Designation: D3080/D3080M 11

Standard Test Method for

Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained

Conditions1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3080/D3080M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the consolidated drained shear strength of one specimen of a soil
material under direct shear boundary conditions. The specimen
is deformed at a controlled rate on or near a single shear plane
determined by the configuration of the apparatus.
1.2 Shear stresses and displacements are nonuniformly distributed within the specimen. An appropriate height cannot be
defined for calculation of shear strains. Therefore, stress-strain
relationships or any associated quantity such as the shear
modulus, cannot be determined from this test.
1.3 The determination of strength envelopes and the development of criteria to interpret and evaluate test results are left
to the engineer or office requesting the test.
1.4 The results of the test may be affected by the presence of
coarse-grained soil or rock particles, or both, (see Section 7).
1.5 Test conditions, including normal stress and moisture
environment, should be selected to represent the field conditions being investigated. The rate of shearing must be slow
enough to ensure drained conditions.
1.6 Generally, three or more tests are performed on specimens from one soil sample, each under a different normal load,
to determine the effects upon shear resistance and displacement. Results from a test series are combined to determine
strength properties such as Mohr strength envelopes. Interpretation of multiple tests requires engineering judgment and is
beyond the scope of this test method. This test method pertains
to the requirements for a single test.
1.7 There may be instances when the gap between the shear
box halves should be increased to accommodate sand sized
particles greater than the specified gap. Presently there is
insufficient information available for specifying the gap dimension based on particle size distribution.

1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.05 on Strength and
Compressibility of Soils.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D308004. DOI:
10.1520/D3080_D3080M-11.

1.8 UnitsThe values stated in either inch-pound units or

SI units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as
standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently
of the other. Combining values from the two systems may
result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used.
In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force
(weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not
given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.
1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Practice D6026.
1.9.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,
calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to
the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
standard is beyond its scope.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600
kN-m/m3))
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3
(2,700 kN-m/m3))
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
Geotechnical Purposes
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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D3080/D3080M 11
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation
Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
Samples
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
Plasticity Index of Soils
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
Construction Materials Testing
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
Data
D6027 Practice for Calibrating Linear Displacement Transducers for Geotechnical Purposes
3. Terminology
3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical terms
used in this test method, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2 Description of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 FailureThe stress condition at failure for a test
specimen. Failure is often taken as the maximum shear stress
attained, or in the absence of a peak condition, the shear stress
at 10 percent relative lateral displacement. Depending on soil
behavior and field application, other suitable criteria may be
defined at the direction of the requesting agency.
3.2.2 Nominal Normal StressIn the direct shear test, the
applied normal (vertical) force divided by the area of the shear
box. The contact area of the specimen on the imposed shear
plane decreases during shear and hence the true normal stress
is unknown.
3.2.3 Nominal Shear StressIn the direct shear test, the
applied shear force divided by the area of the shear box. The
contact area of the specimen on the imposed shear plane
decreases during shear and hence the true shear stress is
unknown.
3.2.4 Percent Relative Lateral DisplacementThe ratio, in
percent, of the relative lateral displacement to the diameter or
lateral dimension of the specimen in the direction of shear.
3.2.5 PreshearIn strength testing, the stage of a test after
the specimen has stabilized under the consolidation loading
condition and just prior to starting the shearing phase. It is used
as an adjective to modify phase relations or stress conditions.
3.2.6 Relative Lateral DisplacementThe displacement between the top and bottom shear box halves.

both, consolidating the specimen under the normal stress,

unlocking the shear box halves that hold the test specimen, and
shearing the specimen by displacing one shear box half
laterally with respect to the other at a constant rate of shearing
deformation while measuring the shearing force, relative lateral displacement, and normal displacement (Fig. 1). The
shearing rate must be slow enough to allow nearly complete
dissipation of excess pore pressure.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The direct shear test is suited to the relatively rapid
determination of consolidated drained strength properties because the drainage paths through the test specimen are short,
allowing excess pore pressure to dissipate more rapidly than
other drained stress tests. The test can be made on any type of
soil material. It is applicable for testing intact, remolded, or
reconstituted specimens. There is however, a limitation on the
maximum particle size (see 6.2).
5.2 The test results are applicable to assessing strength in a
field situation where complete consolidation has occurred
under the existing normal stresses. Failure is reached slowly
under drained conditions so that excess pore pressures are
dissipated. The shear rate must meet the requirements of 9.10.
The results from several tests may be used to express the
relationship between consolidation stress and drained shear
strength.
NOTE 1The equipment specified in this standard method is not
appropriate for performing undrained shear tests. Using a fast displacement rate without proper control of the volume of the specimen will result
in partial drainage and incorrect measurements of shear parameters.

5.3 During the direct shear test, there is rotation of principal

stresses, which may or may not model field conditions.
Moreover, failure may not occur on the weakest plane since
failure is forced to occur on or near a plane through the middle
of the specimen. The fixed location of the plane in the test can
be an advantage in determining the shear resistance along
recognizable weak planes within the soil material and for
testing interfaces between dissimilar materials.
5.4 Shear stresses and displacements are nonuniformly distributed within the specimen, and an appropriate height is not
defined for calculating shear strains or any associated engineering quantity. The slow rate of displacement provides for
dissipation of excess pore pressures, but it also permits plastic
flow of soft cohesive soils.
5.5 The number of tests in a series normal stress level, rate
of shearing, and general test conditions should be selected to
approximate the specific soil conditions being investigated.

4. Summary of Test Method

4.1 This test method consists of placing the test specimen in
the direct shear device, applying a predetermined normal
stress, providing for wetting or draining of the test specimen, or

FIG. 1 Test Specimens in Single Shear Apparatus

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D3080/D3080M 11
5.6 The area of the shear surface decreases during the test.
This area reduction creates uncertainty in the actual value of
the shear and normal stress on the shear plane but should not
affect the ratio of these stresses.
NOTE 2Notwithstanding the statement on precision and bias contained in this standard: The precision of this test method is dependent on
the competence of the personnel performing the test and the suitability of
the equipment and facilities used. Agencies which meet the criteria of
Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and
objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance
with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliable
testing depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of
evaluating some of these factors.

6. Apparatus
6.1 Shear DeviceA device to hold the specimen securely
between two porous inserts in such a way that torque is not
applied to the specimen. The shear device shall provide a
means of applying a normal stress to the faces of the specimen,
for measuring change in thickness of the specimen, for
permitting drainage of water through the porous inserts at the
top and bottom boundaries of the specimen, and for submerging the specimen in water. The device shall be capable of
applying a shear force to the specimen along a predetermined
shear plane (single shear) parallel to the faces of the specimen.
The frames that hold the specimen shall be sufficiently rigid to
prevent their distortion during shearing. The various parts of
the shear device shall be made of material not subject to
corrosion by moisture or substances within the soil, for
example, stainless steel, bronze, or aluminum, etc. Dissimilar
metals, which may cause galvanic action, are not permitted.
6.2 Shear Box, a shear box, either circular or square, made
of stainless steel, bronze, or aluminum, with provisions for
drainage through the top and bottom. The box is divided by a
straight plane into two halves of equal thickness which are
fitted together with alignment screws. The shear box is also
fitted with gap screws, which create the space (gap) between
the top and bottom halves of the shear box prior to shear. The
two halves should provide a bearing surface for the specimen
along the shear plane during relative lateral displacement.
6.2.1 The minimum specimen diameter for circular specimens, or width for square specimens, shall be 2.0 in. [50 mm],
or not less than ten (10) times the maximum particle size
diameter, whichever is larger.
6.2.2 The minimum initial specimen thickness shall be 0.5
in. [13 mm], but not less than six (6) times the maximum
particle diameter.
6.2.3 The minimum specimen diameter to thickness or
width to thickness ratio shall be 2:1.
NOTE 3A light coating of grease applied to the inside of the shear box
may be used to reduce friction between the specimen and shear box.
TFE-fluorocarbon coating may also be used on these surfaces instead of
grease to reduce friction.

6.3 Porous Inserts, Porous inserts function to allow drainage from the soil specimen along the top and bottom boundaries. They also function to transfer shear stress from the insert
to the top and bottom boundaries of the specimen. Porous
inserts shall consist of silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, or
metal which is not subject to corrosion by soil substances or
soil moisture. The proper grade of insert depends on the soil

being tested. The hydraulic conductivity of the insert should be

substantially greater than that of the soil, but should be textured
fine enough to prevent excessive intrusion of the soil into the
pores of the insert. The diameter or width of the top porous
insert or plate shall be 0.01 to 0.02 in. (0.2 to 0.5 mm) less than
that of the inside of the shear box. The insert functions to
transfer the shear stress to the soil and must be sufficiently
coarse to develop interlock. Sandblasting or tooling the insert
may help, but the surface of the insert should not be so
irregular as to cause substantial stress concentrations in the
soil. Porous inserts should be checked for clogging on a regular
basis.
NOTE 4Exact criteria for insert texture and hydraulic conductivity
have not been established. For normal soil testing, medium grade inserts
with a hydraulic conductivity of about 0.5 to 1.0 10 3 ft/yr [5.0 104 to
1.0 103 cm/s] are appropriate for testing silts and clays, and coarse
grade inserts with a hydraulic conductivity of about 0.5 to 1.0 105 ft/yr
[0.05 to 0.10 cm/s] are appropriate for sands. It is important that the
hydraulic conductivity of the porous insert is not reduced by the collection
of soil particles in the pores of the insert. Storing the porous inserts in a
water filled container between uses will slow clogging. The inserts can be
cleaned by flushing, boiling, or ultrasonic agitation.

6.4 Loading Devices:

6.4.1 Device for Applying the Normal ForceThe normal
force is typically applied by dead weights, a lever loading yoke
activated by dead weights (masses), a pneumatic force cylinder, or a screw driven actuator. The device shall be capable of
maintaining the normal force to within 6 1 percent of the
specified force. It should apply the load quickly without
significantly exceeding the steady value. Dead weight systems
should be checked on a regular schedule. All systems with
adjustable force application (e.g. pneumatic regulator or motor
driven screw) require a force indicating device such as a
proving ring, load cell, or pressure sensor.
6.4.2 Device for Shearing the SpecimenThe device shall
be capable of shearing the specimen at a uniform rate of
displacement, with less than 65 percent deviation. The rate to
be applied depends upon the consolidation characteristics of
the test material as specified in 9.10. The rate is usually
maintained with an electric motor and gear box arrangement
and the shear force is determined by a force indicating device
such as a proving ring or load cell.
NOTE 5In order to test a wide range of soils the apparatus should
permit adjustment of the rate of displacement from 0.0001 to 0.04 in./min
[0.0025 to 1.0 mm/min].
NOTE 6Shearing the test specimen at a rate greater than specified may
produce partially drained shear results that will differ from the drained
strength of the material. The specimen must be sheared slowly enough to
allow pore pressures to dissipate.

6.4.3 Top Half of Shear BoxThe weight of the top half of

shear box supported by the specimen shall be less than 1
percent of the applied normal force during shear: this will most
likely require that the top shear box be supported by a counter
force, the equipment modified or the specimen sheared under a
greater applied normal force.
6.5 Normal Force Measurement DeviceA proving ring or
load cell (or calibrated pressure sensor when using a pneumatic
loading system) accurate to 0.5 lbf [2.5 N], or 1 percent of the

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D3080/D3080M 11
normal force during shear, whichever is greater, is required
when using anything but dead weights to apply the normal
force.
6.6 Shear Force Measurement DeviceA proving ring or
load cell accurate to 0.5 lbf (2.5 N), or 1 percent of the shear
force at failure, whichever is greater.
6.7 Deformation IndicatorsEither dial gauges or displacement transducers capable of measuring the change in thickness
(normal displacement) of the specimen, with a readability of at
least 0.0001 in. [0.002 mm] and to measure relative lateral
displacement with readability of at least 0.001 in. [0.02 mm].
D6027 provides details on the evaluation of displacement
transducers.
6.8 Shear Box BowlA metallic box which supports the
shear box and provides either a reaction against which one half
of the shear box is restrained, or a solid base with provisions
for aligning one half of the shear box, which is free to move
coincident with applied shear force along a plane. The bowl
also serves as the container for the test water used to submerge
the specimen.
6.9 Controlled High Humidity Environmentif required, for
preparing specimens, such that water content gain or loss
during specimen preparation is minimized.
6.10 Test WaterWater is necessary to saturate the porous
stones and fill the submersion reservoir. Ideally, this water
would be similar in composition to the specimen pore fluid.
Options include extracted pore water from the field, potable tap
water, demineralized water, or saline water. The requesting
agency should specify the water option. In the absence of a
specification, the test should be performed with potable tap
water.
6.11 Trimmer or Cutting Ring, for trimming oversized
samples to the inside dimensions of the shear box with a
minimum of disturbance. An exterior jig may be needed to
maintain the shear box alignment.
6.12 Balancesa balance or scale conforming to the requirements of Specification D4753 readable (with no estimate)
to 0.1% or better.
6.13 Apparatus for Determination of Water Contentas
specified in Test Method D2216.
6.14 Equipment for Compacting Specimensif applicable,
as specified in Test Methods D698 or D1557.
6.15 Miscellaneous Equipmentincluding timing device
with a second hand, distilled or demineralized water, spatulas,
knives, straightedge, wire saws, etc., used in preparing the
specimen.
7. Test Specimen Preparation
7.1 Intact SpecimensPrepare intact specimens from large
intact samples or from samples secured in accordance with
Practice D1587, or other intact tube sampling procedures.
Intact samples shall be preserved and transported as outlined
for Group C or D samples in Practice D4220. Handle specimens carefully to minimize disturbance, changes in cross
section, or loss of water content. If compression or any type of

noticeable disturbance would be caused by the extrusion

device, split the sample tube lengthwise or cut off a small
section to facilitate removal of the sample with minimum
disturbance. Prepare trimmed specimens, whenever possible,
in an environment which will minimize the gain or loss of
specimen moisture.
7.1.1 The sample selected for testing should be sufficiently
large so that a minimum of three specimens can be prepared
from similar material. While this standard test method applies
to the measurements on one specimen, the requesting agency
will typically specify a series of tests which cover a range of
stress levels. The series should be performed on similar
material.
7.1.2 Extreme care shall be taken in preparing intact specimens of sensitive soils to prevent disturbance to the natural soil
structure.
7.1.3 Assemble the shear box halves and determine the mass
of the empty box. Trim the lateral dimensions of the specimen
to fit snuggly into the shear box using either a shape cutting
shoe or a miter box. With the specimen in the shear box, trim
the top and bottom surface of the specimen to be flat and
parallel.
7.1.4 Determine and record the initial mass of the box plus
specimen and height of the wet specimen for use in calculating
the initial water content and total mass density of the material.
NOTE 7If large particles are found in the soil after testing, a particle
size analysis should be performed in accordance with Method D422 to
confirm the visual observations, and the result should be provided with the
test report.
NOTE 8A controlled high-humidity room or laboratory glove box
provides an appropriate atmosphere for trimming the specimen.

7.2 Laboratory Fabricated SpecimensTest specimens can

be fabricated by reconstitution (7.3) or compaction (7.4).
Acquire enough material to conduct the required series of tests.
Blend the material to produce a uniform batch and if necessary
divide into appropriate quantities for each required water
content. Mix the soil with sufficient water to produce the
desired water content. Allow the moist material to stand prior
to specimen preparation in accordance with the following
guide:
USCS Classification (D2487)
SW, SP
SW-SM, SP_SM, SM (>5% fines)
SC, ML, CL, SP-SC
MH, CH

Minimum Standing Time, h

No Requirement
3
18
36

7.3 Reconstituted SpecimensSpecimens shall be prepared

using the compaction method, water content, and mass density
prescribed by the individual assigning the test. Specimens may
be molded by either kneading or tamping each layer until the
accumulative mass of the soil placed in the shear box is
compacted/reconstituted to a known volume, or by adjusting
the number of layers, the number of tamps per layer, and the
force per tamp. The top of each layer shall be scarified prior to
the addition of material for the next layer. The compacted layer
boundaries shall be positioned so they are not coincident with
the shear plane defined by the shear box halves, unless this is
the stated purpose for a particular test. The tamper used to
compact the material shall have an area in contact with the soil
equal to or less than 12 the area of the shear box.

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D3080/D3080M 11
7.3.1 Secure the halves of the shear box together and
assemble in the bowl. Place a moist porous insert in the bottom
of the shear box. Determine the mass of wet soil required for
a single layer and place it in the shear box. Distribute the
material uniformly and compact the soil to achieve the desired
condition. Continue placing and compacting soil in additional
layers until the entire specimen is reconstituted.
NOTE 9The required thickness of the compacted lift may be determined by directly measuring the thickness of the lift, or from the marks on
the tamping rod which correspond to the thickness of the lift being placed.

7.3.2 Determine and record the height and initial mass of the
test specimen.
7.3.3 Place the top moist porous insert on top of the
specimen.
7.4 Compacted SpecimensTest specimens may also be
prepared by compacting soil using the procedures and equipment used to determine moisture-density relationships of soils
(Test Methods D698 or D1557), and then trimming the direct
shear test specimen from the larger compaction specimen as
though it were an intact sample. The shear plane of the direct
shear specimen should not be aligned with any of the compaction lift interfaces.
8. Calibration
8.1 Calibration is required to determine the deformation of
the apparatus when subjected to the consolidation load, so that
for each normal consolidation load the apparatus deflection
may be subtracted from the observed deformations. Therefore,
only deformation due to specimen consolidation will be
reported for completed tests. Calibration for the equipment
load-deformation characteristics need to be performed on the
apparatus when first placed in service, or when apparatus parts
are changed. The following series of steps provide one method
of calibrating the apparatus. Other methods of proven accuracy
for calibrating the apparatus are acceptable.
8.2 Assemble the direct shear device with a metal calibration disk or plate of a thickness approximately equal to the
typical test specimen and a diameter or width that is slightly
less than the direct shear box.
8.3 Assemble the normal force loading yoke and apply a
small normal load equivalent to about 1 lbf/in2 [5 kPa].
8.4 Position the normal displacement indicator. Adjust this
indicator so that it can be used to measure either consolidation
or swell from the calibration disk or plate reading. Record the
zero or no load reading.
8.5 Apply increments of normal force up to the equipment
limitations, and record the normal displacement indicator
reading and normal force. Remove the applied normal force in
reverse sequence of the applied force, and record the normal
displacement indicator readings and normal force. Average the
values and plot the load deformation of the apparatus as a
function of normal load. Retain the results for future reference
in determining the thickness of the test specimen and compression within the test apparatus itself.

8.6 If the apparatus deformation correction exceeds 0.1 %

of the initial specimen thickness at any load level during a test,
the correction must be applied to every measurement of the
test.
9. Procedure
9.1 Assemble the shear box and shear box bowl in the load
frame.
9.1.1 Intact SpecimenPlace moist porous inserts over the
exposed surfaces of the specimen in the shear box, place the
shear box with the intact specimen and porous inserts into the
shear box bowl and align the bowl in the load frame.
NOTE 10The decision to dampen the porous inserts or use dry inserts
depends on the problem under study. For intact samples obtained below
the water table, the porous inserts are usually dampened. For swelling
soils, the sequence of consolidation, wetting, and shearing should prevent
swelling until the specimen is equilibrated under the final normal stress.

9.1.2 Reconstituted SpecimenPlace and align the assembled shear box, specimen, porous inserts and bowl into the
load frame.
NOTE 11For some apparatus, the top half of the shear box is held in
place by a notched rod which fits into a receptacle in the top half of the
shear box. The bottom half of the shear box is held in place in the shear
box bowl retaining bolts. For some apparatus, the top half of the shear box
is held in placed by an anchor plate.

9.2 Connect and adjust the position of the shear force

loading system so that no force is imposed on the shear load
measuring device. Record the zero value of the shear load
measuring device.
9.3 Position and adjust the shear displacement measurement
device. Obtain an initial reading or set the measurement device
to indicate zero displacement.
9.4 Place the load transfer plate and moment break on top of
the porous insert.
9.5 Place the normal force loading yoke into position and
adjust it so the loading bar is aligned. For dead weight lever
loading systems, level the lever. For pneumatic or motor drive
loading systems, adjust the yoke until it sits snugly against the
recess in the load transfer plate, or place a ball bearing on the
load transfer plate and adjust the yoke until the contact is snug.
9.6 Apply a small seating normal load to the specimen.
Verify that the components of the normal loading system are
seated and aligned. The top porous insert and load transfer
plate must be aligned so that the movement of the load transfer
plate into the shear box is not inhibited. The specimen should
not undergo significant compression under this seating load.
NOTE 12The seating normal load applied to the specimen should be
sufficient to assure all the components are in contact and alignment but not
so large as to cause compression of the specimen. For most applications,
a load resulting in approximately 1 lbf/in.2 [5 kPa] will be adequate but
other values meeting the objective are acceptable.

9.7 Attach and adjust the normal displacement measurement

device. Obtain an initial reading for the normal displacement
measurement device along with a reading of the normal load
(either weights or measurement device).
9.8 ConsolidationThe final consolidation normal load
may be applied in one increment or in several intermediate

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D3080/D3080M 11
increments depending on the type of material, the stiffness of
the specimen, and the magnitude of the final stress. Load
increments must be small enough to prevent extrusion of the
material from around the porous inserts. For stiff cohesive or
coarse grained material a single increment is normally acceptable. For soft materials, it may be necessary to limit the load
increment ratio to unity as described in Test Method D2435
(11.4) and apply a number of intermediate load increments.
Based on the above considerations and instructions of the
requesting agency, calculate and record the normal force
required to achieve each intermediate normal stress level
progressing the specimen from the seating load to the final
consolidation normal stress.
9.8.1 Apply the first load increment and, if required, fill the
shear box bowl with test water, and keep it full for the duration
of the test. In the absence of specification, the bowl should be
filled with potable water.
NOTE 13Flooding the specimen with water eliminates negative pore
pressure due to surface tension and also prevents evaporative drying
during the test. If and when to inundate the specimen as well as the water
chemistry is part of the test specification which should be provided by the
requesting agency.

9.8.2 For each intermediate stress level, apply the load as

quickly as practical. Maintain each load level until primary
consolidation is essentially complete based on either a) interpretation of time versus normal deformation, b) experience
with the material or c) a default value of 24 h. Record the
normal deformation at the end of each increment and the
increment duration.
9.8.3 For the maximum normal stress level and for the final
normal stress level, apply the normal load to the specimen as
quickly as practical and immediately begin recording the
normal deformation readings against elapsed time. Test
Method D2435 provides details of the loading procedure and
suggestions for appropriate time recording schedules. For these
load increments, verify completion of primary consolidation
before proceeding to the next stage of the test by interpreting
either the plot of normal displacement versus log of time or
square root of time (in min). Test Method D2435 provides
interpretation details of both methods.
9.8.4 If the test specification requires consolidation to a
specific stress and then rebounding to a lower stress prior to
shearing, then the maximum stress should be maintained for at
least one cycle of secondary compression.
9.8.5 If the material exhibits a tendency to swell under the
maximum normal stress, the soil must be inundated with water
and must be permitted to achieve equilibrium (essentially stop
swelling) under this normal stress before continuing on to the
next stage of the test.
9.9 Just before shearing and after consolidation of the final
increment is completed, record the preshear normal displacement and then remove the alignment screws or pins from the
shear box. Use the gap screws to separate the shear box halves
to approximately the diameter of the maximum sized particle in
the test specimen or 0.025 in. [0.64 mm] as a minimum default
value for fine grained materials. Back out the gap screws after
creating the gap.
NOTE 14The gap screws in most equipment raise the upper box half
relative to the lower box half by prying apart the halves. Creating the gap

in this manner will apply a tensile stress increment along the potential
failure surface. This can unintentionally weaken the material. The top cap
should not move upwards while creating the gap.

9.10 Determine Shearing RateThe specimen must be

sheared at a relatively slow rate so that insignificant excess
pore pressure exists at failure. Determination of the appropriate
rate of displacement requires an estimate of the time required
for pore pressure dissipation and amount of deformation
required to reach failure. These two factors depend on the type
of material and the stress history. The following procedures
should be used to compute the required shear rate. 9.10.1 and
9.10.2 may be used to compute times to failure when the
maximum consolidation increment yields well defined normal
deformation versus time curves and the material has a low
overconsolidation ratio. 9.10.3 provides default values to be
used in all other situations.
9.10.1 When data for the maximum consolidation increment
yield a well defined normal deformation versus log time curve
which extends into secondary compression, the curve should
be interpreted as in Test Method D2435 and the time to failure
should be computed using the following equation:
t f 5 50t 50

(1)

where:
= total estimated elapsed time to failure, min,
tf
t50 = time required for the specimen to achieve 50 percent
consolidation under the maximum normal stress
increment, min.
9.10.2 When data for the maximum consolidation increment
do not satisfy the requirements of 9.10.1 but yield a well
defined normal deformation versus root time curve, the curve
should be interpreted as in Test Method D2435 and the time to
failure should be computed using the following equation:
t f 5 11.6t 90

(2)

where:
t90 = time required for the specimen to achieve 90 percent
consolidation under the maximum normal stress (increment), min.
9.10.3 When data for the maximum consolidation increment
do not satisfy the requirements of 9.10.1 or 9.10.2 or when the
specimen is significantly overconsolidated (OCR greater than
about 2) under the maximum consolidation stress, default
values for the time to failure should be computed based on a
normally consolidated coefficient of consolidation for the soil.
In the absence of soil specific consolidation data the time
should be based on the soil type. The following table provides
these default values.
USCS Classification (D2487)
SW, SP (<5% fines)
SW-SM, SP_SM, SM (>5% fines)
SC, ML, CL, SP-SC
MH, CH

Minimum Time to Failure, tf

10 min
60 min
200 min
24 h

NOTE 15The tabulated times are based on estimates of typical

normally consolidated coefficient of consolidation values for each soil
type and a 1 cm drainage path. A particular soil can vary considerably
from these typical values. Square root of time interpretations can yield
erroneously fast rates of consolidation for partly saturated or very stiff
materials. Shearing overconsolidated specimens will soften the material in

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D3080/D3080M 11
the shear zone causing a reduction in the coefficient of consolidation.
Consequently, the calculation of tf based on deformation vs. time curves
may produce an inappropriate estimate of the time required to fail the
specimen under drained conditions. For overconsolidated clays which are
tested under normal stresses less than the soils pre-consolidation pressure, it is suggested that a time to failure be estimated using a value of t50
based on the coefficient of consolidation in the normally consolidated
range for the soil. Care should be exercised if the time curve interpretation
yields considerably shorter times than the tabulated values.

9.10.4 Estimate the relative lateral displacement required to

fail the specimen. This displacement will depend on many
factors including the type of material and the stress history. In
the absence of specific experience relative to the test conditions, as a guide, use df = 0.5 in. [10 mm] if the material is
normally or lightly over consolidated fine-grained soil, otherwise use df = 0.2 in. [5 mm].
9.10.5 Determine the appropriate maximum displacement
rate from the following equation:
Rd 5

df
tf

(3)

where:
Rd = displacement rate, in./min [mm/min], and
df = estimated relative lateral displacement at failure, in.
[mm].
9.11 Drained ShearingFor some types of apparatus, the
displacement rate is achieved using combinations of gear
wheels and gear lever positions. For other types of equipment
the displacement rate is achieved by adjusting the motor speed.
Select and record a displacement rate that is equal to or slower
than the value computed in 9.10.5.
9.11.1 Record the initial time, normal and relative lateral
displacements, and normal and shear forces.
9.11.2 Start the apparatus and initiate shear.
9.11.3 Obtain data readings of time, normal and relative
lateral displacement, and shear force at the desired interval of
displacement or time. Data readings should be taken often
enough to accurately define a shear stress-displacement curve.
At a minimum, data should be recorded at relative lateral
displacements of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3,
and then every 2 percent relative lateral displacement until test
completion.
NOTE 16Additional readings may be helpful especially at the beginning of the test in identifying trends in behavior and the value of the peak
shear stress of over consolidated or brittle material.

9.11.4 It may be necessary to stop the test and re-gap the

shear box halves to maintain clearance between the shear box
halves. The test should be checked periodically to confirm that
a gap persists throughout the shearing phase of the test.
9.11.5 The specimen should be sheared to at least 10 percent
relative lateral displacement unless specific termination criteria
are provided by the specifying agency. Stop the motor drive to
terminate shearing.
NOTE 17The shape of the shear force versus displacement curve will
depend on the soil type and stress history. The curve may have a well
defined peak or may increase monotonically throughout the test. In
general, it is better to continue the test to large deformation rather than
terminate based on shear force variation.

9.11.6 Remove the normal force from the specimen and

disassemble the loading apparatus.
9.12 For cohesive test specimens, separate the shear box
halves with a sliding motion along the failure plane and in the
direction of shearing. Do not pull the shear box halves apart
perpendicularly to the failure surface, since this motion would
damage the specimen. Photograph, sketch, or describe in
writing the failure surface. This step in the procedure is not
applicable to cohesionless specimens.
9.13 Remove the specimen from the shear box and determine the water content and dry mass according to Test Method
D2216. If applicable, collect the extruded material in a separate
container and determine the dry mass.
10. Calculation
10.1 GeneralTypical units are shown for both IP and SI
systems and SD stands for significant digits. Furthermore, the
prefix used for each variable has been chosen based on current
practice. Other prefixes are permissible and will require different numerical values for the Unit Conversion Factors. Other
units are permissible, provided consistency of units is maintained throughout the calculations. See 1.8 for additional
comments on the use of inch-pound units.
10.2 Calculate the following for each reading during shear:
10.2.1 Nominal shear stress, acting on the specimen is:
t5

Fs
A

(4)

where:
t = nominal shear stress, lbf/in.2 [kPa] (3 SD),
Fs = shear force, lbf [kN] (3 SD), and
A = area of the shear box, in.2 [m2] (3 SD).
10.2.2 Nominal normal stress acting on the specimen is,
sn 5

Fn
A

(5)

where:
sn = nominal normal stress, lbf/in.2 [kPa] (3 SD), and
Fn = normal force acting on the specimen, lbf [kN] (3 SD).
NOTE 18Factors which incorporate assumptions regarding the actual
specimen surface area over which the shear and normal forces are
measured can be applied to the calculated values of shear or normal stress,
or both. If a correction(s) is made, the factor(s) and rationale for using the
correction should be explained with the test results.

10.2.3 Displacement RateThe average displacement rate

along the shear surface is:
Rd 5

dh
te

(6)

where:
Rd = displacement rate, in./min [mm/min] (3 SD),
dh = relative lateral displacement, in. [mm] (3 SD),
te = elapsed time of test, min (3 SD).
10.2.4 Percent Relative Lateral DisplacementThe percent
relative lateral displacement along the shear surface is:
P d 5 100

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dh
D

(7)

D3080/D3080M 11
where:
Pd = percent relative lateral displacement, % (3 SD), and
D = specimen diameter or lateral dimension in direction of
shear, in. [mm] (3 SD).
10.3 Compute the initial void ratio, initial dry density, initial
water content, and initial degree of saturation based on the
specific gravity, initial wet mass, final dry mass, and initial
volume of the total specimen. Specimen volume is determined
by measurements of the shear box lengths or diameter and the
measured thickness of the specimen.
10.4 Compute the preshear void ratio, dry density, and water
content based on the values used in 10.3 plus the measured
normal deformation.
11. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)
11.1 The methodology used to specify how data are recorded on the data sheet(s)/form(s), as given below is covered
in 1.9 and Guide D6026.
11.2 Record as a minimum the following general information (data):
11.2.1 Sample identification, project and location.
11.2.2 Test number, date, apparatus identification, and technician.
11.2.3 Description of type of shear device used in test.
11.2.4 Description of appearance of the specimen, based on
Practice D2488 (Test Method D2487 may be used as an
alternative), Atterberg limits (Test Method D4318), and grain
size data (Method D422), if obtained (see 7.2).
11.2.5 Description of soil structure, that is whether the
specimen is intact, remolded, reconstituted, or otherwise prepared.
11.2.6 Initial thickness and diameter (width for square shear
boxes).
11.2.7 Dry mass of test specimen.
11.2.8 Initial and pre-shear water content.
11.2.9 Initial and pre-shear wet density, see Note 19.
11.2.10 Initial and pre-shear dry density and void ratio, see
Note 19.
11.2.11 Initial and pre-shear degree of saturation, see Note
19.

11.2.12 Table of normal stress, final normal displacement,

and duration of load increment during consolidation.
11.2.13 Table of nominal normal stress, nominal shear
stress, relative lateral displacement or percent relative lateral
displacement, normal displacement, and rate of deformation
during shear.
11.2.14 Plot of deformation versus log of time or square
root of time for those load increments used to determine the
shear rate.
11.2.15 Plot of nominal shear stress versus lateral displacement or percent relative lateral displacement.
11.2.16 Plot of normal displacement versus lateral displacement or percent relative lateral displacement.
11.2.17 For cohesive material, observations made relative to
the shear surface.
11.2.18 Departure from the procedure outlines, such as
special loading sequences or special wetting requirements.
NOTE 19In most cases, there is significant soil loss during shear and
the specimen shape is such that the final phase relations (density, water
content, and saturation) cannot be determined with any degree of
reliability. Therefore these values are not required but may be included in
the test report.

12. Precision and Bias

12.1 PrecisionTest data on precision are not presented due
to the nature of the soil or rock, or both materials tested by this
standard. It is either not feasible or too costly at this time to
have ten or more laboratories participate in a round-robin
testing program. In addition, it is either not feasible or too
costly to produce multiple specimens that have uniform physical properties. Any variation observed in the data is just as
likely to be due to specimen variation as to operator or
laboratory testing variation.
12.2 Subcommittee D18.05 is seeking any pertinent data
from users of these test methods that might be used to make a
limited statement on precision.
12.3 BiasThere is no accepted reference value for this test
method, therefore, bias cannot be determined.
13. Keywords
13.1 compacted specimens; consolidated; direct-shear test;
drained test conditions; intact; Mohr strength envelope; reconstituted specimens; shear strength

SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,
D308004, that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved November 1, 2011)
(1) Extensive editorial changes to clarify text and renumber
sections to accommodate more substantial changes. The following items are only the substantial changes. Section and note
numbers are referenced to this revision. Summary of changes
do not state specific relocations of section material or notes.
(2) Changed standard number and modifications to make dual
units.

(3) Section 1.1 to clarify the Method covers only one test.
(4) Added section 1.6 on test series.
(5) Added section 1.8 on Units.
(6) Add reference in Section 2.
(7) Added definitions 3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5, and 3.2.6.
(8) Modified section 4.1 relative to strain rate.
(9) Section 5.2 added statement on shear rate.

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D3080/D3080M 11
(10) Added Note 1 relative to fast tests.
(11) Section 5.5 added requirement.
(12) Added section 5.6 on contact area changes.
(13) Section 6.2 added requirement to shear box.
(14) Section 6.3 new requirement to check stones.
(15) Note 4 (and throughout) change permeability to hydraulic
conductivity.
(16) Note 4 added guidance on stone care.
(17) Section 6.4.1 added option to use screw driven load frame
for normal force.
(18) Section 6.4.2 moved shear rate requirement to suggestion
in Note 5
(19) Added guidance to Note 6.
(20) Section 6.4.3 added title.
(21) Added Section 6.5 specifying normal force measurement.
(22) Section 6.7 changed SI resolution.
(23) Section 6.8 added function.
(24) Added section 6.10 for specification of test water.
(25) Section 7 changed title and reorganized some of the
sections.
(26) Section 7 separated into Intact, Reconstituted and Compacted sections.
(27) Section 7.1 changed undisturbed to intact throughout
standard.
(28) Section 7.1 clarified that standard is for one test but
sample should be large enough for test series.
(29) Section 7.1 added method to trim specimens.
(30) Section 7.2 added method to process material and changed
USCS symbols.
(31) Section 7.3 clarified method to form specimen.
(32) Section 7.4 added requirement.
(33) Section 8.1 added some flexibility to method which was
previously in note.
(34) Section 8.2 changed specification on calibration disk.
(35) Added section 8.3 and renumbered subsequent sections.
(36) Added section 8.6 specifying when correction is necessary.
(37) Section 9.1 altered method to be consistent with section 7.
(38) Added clarification to Note 10.
(39) Section 9.2 added requirement.
(40) Section 9.4 added moment break.
(41) Section 9.6 added clarification to seating load.
(42) Note 12 added clarification.

(43) Section 9.7 added requirement.

(44) Section 9.8 added clarification and reference to D2435.
(45) Section 9.8.1 new procedural step.
(46) Added Note 13 for clarification.
(47) Added Section 9.8.2 for intermediate consolidation increments.
(48) Section 9.8.3 added requirements for time deformation
data.
(49) Section 9.8.4 new requirement for overconsolidated tests
(50) Section 9.8.5 moved information from prior note.
(51) Section 9.9 changed gap specification.
(52) Added Note 14 identifying potential problem.
(53) Section 9.10 completely reorganized and added some
discussion to clarify method of interpretation. Added numbering of equations.
(54) Section 9.10.1 specification for the log time method.
(55) Section 9.10.2 specification for the root time method and
changed equation 2.
(56) Section 9.10.3 added default time based on material type
and high OCR specimen.
(57) Added Note 15 with rationale and clarification.
(58) Added section 9.10.4 which was mandatory material in a
note.
(59) Section 9.10.5 new terms in same equation.
(60) Section 9.11 reorganized for shearing and add specification of shear rate.
(61) Section 9.11.3 increase rate of data collection.
(62) Add section 9.11.4 which was information in a note and is
now required.
(63) Section 9.11.5 change termination requirement.
(64) Added note 17 for clarification.
(65) Section 9.12 add clarification.
(66) Section 9.13 add requirement.
(67) Add Section 10.1 for clarification.
(68) Section 10.2 clarify units and significant digits.
(69) Equation 5 fix equation symbol.
(70) Equation 6 change symbol for displacement rate.
(71) Section 10.2.4 change equation and symbols.
(72) Section 10.4 add requirement,
(73) Section 11 change reporting requirements in several
locations.
(74) Section 12 change to standard precision caveat.
(75) Change title of Figure 1.

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