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Measurement Pressure

pressure measurement

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97 views20 pages

Measurement Pressure

pressure measurement

Uploaded by

lp mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A presentation

On

Pressure Measurement
By D K Dey
Asstt Professor , JIPT

U Tube invented by
Christian Huygensin 1661

Liquid column
gauges consist of a
vertical column of
liquid in a tube
whose ends are
exposed to different
pressures

The difference in
fluid height in a
liquid column
manometer is
proportional to the
pressure difference.

Pressure Measurements
The Pressure Measurement in Thermal
Power Station ranges from less than
atmospheric at condenser to
hydraulic test pressure of boiler.
Pressure Measurement is made for :
a. Steam / Water Pressure
b. Fuel oil / Lubricating Oil Pressure
c. Air Flue Gases Pressure
d. Hydrogen Pressure etc
3

Pressure Measurement

Many Techniques used

Types of Measurement
Absolute Pressure
Guage Pressure
Differential Pressure

Pressure Measurement

Static pressureis uniform in all directions, so pressure


measurements are independent of direction in an
immovable (static) fluid. Flow, however, applies additional
pressure on surfaces perpendicular to the flow direction,
while having little impact on surfaces parallel to the flow
direction. This directional component of pressure in a
moving (dynamic) fluid is calleddynamic pressure.
An instrument facing the flow direction measures the sum
of the static and dynamic pressures; this measurement is
called thetotal pressureorstagnation pressure. Since
dynamic pressure is referenced to static pressure, it is
neither gauge nor absolute; it is a differential pressure.

Pressure Units
Pascal
Bar
Atmosphere

1 Pa

= 1 N/m2

1 Atm = 101325 Pa
= 1.01325 Bar

Types of Pressure Sensors

Absolute pressure sensor


measures the pressure relative toperfect vacuum
pressure (0PSIor no pressure).

Gauge pressure sensor


pressure relative to a given atmospheric pressure

Vacuum pressure sensor


measure pressure less than the atmospheric pressure

Differential pressure sensor


measures the difference between two pressures

Pressure Sensing Technology

Force collector type :

Piezoresistive Type :

Uses thepiezoresistiveeffect of formedstrain gaugesto


detect strain due to applied pressure.

Capacitive Type :

use a force collector


(such a diaphragm, piston, bourdon tube, or bellows) to
measure strain (or deflection) due to applied force (pressure)
over an area.

Uses a diaphragm and pressure cavity to create a


variablecapacitorto detect strain due to applied
pressure.

Pressure Sensing Technology

Optical Type :
use of the physical change of an optical fiber to detect strain
due to applied pressure.

Potentiometric Type :

Uses the motion of a wiper along a resistive mechanism to


detect the strain caused by applied pressure.

Resonant frequency Type :


Uses the changes inresonant frequencyin a sensing
mechanism to measure stress, or changes in gas density,
caused by applied pressure.

Pressure Sensing Technology

Thermal Conductivity Type :


Uses the changes inthermal conductivityof
a gas due to density changes to measure
pressure. A common example of this type is
thePirani gauge.

Ionization Type :

Measures the flow of charged gas particles


(ions) which varies due to density changes to
measure pressure. Common examples are
the Hot and Cold Cathode gages
.

Pressure Sensors

Measurespressure , typically of
gasesorliquids

Usually acts as atransducer

Generates an electrical signal as a


functionof the pressure imposed.
used for control and monitoring of
everyday applications

Are also calledpressure


transducers,pressure
transmitters,pressure
senders,pressure
indicatorsandpiezometers,ma
nometers, among other names.

Pressure Guages

McLeod gauge
Isolates a sample of gas and
compresses it in a modified
mercury manometer until
the pressure is a fewmmHg
Useful range: above
roughly 10-2Pa as high as
0.1 mPa
0.1 mPa is the lowest direct
measurement of pressure
that is possible with current
technology

Pressure Guages

Aneroidgauge
"Aneroid" means "without
fluid,"
Can be used to measure
the pressure of a liquid as
well as a gas
Pressure sensing element
may be aBourdon tube, a
diaphragm, a capsule, or a
set of bellows, which will
change shape in response
to the pressure of the
region in question
Useful range: above
roughly 1Pa

Pressure Switch

Makes electrical
contact when a
certain setpressure
has been reached
on its input
Types :
a. Pneumatic
b. Hydraulic

Pressure Transmitters
Translate low-level electrical outputs from
pressure sensing devices to higher-level
signals that are suitable for transmission and
processing
Can produce several types of electrical
signals, includinganalog voltageand
analog current.
These output signals can be encoded via
amplitude modulation (AM), frequency
modulation (FM), or some other modulation
scheme such as sine wave or pulse train.

Pressure Transmitters
All ST 3000 transmitters can provide a 420 mA output, Honeywell Digitally
Enhanced (DE) output, HART output or
FOUNDATION Fieldbus output when
digitally integrated with Honeywells
Experion Process Knowledge System.
Honeywells high-performance ST 3000
S100 transmitters lead the industry in:
Accuracy
Stability
Reliability
Rangeability
Warranty
Includes Lifetime Transmitters:
Accuracy = +/-0.0375%
Stability = +/-0.01% per year
Reliability = 470 years MTBF
Rangeability = 400 to 1
Lifetime Warranty = 15 years

Venturi Tubes
Venturi Tubes are used widely for
measurement of Differential
Pressure(DP) in industries were
accurate DP is required.
Venturi Tubes are designed as
per BS142 on the basis of
customers given fluid, flow.
Temperature pressure details.
Venturi tube has two pressure
tappings of BSP (f).
M.O.C. as per fluid
requirement
Indicating instrument optional

Differential Pressure Guage


Specifications
Accuracy
: 2% ofthe FSD (Ascending)
Migration
:Minor from high to low port
Range
:0-0.25 to 0-70 bar
First marking on the scale :20% of the FSD
Sensing element
:Piston
Wetted parts :Body material, SS 302 spring,
Case material :Stainless steel (SS 304)
Dial size in inch /mm
:2",2.5",3.5",4",4.5", 6
Mounting
:Direct, front flange
Maximum working pressure:200/400 bar. 200 bar
for Alu, Brass & 400 bar for SS body
Maximum process temperature
:8oc /175 F
Body material :Aluminum, Brass, SS 316 &
Protection
:IP 65/ NEMA-4

Communication protocols
a. Ethernet,DeviceNet,
b. FOUNDATION Fieldbus,
c. Process Fieldbus (PROFIBUS), (PROFIBUS is a
registered trademark of PROFIBUS International )and
d. Highway Addressable Remote Transmission
(HART). HART is a registered trademark of the HART
Communication Foundation.
e. RS232 and RS485 are serial,digitalprotocols.
f. Parallel protocols include the general-purpose
interface bus (GPIB), a standard which is also known
as IEEE 488.

THANK YOU
For any enquiries please contact
+ 91-98931 01255
Email: [email protected]

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