How Did Newton Change Our View of The Universe?
How Did Newton Change Our View of The Universe?
How Did Newton Change Our View of The Universe?
F = ma
m = mass of the object
a = acceleration
F = force
For the same amount of force, you produce less acceleration for a more
massive object. (You can throw a wad of paper farther than a rock.)
QUESTION: A compact car and a Mack truck have a headon collision. Are the following true or false? (Think about a
limiting case what about a truck and a flying insect?)
QUESTION: A compact car and a Mack truck have a headon collision. Are the following true or false? (Think about a
limiting case what about a truck and a flying insect?)
Conservation Laws
Important conservation laws in physics:
Conservation of momentum (linear momentum and
angular momentum)
Conservation of energy
Conservation Laws
The conservation laws are embodied in Newtons
laws, but offer a different and sometimes more
powerful way to consider motion of objects.
Conservation of momentum is reflected in
Newtons Second & Third Laws.
For example, when 2 objects collide:
Object 1 exerts a force Object 2 and changes its momentum
(Newtons Second Law).
However, Object 2 exerts an equal and opposite change in
the momentum of Object 1 (Newtons Third Law).
Overall, the total momentum of the 2 objects is unchanged.
Linear momentum =
an objects tendency to move in a straight line
linear momentum = mass x velocity
p = mv
Angular momentum =
an objects tendency to spin
angular momentum = mass x velocity x radius
L = mvr
where radius is objects distance from its center of rotation.
Conservation of Energy
Energy = the ability to move matter.
Energy is conserved, but it can:
Transfer from one object to another
Change in form
Thermal energy:
the collective kinetic energy of many particles
(for example, in a rock, in air, in water)
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the many
particles in a substance.
Thermal energy is related to temperature but NOT the same.
Cold
Hot
Thermal energy:
the collective kinetic energy of many particles
(for example, in a rock, in air, in water)
Thermal energy is a
measure of the total
kinetic energy of all
the particles in a
substance.
It therefore depends
both on temperature
AND density.
Which one would you
stick your hand in?
Depends on:
Objects mass (m)
Strength of gravity (g)
Height that an
object could
potentially fall (h)
In space, an object or
gas cloud has more
gravitational potential
energy when it is
spread out than when it
contracts.
E = mc2
Fg = G M1M2 / d2
M
Force, F
2M
Force, 2F
2d
Force, 1/4F
2x as strong
4x as strong
1/2 as strong
1/4 as strong
2x as strong
4x as strong
1/2 as strong
1/4 as strong
2x as strong
4x as strong
1/2 as strong
1/4 as strong
2x as strong
4x as strong
1/2 as strong
1/4 as strong
2x as strong
4x as strong
1/2 as strong
1/4 as strong
2x as strong
4x as strong
1/2 as strong
1/4 as strong
p2 =
2
4
a
(M +M )
1
2
p = orbital period
a = average orbital distance (between centers of objects)
(M1 + M2) = sum of object masses
(4/G) = numerical constant
p2 =
2
4
a
(M +M )
1
2
p = orbital period
a = average orbital distance (between centers of objects)
(M1 + M2) = sum of object masses
(4/G) = numerical constant
VERY POWERFUL: If a small object orbits a larger one, by
measuring the orbiting objects orbital period AND average
orbital distance, can find mass of the larger object.
p2 =
2
4
a
(M +M )
1
2
VERY POWERFUL: If a small object orbits a larger one, by
measuring the orbiting objects orbital period AND average
orbital distance, can find the mass of the larger object.
Calculate the mass of Sun from Earths orbital period (1 year) and average
distance (1 AU).
Calculate mass of Earth from orbital period and distance of a satellite.
Calculate mass of Jupiter from orbital period and distance of one of its
moons.