatabaseatthesametimewhenitbecomeseffectiveinrealworld.

86.WhatisRAIDTechnology?

Redundantarrayofinexpensive(orindependent)disks.Themaingoalofraidtechnologyistoevenoutthewidelydifferent
disksagainstthoseinmemoryandmicroprocessor.Raidtechnologyemploysthetechniqueofdatastripingtoachievehighe

87.Whatareserial,nonserialschedule?

AscheduleSisserialif,foreverytransactionTparticipatingintheschedule,alltheoperationsofTisexecutedconsecutively
scheduleiscallednonserialschedule.

88.Whatareconflictserializableschedules?
AscheduleSofntransactionsisserializableifitisequivalenttosomeserialscheduleofthesamentransactions.

89.Whatisviewserializable?
Ascheduleissaidtobeviewserializableifitisviewequivalentwithsomeserialschedule.

90.Whatisaforeignkey?
Akeyofarelationschemaiscalledasaforeignkeyifitistheprimarykeyof
someotherrelationtowhichitisrelatedto.

91.Whatarethedisadvantagesofusingadbms?
1)Highinitialinvestmentsinh/w,s/w,andtraining.
2)GeneralitythataDBMSprovidesfordefiningandprocessingdata.
3)Overheadforprovidingsecurity,concurrencycontrol,recovery,andintegrityfunctions.

92.WhatisLosslessjoinproperty?
Itguaranteesthatthespurioustuplegenerationdoesnotoccurwithrespecttorelationschemasafterdecomposition.

93.WhatisaPhantomDeadlock?

Indistributeddeadlockdetection,thedelayinpropagatinglocalinformationmightcausethedeadlockdetectionalgorithmst
exist.Suchsituationsarecalledphantomdeadlocksandtheyleadtounnecessaryaborts.

94.WhatisacheckpointandWhendoesitoccur?
ACheckpointislikeasnapshotoftheDBMSstate.Bytakingcheckpoints,theDBMScanreducetheamountofworktobed
subsequentcrashes.

95.Whatisschema?
Thedescriptionofadatabaseiscalledthedatabaseschema,whichisspecifiedduringdatabasedesignandisnotexpected
schemaiscalledschemadiagram.Wecalleachobjectintheschemaasschemaconstruct.

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