Aeb SM CH13 2

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Chapter 13
Overall Audit Plan and Audit Program
Review Questions
13-1
The five types of tests auditors use to determine whether financial
statements are fairly stated include the following:

Risk assessment procedures

Tests of controls
Substantive tests of transactions
Analytical procedures
Tests of details of balances
While risk assessment procedures (procedures to gain an understanding

of the entity and its environment, including internal control) help the financial
statement auditor obtain information to make an initial assessment of control risk,
tests of controls must be performed as support of an assessment of control risk
that is below maximum. The purpose of tests of controls is to obtain evidence
regarding the effectiveness of controls, which may allow the auditor to assess
control risk below maximum. If controls are found to be effective and functioning,
the substantive evidence may be reduced. Substantive evidence is obtained to
reduce detection risk. Substantive evidence includes evidence from substantive
tests of transactions, analytical procedures, and tests of details of balances.
For audits of internal control over financial reporting, the auditor only
performs the first two types of audit tests: procedures to obtain an understanding
of internal control and tests of controls. Because a public company auditor must
issue a report on internal control over financial reporting, the extent of the
auditors tests of controls must be sufficient to issue an opinion about the
operating effectiveness of those controls. That generally requires a significant
amount of testing of controls over financial reporting.
13-2
Risk assessment procedures are performed to assess the risk of
material misstatement in the financial statements. Risk assessment procedures
include procedures performed to obtain an understanding of the entity and its
environment, including internal controls. Auditors use the results of the risk
assessment procedures to design and perform further audit procedures. Further
audit procedures (not risk assessment procedures) provide the auditor sufficient
appropriate evidence, required by the third GAAS fieldwork standard.
13-3
Tests of controls are audit procedures to test the operating effectiveness
of control policies and procedures in support of a reduced assessed control risk.
Tests of controls provide the primary basis for a public company auditors report
on internal controls over financial reporting. Specific accounts affected by
13-1
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13-3 (continued)
performing tests of controls for the acquisition and payment cycle include the
following: cash, accounts payable, purchases, purchase returns and allowances,
purchase discounts, manufacturing expenses, selling expenses, prepaid insurance,
leasehold improvements, and various administrative expenses.
13-4
Tests of controls are audit procedures to test the operating effectiveness
of control policies and procedures in support of a reduced assessed control risk.
Examples include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The examination of vendor invoices for indication that they have

been clerically tested, compared to a receiving report and purchase
order, and approved for payment.
Examination of employee time cards for approval of overtime hours
worked.
Examination of journal entries for proper approval.
Examination of approvals for the write-off of bad debts.
Substantive tests of transactions are audit procedures testing for monetary

misstatements to determine whether the six transaction-related audit objectives
have been satisfied for each class of transactions. Examples are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Recalculation of amounts (quantity times unit selling price) on selected

sales invoices and tracing of amounts to the sales journal.
Examination of vendor invoices in support of amounts recorded in
the acquisitions journal for purchases of inventories.
Recalculation of gross pay for selected entries in the payroll journal.
Tracing of selected customer cash receipts to the accounts receivable
master file, agreeing customer names and amounts.
13-5
A test of control audit procedure to test that approved wage rates are
used to calculate employees' earnings would be to examine rate authorization
forms to determine the existence of authorized signatures.
A substantive test of transactions audit procedure would be to compare
a sample of rates actually paid, as indicated in the earnings record, to authorized
pay rates on rate authorization forms.
13-6
The auditor resolves the problem by making assumptions about the results
of the tests of controls and performing both the tests of controls and substantive
tests of transactions on the basis of these assumptions. Ordinarily the auditor
assumes an effective system of internal control with few or no exceptions
planned. If the results of the tests of controls are as good as or better than the
assumptions that were originally made, the auditor can be satisfied with the
substantive tests of transactions, unless the substantive tests of transactions
themselves indicate the existence of misstatements. If the tests of controls
results were not as good as the auditor assumed in designing the original tests,
expanded substantive tests must be performed.
13-2
13-7
The primary purpose of testing sales and cash receipts transactions is to
evaluate the internal controls so that the scope of the substantive tests of the
account balances may be set. If the auditor performs the tests of details of
balances prior to testing internal controls, no benefit will be derived from the tests
of controls. The auditor should attempt to understand the entity and its environment,
including internal controls, as early as practical through the analysis of the
accounting system, tests of controls, and substantive tests of transactions.
13-8
When the results of analytical procedures are different from the auditor's
expectations and thereby indicate that there may be a misstatement in the balance
in accounts receivable or sales, the auditor should extend the tests to determine
why the ratios are different from expectations. Confirmation of accounts receivable
and cutoff tests for sales are two procedures that can be used to do this. On the
other hand, if the ratios are approximately what the auditor expects, the other
tests can be reduced. This means that the auditor can satisfy the evidence
requirements in different ways and that analytical procedures and confirmation
are complementary when the results of the tests are both good.
13-9
Substantive tests of transactions are performed to verify the accuracy of
a client's accounting system. This is accomplished by determining whether
individual transactions are correctly recorded and summarized in the journals,
master files, and general ledger. Substantive tests of transactions are also
concerned with classes of transactions, such as payroll, acquisitions, or cash
receipts. Tracing amounts from a file of vouchers to the acquisitions journal is an
example of a substantive test of transactions for the acquisition and payment
cycle. Tests of details of balances verify the ending balance in an individual
account (such as inventory, accounts receivable, or depreciation expense) on the
financial statements. An example of a test of details of balances for the
acquisition and payment cycle is to physically examine a sample of the client's
fixed assets.
13-10
1.
Control #1 -- Computer verification of the customers credit limit.

The presence of strong general controls over software programs
and master file changes can significantly reduce the auditors testing
of automated controls such as control #1. Once it is determined that
control #1 is functioning properly, the auditor can focus subsequent
tests on assessing whether any changes have occurred that would
limit the effectiveness of the control. Such tests might include
determining whether any changes have occurred to the program
and whether these changes were properly authorized and tested
prior to implementation. These are all tests of general controls over
software programs and master file changes.
2.
Control #2 The accounts receivable clerk matches bills of lading,

sales invoices, and customer orders before recording in the sales
journal. This control is not an automated control, but is rather a
manual control performed by an employee. General controls over
13-3
13-10 (continued)
software programs and master file changes would have little effect
on the auditors testing of control #2. If the auditor identifies control
#2 as a key control in the sales and collection cycle, he or she would
most likely examine a sample of the underlying documents for the
accounts receivable clerks initials and reperform the comparisons.
13-11 The audit of fixed asset additions normally involves the examination of
invoices in support of the additions and possibly the physical examination of the
additions. These procedures are normally performed on a test basis with a
concentration on the more significant additions. If the individual responsible for
recording new acquisitions is known to have inadequate training and limited
experience in accounting, the sample size for the audit procedures should be
expanded to include a larger sample of the additions for the year. In addition,
inquiry as to what additions were made during the year may be made by the
auditor of plant managers, the controller, or other operating personnel. The
auditor should then search the financial records to determine that these additions
were recorded as fixed assets.
Care should also be taken when the repairs and maintenance expense
account is analyzed since lack of training may cause some depreciable assets to
be expensed at the time of acquisition.
13-12 The following shows which types of evidence are applicable for the five
types of tests.
TYPE OF EVIDENCE
TYPES OF TESTS
Physical examination
Confirmation
Documentation
All except analytical procedures
Observation
Risk assessment procedures and tests of controls
Inquiries of the client
All five types
Reperformance
Tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions,

and tests of details of balances
Recalculation
Substantive tests of transactions and tests of

details of balances
13-4
13-13
Going from most to least costly, the types of tests are:


Substantive tests of transactions
Tests of controls
Risk assessment procedures
13-14 C represents the auditor's assessment of the effectiveness of internal control.

C3 represents the idea that internal controls are ineffective and no assurance can
be obtained from controls and all assurance must come from substantive testing.
This would not represent the audit of a public companys financial statements.
Tests of controls at the C1 level would provide minimum control risk. This
would require more testing of the controls than would be required at either C2 or
C3. Testing controls at the C1 level allows the auditor to obtain assurance from
the controls, thereby allowing for a reduction in the amount of substantive testing
which must be performed to meet the level of acceptable audit assurance. C1
reflects the level of testing of controls necessary for the audit of internal controls
over financial reporting required by PCAOB Standard 5.
It would be a good decision to obtain assurance from tests of controls at
point C1 especially if the cost of substantive testing is considerably greater than
tests of controls.
At point C2, the auditor performs some tests of controls and is able to
reduce control risk below maximum. Point C2 would be appropriate if it is cost
beneficial for the auditor to obtain assurance at a level between the two extremes
mentioned above (C1 and C3).
13-15 By identifying the best mix of tests the auditor can accumulate sufficient
appropriate evidence at minimum cost. The auditor can thereby meet the standards
of the profession and still be cost effective and competitive.
13-16 The four-step approach to designing tests of controls and substantive
tests of transactions is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Apply the transaction-related audit objectives to the class of

transactions being tested.
Identify specific control policies and procedures that should reduce
control risk for each transaction-related audit objective.
Develop appropriate tests of controls for each key control.
Design appropriate substantive tests of transactions considering
deficiencies in internal control and expected results from 3 above.
13-17 The approach to designing tests of controls and substantive tests of

transactions (Figure 13-4) emphasizes satisfying the transaction-related audit
objectives developed in Chapters 6 and 10. Recall that these objectives focus on
the proper functioning of the accounting system.
13-5
13-17 (continued)
The methodology of designing tests of details of balances (Figure 13-6)
emphasizes satisfying the balance-related audit objectives developed in Chapter
6. The primary focus of these objectives is on the fair presentation of account
balances in the financial statements.
13-18 It is desirable to design tests of details of balances before performing
tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions to enable the auditor to
determine if the overall planned evidence is the most efficient and effective in the
circumstances. In order to do this, the auditor must make assumptions about the
results of the tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions. Ordinarily the
auditor will assume no significant misstatements or control problems in tests of
controls and substantive tests of transactions unless there is reason to believe
otherwise. If the auditor determines that the tests of controls and substantive tests
of transactions results are different from those expected, the amount of testing of
details of balances must be altered.
13-19 If tolerable misstatement is low, and inherent risk and control risk are
high, planned tests of details of balances which the auditor must perform will be
high. An increase in tolerable misstatement or a reduction of either inherent risk
or control risk will lead to a reduction in the planned tests of details of balances.
13-20 The eight balance-related audit objectives and related procedures are as
follows:
GENERAL
BALANCERELATED AUDIT
OBJECTIVE
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
AUDIT PROCEDURE
Detail tie-in
Inventory on the inventory

summary agrees with the
physical count, the
extensions are correct, and
the total is correctly added
and agrees with the general
ledger.
Check extensions of price

times quantity on a sample
basis, foot the detailed
inventory summary, and trace
the balance to the general
ledger and financial
statements.
Existence
Inventory as stated in
financial statements actually
exists.
Trace inventory from final

inventory summary to actual
inventory and physically count
selected items.
Completeness
Existing inventory items

have been counted and
included in the financial
statements.
Select items from the physical

inventory and trace to the
client's final summary to make
sure that all items are included.
13-6
13-20 (continued)
GENERAL
BALANCERELATED AUDIT
OBJECTIVE
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
AUDIT PROCEDURE
Accuracy
Inventory items included in

the financial statements are
stated at the correct
amounts.
Perform price tests of inventory

by examining supporting
vendors' invoices for selected
inventory items and reverify
price times quantity.
Classification
Inventory as included in the

financial statements is
properly classified.
Compare the classification of

inventory into raw materials,
work in process, and finished
goods by comparing the
description on physical
inventory count tags with the
client's final inventory listing.
Cutoff
Inventory cutoff is properly

recorded at the balance
sheet date.
Trace selected receiving

reports several days before
and after the balance sheet
date to determine whether
inventory purchases are
recorded in the proper period
and related physical inventory
counts are included or
excluded from inventory.
Realizable value
Inventory on the financial

statements excludes
unusable items.
Inquire of factory employees

and management regarding
obsolescence of inventory, and
examine storeroom for
evidence of damaged or
obsolete inventory.
Rights and
obligations
Inventory items in the

financial statements are
owned by the client.
Review contracts with suppliers

and customers for the
possibility of the inclusion of
consigned or other non-owned
inventory.
13-21 Auditors frequently consider it desirable to perform audit tests throughout

the year rather than waiting until year-end because of the CPA firm's difficulty of
scheduling personnel and the clients need for timely financial statements. Due to
the uneven distribution of the year-end dates of their clients, there is a shortage
of personnel during certain periods of the year and excess available time at other
periods. The procedures that are performed at a date prior to year-end are often
dependent upon adequate internal controls and when the client will have the
13-7
13-21 (continued)
information available. Additionally, public company auditors must begin their testing
of controls earlier in the year to ensure they are able to test a sufficient sample of
controls for operating effectiveness. Some controls may only be performed
monthly or quarterly. Thus, the public company auditor must begin testing early
in the year so that there is a sufficient number of months or quarters to test.
Procedures that may be performed prior to the end of the year are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Update fixed asset schedules.

Examine new loan agreements and other legal records.
Vouch certain transactions.
Analyze changes in the client's accounting systems.
Review minutes of board of directors' meetings.
If the client has effective internal control, the following procedures
may be performed with minor review and updating at year-end:
(a)
Observation of physical inventories;
(b)
Confirmation of accounts receivable balances;
(c)
Confirmation and reconciliation of accounts payable balances.
Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations
13-22
a.
(2)
b.
(2)
c.
(1)
d.
(4)
13-23
a.
(2)
b.
(3)
c.
(1)
d.
(3)
Discussion Questions and Problems
13-24
a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
b.
Recalculation
Documentation
Documentation
Documentation
Documentation
Inquiry and observation
Confirmation
Documentation
Inquiry
TD of B
TD of B
AP
T of C
ST of T
AP
TD of B
T of C
TD of B
T of C
T of C
13-8
13-25
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
1. Acquisition and
Payment
Recalculation
Substantive
S T of T
Posting and
summarization
N/A
2. Acquisition and
Payment
Documentation
Test of control
or Substantive
S T of T
Occurrence
N/A
3. Acquisition and
Payment
Documentation
Substantive
T D of B
N/A
Cutoff
Inquiry
Substantive
T D of B
N/A
Realizable
value
Analytical
procedure
Substantive
AP
N/A
Realizable
value
6. Capital
Acquisition and
Repayment
Confirmation
Substantive
T D of B
N/A
Existence
Accuracy
7. Acquisition and
Payment
Recalculation
Substantive
T D of B
N/A
Detail tie-in
4. Sales and
Collection
13-9
5. Inventory and
Warehousing
13-26
PAPER
AUDIT TRAIL?
TEST OF CONTROL
a.
Yes
Account for numbers included in the sequence

to determine that all documents are there.
b.
Yes
Examine invoices for controller's approval.
c.
No*
Observe the cashier preparing the deposit slip

and delivering the deposit to the bank.
d.
Yes
Examine sales invoice for initials.
e.
Yes
Examine a sample of bank reconciliations for

indication that the controller prepared each one.
f.
No
Observe whether the supervisor is present and

performing his responsibilities at the time
employees check in.
g.
No*
Observe president's secretary opening mail and

prelisting cash receipts. Also examine existence
of prelisting.
The primary concern in these two items is the separation of duties rather than
the existence of the deposit slip and prelisting. The primary test of control
procedure must therefore be observation.
13-11
13-27
a.
TRANSACTION-RELATED
AUDIT OBJECTIVE
b.
TEST OF
CONTROL PROCEDURE
c.
SUBSTANTIVE
TEST
1. Existing acquisition
transactions are
recorded.
(Completeness)
Account for numerical

sequence of receiving
reports and trace to
acquisitions journal entry.
Reconcile vendor
statements to
accounts payable
listing.
2. Existing cash
disbursement
transactions are
recorded, recorded
transactions exist, and
recorded transactions
are stated at the correct
amounts.
(Completeness,
Occurrence, and
Accuracy).
Observe cash handling

procedures and examine
bank reconciliation to
determine if was prepared
by an independent person.
Perform tests of bank

reconciliation as of the
balance sheet date.
3. Recorded transactions
exist, recorded
transactions are stated
at the correct amounts,
and transactions are
properly classified.
(Occurrence, Accuracy,
and Classification)
Examine invoice packages

for initials indicating that
review has been
performed.
Examine supporting
invoices and recheck
items checked by the
clerk.
exist.
(Occurrence)*
Examine invoices for the

controller's initials.
Examine supporting
invoices for same
information examined
by the controller.
exist.
(Occurrence)
Examine invoices for

indication of check number
and date.
Examine supporting
invoices, purchase
orders, and receiving
reports containing the
proper check number
and date for each
cash disbursement.
The objectives satisfied depend upon what she examines. She might, for
example, examine supporting documents for accuracy and even for account
classification. In that event, those two objectives would be added.
13-12
13-28
(a)
CONTROL
ACTIVITY
(b)
TRANSACTIONRELATED AUDIT
OBJECTIVE(S)
(c)
(d)
(e)
TEST OF
CONTROL
POSSIBLE
MISSTATEMENT
SUBSTANTIVE
AUDIT PROCEDURE
1. Independent checks
on performance
Accuracy
Examine vendors' invoices

for indication of
recalculation
A misstatement in
calculation of a
vendor's invoice
Recalculation of vendors'
invoices
2. Proper authorization
Accuracy
Determine existence of
approved price lists for
acquisitions
Unauthorized prices
could be paid for
acquisitions
Obtain prices from purchasing

department and compare to
vendors' invoices
Occurrence
Completeness
Account for a numerical

sequence of receiving
reports
Unrecorded acquisitions
exist
Confirm accounts payable,

especially vendors with small
or zero balances
3. Adequate
documents or
records
13-12
on performance
Timing

for indication of comparison
Cutoff misstatements
Perform search for unrecorded

liabilities
on performance
Posting and
summarization
Examine indication of
reconciliation of the master
file and control account
Misstatements in master
file or control account
Foot subsidiary records and

compare to control account
on performance
Classification

for indication of internal
verification
Account classification
misstatements
Compare vendors' invoices to

acquisitions journal for
reasonableness of account
classification
7. Proper authorization
Occurrence
Examine cancelled checks

for signature
Invalid or unauthorized
payment
Examine supporting documents

for appropriateness of
expenditures
on performance
Occurrence
Accuracy

for indication of comparison
Invalid or unauthorized
payment

for appropriateness of
expenditures
9. Adequate
documents or
records
Occurrence
Examine supporting
documents for indication of
cancellation
Duplicate payment for an

acquisition

for every payment to selected
vendors
10. Separation of duties
Occurrence
Observe check mailing

procedures and inquire
about normal procedures
Bookkeeper takes signed

check and changes payee
name
Compare payee name on

cancelled check to supporting
documents
13-29
a.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Automated control embedded in computer software

Manual control whose effectiveness is based significantly on
IT-generated information
Automated control embedded in computer software
Manual control whose effectiveness is based significantly on
IT-generated information
Manual control whose effectiveness is not significantly reliant
on IT-generated information
The extent of testing of this control could be significantly
reduced in subsequent years if effective controls over program
and master file changes are in place. Such controls would
increase the likelihood that the inventory software program
that contains the automated control and the related inventory
master file are not subject to an unauthorized change. If the
auditor determines that no changes have been made to the
automated control, the auditor can rely on prior year audit
tests of the controls as long as the control is tested at least
once every third year audit. If the control mitigates a
significant risk, the control must be tested in the current
years audit.
The extent of testing of this control could be moderately
increase the likelihood that the printout of prices accurately
reflects actual prices used by the system to record inventory
transactions. Adequate controls over the master file decrease
the likelihood that prices approved by the sales and
purchasing department managers have been changed
without authorization. However, because this control is also
dependent on manager review of computer generated
output, some testing may be required each year, although
the amount of testing may be reduced by strong general
controls.
The extent of testing of this control could be significantly
increase the likelihood that the inventory software program
that processes the automatic purchase order and the related
inventory master file of product numbers are not subject to
an unauthorized change.
The extent of testing of this control could be moderately
changes are in place. Such controls would increase the
likelihood that the purchasing system software program that
identifies purchases exceeding $10,000 per vendor functions
13-14
13-29 (continued)
5.
13-30
13-31
accurately. However, because this control is also dependent

on manager review of the computer generated exception
listing, some testing may be required each year.
Because this control is not dependent on technology processes,
the strength of general controls over program and master file
changes is likely to not have an impact on the extent of
testing of this review by the sales department manager.
a.
Although a client may have very effective internal controls, the auditor
cannot place complete reliance on them in evaluating whether the
financial statements are fairly stated. This reflects the inherent
limitations of internal control, and the need under auditing standards
to perform certain tests of balances such as confirmation of
receivables and observation of inventory.
b.
The auditor may decide not to place the maximum reliance on

internal control if it is not cost-beneficial. The auditor may decide
that it is more cost-effective to reduce reliance on controls and
perform more substantive tests.
c.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
a.
The sequence the auditor should follow is:

3.
1.
4.
2.
A
B
B, C
A, B, C
B (assuming similar other client characteristics)
B, C (depending on auditors judgment)
C
B, C
Assess control risk.

Determine whether it is cost effective to perform tests of
controls.
Perform tests of controls.
Perform substantive tests of details of balances.
13-15
13-31 (continued)
The only logical sequences for parts b through e are shown as
follows:
E
F
Any other sequence is not cost effective or incorrect. For example:

E, A, G, C would be the sequence when there is planned reduced
assessed control risk and effective results of tests of controls.
b.
The sequence is E, A, H, D. The logic was reasonable. The auditor

believed the internal controls would be effective and it would be
cost effective to perform tests of controls. In performing the tests of
controls the auditor concluded the controls were not effective.
Therefore, expanded substantive tests of details of balances were
needed.
c.
The sequence is E, B, G, C. The auditor concluded the internal

controls may be effective, but it was not cost effective to reduce
assessed control risk. The auditor should not have performed tests
of controls. It would have been more cost effective to skip
performing tests and instead follow the sequence E, B, D.
d.
The sequence is F, A, G, C. The logic is not reasonable. When the

auditor concluded the controls were not effective he or she should
have gone immediately to D and performed expanded substantive
tests of details of balances.
e.
The sequence is F, D. The logic was reasonable. The auditor

concluded that internal controls were not effective, therefore the
auditor went directly to substantive tests of details of balances and
performed expanded tests.
13-16
13-32
AUDIT
PROCEDURES
TO OBTAIN AN
UNDERSTANDING
OF INTERNAL
CONTROL
TESTS OF
CONTROLS
SUBSTANTIVE
TESTS OF
TRANSACTIONS
ANALYTICAL
PROCEDURES
TESTS OF
DETAILS
OF
BALANCES
S, E*
E
M
S
N
S,E*
=
=
=
=
=
Extensive amount of testing.

Medium amount of testing.
Small amount of testing.
No testing.
Small amount of testing for the gross balance in accounts receivable; extensive testing
done for the collectibility of the accounts.
a.
For audit 1 the recommended strategy is to maximize the testing of

internal controls and minimize the testing of the details of all ending
balances in inventory. The most important objective would be to
minimize the number of locations that need to be visited. The
justification for doing this is the quality of the internal controls and
the results of prior years' audits. Assuming that some of the
locations have a larger portion of the ending inventory balance than
other locations, the auditor can likely completely eliminate tests of
physical counts of some locations and emphasize the locations with
larger dollar balances. The entire strategy is oriented to minimizing
the need to visit locations.
b.
Audit risk for this audit should be low because of the plans to sell
the business, severe under-financing and a first year audit. The
lack of controls over accounts payable and the large number of
adjusting entries in accounts payable indicate the auditor cannot
consider the internal controls effective. Therefore the plan should
be to do extensive tests of details of balances, probably through
accounts payable confirmation and other end of year procedures.
No tests of controls are recommended because of the impracticality
of reduced assessed control risk. Some substantive tests of
transactions and analytical procedures are recommended to verify
the correctness of acquisitions and to obtain information about the
reasonableness of the balances.
13-17
13-32 (continued)
13-33
c.
The most serious concern in this audit is the evaluation of the

allowance for uncollectible accounts. Given the adverse economic
conditions and significant increase of loans receivable, the auditor
must be greatly concerned about the adequacy of the allowance for
uncollectible accounts and the possibility of uncollectible accounts
being included in loans receivable. Given the internal controls, the
auditor is not likely to be greatly concerned about the gross accounts
receivable balance, except for accounts that need to be written off.
Therefore, for the audit of gross accounts receivable there will be a
greatly reduced assessed control risk and relatively minor confirmation
of accounts receivable. In evaluating the allowance for uncollectible
accounts, the auditor should test the controls over granting loans
and following up on collections. However, given the changes in the
economy, it will be necessary to do significant additional testing of
the allowance for uncollectible accounts. Therefore an "S" is included
for tests of details of balances for gross accounts receivable and an
"E" for the tests of net realizable value.
a.
Factors which could explain the difference in the amount of

evidence accumulated in different parts as well as the total time
spent on the engagement are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Internal control
Materiality of the account balance
Size of the populations
Makeup of populations
Initial vs. repeat engagement
Results of the current and previous audits
Existence of unusual transactions
Motivation of the client to misstate the financial statements
Degree of client integrity
Reliance by third parties on the audited financial statements
For an example, in the first audit, the partner has apparently

made the decision to emphasize tests of controls and substantive
tests of transactions and minimize tests of details of balances. That
implies effective internal controls and a low expectation of
misstatement (low inherent and control risk.) In the third audit, the
partner apparently has a high expectation of misstatements, and
therefore believes it is necessary to do extensive tests of controls and
substantive tests of transactions, as well as extensive tests of details
of balances. Audit two is somewhere between audit one and three.
b.
The audit partners could have spent time discussing the audit
approach and scope with Bryan prior to the beginning of the field work.
13-18
13-33 (continued)
13-34
c.
The nature of these three engagements and the different

circumstances appear to be excellent examples of the tailoring of
audit procedures to appropriate levels considering the circumstances.
Bryan's judgment could have been improved on each engagement
if the audit partner discussed the audit approach with her during the
engagement.
d.
The first audit is most likely the integrated audit of a public company
because of the emphasis on tests of controls. The third audit also
involves extensive tests of transactions, but the size of the company
and extensive tests of balances suggest it is not a integrated audit.
a.
The following is a time line for the audit procedures, showing the
sequence of the parts of a typical audit.
July
31
5,
9,
7,
Audit Report
Date
8
Parts 5, 9, and 7 are all a part of planning and are therefore

done early. These are in the sequence shown in Chapter 8. As part
of planning the audit, the auditor obtains an understanding of
internal control and initially assesses control risk. The auditor then
performs tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions and
reassesses control risk.
Ideally, most analytical procedures are performed after the
client has prepared financial statements, but before tests of details
of balances are performed. Therefore, they should be done before
confirmation of accounts payable to provide information about the
expectation of misstatement.
Confirmation of accounts payable should be done as early
as possible after the balance sheet date to facilitate getting responses
back, performing alternative procedures for nonresponses, and
reconciling differences before the audit is completed.
Tests for review of subsequent events are normally the last
procedures done on the engagement before the audit report date.
The audit report is issued after the audit report date.
b.
The time line shows that 5, 9, 7 and 2 are frequently done before
the balance sheet date.
Cases
13-35
a.
The major deficiencies in the audit and the reasons for their
occurrence are:
13-19
13-35 (continued)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The change in the accounting system to computerize the

inventory, a change in accounting personnel, and the existence
of a few more errors in the tests of controls should have alerted
the auditors to expand the scope of the work. It was questionable
to conclude that the internal controls were effective.
Reduction in the scope of the inventory work based on the
lack of errors last year was improper since new internal
controls were in use with new personnel this year and the
inventory balance was higher.
The new division should have been audited more thoroughly.
It came to Merkle through merger and was likely to have
different operating characteristics and internal controls.
The determination that the errors in the sample were
immaterial was improper. The errors should have been projected
from the sample to the population, and the projected error
should have been compared to tolerable misstatement,
after considering risk. The obsolescence problem uncovered in
the audit should have been evaluated carefully to consider
the implications on potential obsolescence of inventory.
Given the new personnel on the engagement, Brewer
apparently failed to adequately supervise and review the
work of assistants.
There was an apparent lack of the use of analytical procedures.
A decline in sales should have warned the auditor to a
potential decline in profits and obsolete inventory.
b.
Brewer should have been aware that the inventory internal controls
and the personnel in that department were new, that the interim
tests revealed more errors than normal, and that the inventory tests
revealed more errors than normal despite the reduction in scope. In
this situation, the scope of the inventory work should have been
increased to reveal the magnitude of the problems encountered. In
addition, because of the staff turnover on this engagement, Brewer
should have devoted more of his time to supervising the work of the
staff on this engagement.
c.
The likelihood of Brewer losing the suit is high. The auditors appear
not to have followed general standards 1 and 3 and standards of
field work 1, 2, and 3 in the performance of the engagement. Although
the misstatements result from fraud, the auditors may be held
responsible because apparently the audit was not conducted in
accordance with GAAS.
13-36 Part I
a.
(1)
Assess acceptable audit risk. This would be done under both

audit approaches.
13-20
13-36 Part I (continued)

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
b.
The "reducing control risk" approach has several advantages:

1.
2.
3.
4.
c.
Assess inherent risk. This would be done under both approaches.

Obtain an understanding of internal control. This would be
done under both approaches, however, it may be more
extensive where control risk is reduced below the maximum
due to the knowledge gained through testing.
Assess control risk at less than 100%. This would be done
only under the "reducing control risk" approach, given that
the client is a non-public entity.
Perform analytical procedures. This would be done under
both approaches, although such procedures may be more
extensive where control risk is reduced below the maximum.
Assess planned detection risk. This would be done under
both approaches.
It should result in lower overall audit cost. This will occur where
the client's business activity is complex and its volume of
transactions is large. In this type of situation, internal controls
can provide a great deal of assurance that many of the
financial statement assertions are correct, and the audit effort
to test those controls can be significantly less than full-scale
substantive tests of balances would require.
For very large audits, it would be impossible to complete the
audit on time and at an acceptable cost without relying on
controls. Large clients are usually publicly held and must file
their Form 10-K with the SEC within 60 days of their fiscal
year end. These large companies generally have many
locations, including worldwide operations. Controls must be
relied upon to do these audits.
The more detailed investigation of controls that is required to
reduce control risk, including testing, provides a better
understanding of the system. This not only may provide a more
concrete basis for conducting substantive tests, it creates more
opportunities to make useful recommendations to the client.
Performance of detailed tests of transactions creates the
opportunity to reveal employee defalcations that would
otherwise not be discovered. In addition, employee knowledge
that transactions will be examined serves as a deterrent to
defalcation in the first place.
The primary advantage of the "substantive" approach is one of

efficiency. Where clients are smaller, there is less opportunity to
adequately segregate core duties, which makes it more difficult to
rely on controls. Thus, the auditor focuses the audit work on the
balance sheet as of the end of the client's fiscal year. Furthermore,
13-21
13-36 Part I (continued)

by going into the client's office at one point in time and doing the
entire audit, auditor scheduling problems are reduced and there is
less disruption to the client.
13-36 Part II
a.
.17 is the level of detection risk for tests of the inventory balance
that will provide an overall audit risk of .05 assuming tests of
controls and analytical procedures are conducted as planned and
achieve the expected results (i.e., don't indicate any misstatements
exceeding a tolerable amount). Thus, as individual tests of details
of inventory are planned, their design would be based on that level
of risk of failing to reveal a greater-than-tolerable misstatement.
b.
TDR =
.05
1.0 x 1.0 x .6
TDR = .08
c.
The reduction of risk that can be taken for detailed tests of the
inventory balance means that more reliance must be placed on
those detailed tests. In this case, the degree of allowable risk is cut
in half. In terms of sample size, this will result in a significant
increase (the exact impact will depend on the sampling method
used). It is also possible the auditor may feel less comfortable
relying on analytical procedures to the extent otherwise planned,
and may believe some other detailed tests are appropriate.
13-36 Part III

It is not appropriate to "rework" the Audit Risk Model as proposed by the
staff person. The Audit Risk Model is a planning model that is based on
testing the hypothesis that the financial statements do not contain a
material misstatement. If an indication of a possible misstatement is
revealed by applying the model at any stage, the hypothesis must be
rejected and the audit plan revised to assume there is a material
misstatement that must be subjected to measurement. The staff person
should independently evaluate whether the increase in control risk
requires an increase in substantive tests.
Internet Problem Solution: Assessing Effects of Evidence Mix
13-1
Auditors develop overall audit plans to ensure that they obtain "sufficient
appropriate audit evidence. To this end, auditors employ various types of audit
tests, or audit procedures. The extent to which auditors use different audit
procedures and the timing of those procedures is a matter of professional
judgment that depends upon a number of factors. Decisions about the mix of
audit procedures and the timing of procedures significantly impact the speed with
which an audit report can be issued.
13-22
Internet Problem 13-1 (continued)

1.
What factors will an auditor likely consider when determining the

types and timing of audit procedures?
Answer:
The auditors selection (i.e., mix) of audit procedures is impacted by
a number of factors including the availability of different types of
audit evidence, the costs associated with the various procedures,
effectiveness of the clients internal controls, and the presence of
inherent risk factors. The timing of audit procedures is influenced by
several factors including the effectiveness of the clients internal
controls, when the client needs the audit to be completed, when the
audit evidence will be most effective (i.e., interim versus year-end)
and available (e.g., electronic evidence may be available for a
limited period of time), and when members of the audit staff are
available.
2.
Visit web sites for Yahoo! [http://www.yahoo.com/], Cisco Systems,

Inc.[http://www.cisco.com/], and McDonald's [http://www.mcdonalds.
com/]. Determine each company's fiscal year-end and the date of
the auditor's report for the most recent fiscal year. How do you
explain your findings? Speculate on how the auditors' strategies
might differ for these companies.
Answer:
Visit the companies websites to determine the latest applicable
dates for reports. Student explanations will likely vary; however,
students should consider the possibility of an increased reliance on
tests of controls and the use of interim testing, the effectiveness of
the companys internal controls, and the presence of electronic
evidence. The audit report dates for these companies 2008 reports
range from approximately 45 days to 60 days after year-end. This
suggests extensive reliance on controls and testing prior to yearend. This question provides a segue to a discussion regarding the
increasing pressure felt by companies to release financial statement
results soon after year-end and the resultant pressure on the
companys auditors to perform their audits more quickly. You may
wish to ask the students to consider how this pressure may impact
audit quality and risk.
(Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because
Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions may change. Current
information on Internet problems is available at www.pearsonglobaleditions.com/arens.)
13-23

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Risk assessment procedures

While risk assessment procedures (procedures to gain an understanding

The examination of vendor invoices for indication that they have

Substantive tests of transactions are audit procedures testing for monetary

Recalculation of amounts (quantity times unit selling price) on selected

Control #1 -- Computer verification of the customers credit limit.

Control #2 The accounts receivable clerk matches bills of lading,

Tests of details of balances

Tests of details of balances

All except analytical procedures

Risk assessment procedures and tests of controls

Inquiries of the client

All five types

Tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions,

Substantive tests of transactions and tests of

Going from most to least costly, the types of tests are:

Tests of details of balances

13-14 C represents the auditor's assessment of the effectiveness of internal control.

Apply the transaction-related audit objectives to the class of

13-17 The approach to designing tests of controls and substantive tests of

Inventory on the inventory

Check extensions of price

Trace inventory from final

Existing inventory items

Select items from the physical

Inventory items included in

Perform price tests of inventory

Inventory as included in the

Compare the classification of

Inventory cutoff is properly

Trace selected receiving

Inventory on the financial

Inquire of factory employees

Inventory items in the

Review contracts with suppliers

13-21 Auditors frequently consider it desirable to perform audit tests throughout

Update fixed asset schedules.

 Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations

 Discussion Questions and Problems

Account for numbers included in the sequence

Examine invoices for controller's approval.

Observe the cashier preparing the deposit slip

Examine sales invoice for initials.

Examine a sample of bank reconciliations for

Observe whether the supervisor is present and

Observe president's secretary opening mail and

Account for numerical

Observe cash handling

Perform tests of bank

Examine invoice packages

Examine invoices for the

Examine invoices for

Examine vendors' invoices

Obtain prices from purchasing

Account for a numerical

Confirm accounts payable,

Examine vendors' invoices

Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations

Discussion Questions and Problems