Reiche 2003 0548

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Start-End Simulations for the LCLS X-Ray Free-Electron Laser


S. Reichea , P. Emmab , H.-D. Nuhnb , C. Pellegrinia
a
University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA
b
Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94309, USA

In this paper we evaluate the performance of the LCLS FEL, including all known physical effects -from the
electron source to the undulator exit- which determine the X-ray pulse characteristics. The wavelength range
considered is from 15 to 1.5 Ångstrom, with an extension to 0.5 Ångstrom using the third harmonic. The results
of this work have been useful to identify areas in the LCLS design where improvements could be made, thus
optimizing the system performance.

1. Introduction 5 GeV - 1 nC 5 GeV - 200 pC


10
10
The successful operation of Self-Amplifying
< P > [W]

8
10
Spontaneous Radiation Free-Electron Lasers 15 GeV - 1 nC
(SASE FEL) down to a wavelength of 80 nm [1] 6 15 GeV - 200 pC
10
are essential experimental results for a better un- solid - with wakefields
4 dashed - without wakefields
derstanding of the beam dynamics of the injector, 10
0 20 40 60 80
linear accelerator and FEL and to the check of z [m]
numerical codes with experimental data. The ob-
tained experience on start-end simulations can be
applied for LCLS [2], operating in the Ångstrom
level. Figure 1. Radiation power for low and high
We discuss the results of the start-end simula- charge case at 15 and 1.5 Å and with and without
tion results for the LCLS X-ray FEL. For the sim- wakefields.
ulation we use the codes Parmela [3] for t injector,
Elegant [4] for the LCLS beamline and Genesis
1.3 [5] for the FEL with macro particle distribu-
tions with 105 – 106 .
charge suggest a better performance at lower
2. The LCLS Design Case charge the performance is worse. The reason is
that for the simulation for 200 pC the input deck
The operation point of LCLS is limited in was modeled after the results of GTF [6], which
charge and energy. Beam diagnostics loose in res- measured a larger slice emittance than theoreti-
olution for less than 200 pC while bunches with cally expected. Compared to the 1nC, which use
more than 1 nC have stronger wakefield CSR ef- the theoretically value for the slice emittance, the
fects and, thus, an insufficient energy spread and beam brightness is reduced.
emittance. The maximum beam energy is 14.5 The radiation profile of each case due not re-
GeV while the lower limit of 4.5 GeV is given flect the current profile, because CSR [7] effects
by the final bunch compressor, which operates at and undulator wakefields [8] spoils the beam qual-
this energy, and the stability of the quadrupole ity and the amplification process locally. The re-
lattice along the undulator. sult for the 1 nC case at 1.5 Å is shown in Fig. 2,
The results for the four corner poins are shown where clearly gaps are visible at the beginning
in Fig. 1. Although the emittance scaling with and end of the time-window, which coverse the
2

80 0.3
1.5 Å - 1nC
n=1
60

|<exp[inθ ]>|
0.2
P [GW]

n=2
40
0.1

20 n=3
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 z [m]
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
t [ps]

Figure 3. Evolution of the bunching factor at


Figure 2. Radiation pulse profile at saturation at the fundamental and next two higher harmonics
1.5 Å and 1nC. along the LCLS undulator.

entire electron bunch. The impact by wakefields tion length is well within the length of the LCLS
and CSR is much reduced at 15 Å due to the undulator. Finally, the harmonic content in the
shorter saturation length and wider FEL band- current modulation suggest a succesful operation
width. The spectra are slightly shifted towards of a second undulator, tuned to one of the har-
larger wavelenngth than 1.5 Å, which can be ex- monics.
plained by the net loss due wakefields.
REFERENCES
3. Emission at Higher Harmonics 1. V. Ayvazyan et al., Phys. Ref. Lett. 88 (2002)
104802
The non-linear dynamics of the FEL process
2. Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC-
drives also the microbunching on harmonics of
R-521, UC-414 (1998)
the resonant wavelngth. This process dominates
3. L. M. Young, J. H. Billen, Parmela, LA-UR-
over the bunching of a higher harmonics due to
96-1835, Rev. Jan. 2000.
the interaction with the harmonics in the radia-
4. M. Borland, Elegant, APS LS-287, Sep. 2000.
tion field [9]. For LCLS the modulation at the
5. S. Reiche, Nucl. Inst. & Meth. A429 (1999)
harmonics is about 10% for the second harmonic
243
and 5% for the third (see Fig. 3. This allows
6. D.H. Dowell et al.., Proc. of the 24th Inter-
to follow the LCLS undulator a second undula-
national Free Electron Laser Conference, Ar-
tor, tuned to the higher harmonics. The coherent
gone, 2002, USA
emission is accumulated and a radiation power
7. Y.S. Derbenev et al. TESLA-FEL 95-05,
level at 0.5 Å in the GW range can be expected.
DESY, Hamburg, Germany (1995)
8. S. Reiche et al. Nucl. Inst. & Meth. A475
4. Conclusion (2001) 328
9. Z. Huang and K.-J. Kim, Phys. Rev. E62
Start-end simulations showed a succesful op-
(2000) 7295
eration of the LCLS X-ray Free-Electron Laser
within the design operation space (4.5 – 14.5 GeV
and 0.2 – 1.0 nC). While theory suggest lower
values for slice emittance, the simulations at 200
pC were match to the experimental results of
GTF with larger slice emittances. The satura-

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