Solved Problems by: SAUT BONIFACIO R.

1. A jet propulsion unit, with turbojet engine, having a forward speed of 1,100
km/hr produces 14 kN of thrust and uses 40 kg of air per second. Find: (a) the
relative exit jet velocity, (b) the thrust power, and (c) the propulsive efficiency

( a ) C a=

1100 x 1000
m
=305.56
3600
s

F=m ( C j Ca )
14000=40 ( C j305.56 )
C j=655.56 m/s

( b) W = ( F ) (C a)
( 14000 )( 305.56 )
4,277.8 k J

( c ) p=

2
2
=
=0.636=63.6
Cj
655.56
1+
1+
305.56
Ca

2. The effective jet velocity of a rocket is 2,700 m/s, the forward flight velocity is
1350 m/s and the propellant consumption is 73.3 kilogram per second.
Calculate: (a) thrust, (b) thrust power, and (c) propulsive efficiency.

( a ) F=m(V ej )
( 73.3 )( 2700 )
197.91 kN

( b) W = ( F ) (C a)
( 197910 )( 1350 )
267.18 MJ

( c ) p=

Ca
V ej

( )
( )

C
1+ a
V ej

1350
)
2700

=0.8=80
2
1350
1+(
)
2700
2(

3. Given the following data for a bipropellant rocket motor:

Flight velocity= 650 m/s
Effective jet velocity= 1950 m/s
Rate of propellant consumption= 7 kg/s
Calculate: (a) thrust, (b) thrust power and (c) the propulsive efficiency

( a ) F=m ( V ej )
( 7 ) ( 1950 )
13650 N

( b) W = ( F ) (C a)
( 13650 )( 1950 )
26.62 MJ

( c ) p=

Ca
V ej

( )
( )

1+

Ca
V ej

650
(
1950 )

650
1+ (
1950 )
2

0.60=60

4. Missile is propelled by ramjet using JP-8 fuel, maximum temperature of 2100K.

Find: (a) maximum velocity, u that
missile could achieve in level flight, and
(b)

ue ,max

at this maximum operating

flight speed
Assumptions: flow through the ramjet around the missile is ideal
air is a thermally and calorically perfect gas
2
( a ) T 02=T a + u
2 cp

umax = 2 c p ( T max T a )
(2 )( 1200 ) ( 2100250 )
2110m/s

( b ) Since no fuel is added , air is expanded back yo its original velocity ,i . e , ue =u .

ue =2110 m/ s

5. Consider a turbojet-powered airplane flying at a velocity of 300 m/s at an

altitude of 10 km, where the free-stream pressure and density are

2.65 x 104

N
kg
0.414 3
2
m
m , respectively. The turbojet engine has inlet and exit

areas of

2m

and

1m

exhaust gas are 500 m/s and

, respectively. The velocity and pressure of the

2.3 x 104

N
2
m

respectively. The fuel-to-mass ratio

is 0.05. Calculate the thrust of the engine.

mair = V i A i=( 0.414 )( 300 ) ( 2 )=248.4

kg
s

mtotal=1.05 mair =( 1.05 ) (248.4 )=260.82

kg
s

F=m tal V f mair V i + ( p f pi ) A e

( 260.82 )( 500 ) ( 248.4 ) ( 300 ) + ( ( 2.32.65 ) x 104 ) ( 1 )
5.24 x 10 4 N

Solved Problems by: FRANCIS R. LOBITANA

1. The following data apply to a turbojet aircraft flying at an altitude of 6.1 km

where the ambient conditions are 0.458 bar and 248 K.
Speed of aircraft

805 km/h

Pressure ratio of compressor

4:1

Combustion chamber pressure loss

0.21 bar

Turbine inlet temperature

1100 K

Intake duct efficiency

95%

Isentropic efficiency of compressor

0.85

Isentropic efficiency of turbine

0.90

Mechanical efficiency of transmission

99%

Nozzle efficiency

95%

Find the nozzle pressure ratio. Assume convergent nozzle. Take C pa = 1.005 KJ/kg-K
and k = 1.4, Cpg = 1.147 KJ/kg-K and kg = 1.33.

SOLUTION:

805(1000)
223.6 m/s
3600
2
k
Ci
P01 Pa {1 ram [(1
) k 1 1]}
2C pTa

Speed of aircraft

0.458{1 0.95[(1

223.6 2
)3.5 1]}
2(1.005)(248)(1000)

0.631 bar
P02 r (P01 ) 4(0.631) 2.524 bar
2

Ci
223.6 2
T01 Ta
248
272.87 K
2C p
2(1005)
T
T02 T01 01 (r
c
T03 T04

k 1
k

1) 429.08 K

C pa (T02 T01 )
C pg m

1.005(429.08 272.87)
138.25 K
1.147(0.99)

T04 1100 138.25 961.75 K

P03 P02 0.21 2.52 0.21 2.31 bar
T04 ' T03

T03 T04
138.25
1100
946.389 K
T
0.90
kg

T ' k 1
946.389 4.03
P04 P03 ( 04 ) g 2.31(
) 1.26 bar
T03
1100
nozzle pressure ratio :
P04 P04 1.26

2.751
P5
Pa 0.458

2. A turboprop aircraft is flying at 600 km/h at an altitude where the ambient

conditions are 0.458 bar and -15 OC. Compressor pressure ratio 9:1. Maximum
gas temperature 1200 K. The intake duct efficiency is 0.9. And total head
isentropic efficiency of compressor and turbine is 0.89 and 0.93 respectively.
Calculate the specific power output in KJ/kg of the unit taking mechanical
efficiency of transmission as 98% and neglecting the losses other than
specified. Assume the exhaust gases leave the aircraft at 600 km/h relative to
the aircraft. Take Cpa = 1.005 KJ/kg-K and k = 1.4, Cpg = 1.147 KJ/kg-K and kg

= 1.33.
SOLUTION:

5
) 166.67 m/s
18
2
Ci
166.67 2
T01 ' Ta
258
271.82 K T01
2C p
2(1005)
Ci C j 600(

P01 ' Pa (

T01 ' k 1
271.82 3.5
) 0.458(
) 0.5497 bar
Ta
258

P01 i ( P01 ' Pa ) Pa 0.9(0.5497 0.458) 0.458 0.5405 bar

P02 r ( P01 ) 9(0.5405) 4.865 bar
T02 ' T01 (r )
T02 T01

k 1
k

271.82(9) 0.286 509.60 K

T02 'T01
509.60 271.82
271.82
539 K
c
0.89

P
T04 ' T03 ( 04 )
P03

k g 1
kg

1
1200( ) 0.248 695.87 K
9

T04 T03 T (T03 T04 ' ) 1200 0.93(1200 695.87) 731.16 K

WN WT

C (T T )
WC
1.005(539 271.82)
C pg (T03 T04 ) pa 02 01 1.147(1200 731.16)
m
m
0.98

WN 263.76 KJ/kg

3. A jet propelled plane consuming air at the rate of 18.2 kg/s is to fly at a Mach
number 0.6, at an altitude of 4500 m (Pa = 0.55 bar, Ta = 255 K). The diffuser
which has a pressure coefficient of 0.9, decreases the flow to a negligible
velocity. The compressor pressure ratio is 5 and maximum temperature in the
combustion chamber is 1273 K. After expanding in the turbine, the gases
continue to expand in the nozzle to a pressure of 0.69 bar. The isentropic
efficiencies of compressor, turbine, and nozzle are 0.81, 0.85, and 0.915
respectively. The heating value of the fuel is 45870 KJ/kg. Assume C p = 1.005
KJ/kg-K, Cpg = 1.147 KJ/kg-K, k = 1.4, kg = 1.33. Calculate the power input to
the compressor.
SOLUTION:

Ci M i kRTa 0.6 1.4(287)(255) 192.05 m/s

2

T01 ' T01 Ta

Ci
192.052
255
273.35 K
2C p
2(1005)

P01 ' T01 k 1

( )
Pa
Ta
273.35 3.5
) 0.701 bar
255
P P
01 a 0.9
P01 ' Pa

P01 ' 0.55(

ram

P01 0.9( P01 ' Pa ) Pa 0.9(0.701 0.55) 0.55 0.686 bar

P02
r 5
P01
P02 5(0.686) 3.43 bar
T02 T01[1

1
(r
c

1.4 1
1. 4

1)] 273.35[1

1
(50.286 1)] 470.62 K
0.81

WC ma C p (T02 T01 ) 18.2(1.005)(470.62 273.35)

WC 3608.26 kW

4. From the previous problem, determine the fuel - air ratio.

SOLUTION:

fuel - air ratio (ma m f )(C pg )(T03 T02 ) m f CV

m f CV (18.2 m f )(1.147)(1273 470.62)
m f 0.373 kg/s

mf
ma

0.373
18.2

f 0.0205

5. Air enters a turbojet engine at a rate of 12x10 4 kg/h at 15 OC and 1.03 bar and is
compressed adiabatically to 182 OC and four times the pressure. Products of
combustion enter the turbine at 815 OC and leave it at 650 OC to enter the nozzle.
Calculate the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, and the power required to
drive the compressor. Assume Cp = 1.005 KJ/kg-K, Cpg = 1.147 KJ/kg-K, k = 1.4, kg =
1.33.

SOLUTION:

T02 T01

T01
[r
c

455 288

k 1
k

1]

288 0.286
(4
1)
c

c 84%
Compressor Work :
12 x10 4
33.33 kg/s
3600
WC m a C p (T02 T01 ) 33.33(1.005)(455 288)

ma

WC 5594 kW

GAS TURBINE

SHAFT POWER CYCLES PROBLEMS

Solved by: Kerstein Kylle P. Despi
1. In an ideal gas turbine, 300 K air enters the compressor at 1 kPa below standard atmospheric
conditions, with a volumetric flow rate of 5 m 3/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 10. The
turbine inlet temperature was measured to be 1400K. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the
cycle, (b) back work ratio, and (c) net power developed. Assume air standard.
Given: BRAYTON CYCLE AIR STANDARD

T 1 =300 K
T 3 =1400 K
P1=100.325 kPa
r=10

k =1.4( air std .)

c p=1.005

Solution:
(a) Thermal efficiency

1
r

()

=1

1
1
10

( )

k1
k

1.41
1.4

kJ
( air std . )
kg K

(b) Back work ratio

T 2 =T 1 ( r )

k1
k

300 K ( 10 )

bwr=

1.41
1.4

T 2 =579.2 K

=48.21
T 4=T 3

( 1r )

1400 K

( )

579.2 K300 K
1400 K725.1 K

bwr=41.4

k1
k

1
10

T 2T 1
T 3 T 4

1.41
1.4

T 4=725.1 K
kJ
kJ
W T =c p ( T 3 T 4 )=1.005
( 1400 K725.1 K )=678.27
kg K
kg

(a) Net power developed

W c =c p ( T 1T 2) =1.005

kJ
kJ
( 300 K579.2 K )=280.60
kg K
kg

W net =W T +W c =678.27

kJ
kJ
kJ
280.60 =397.67
kg
kg
kg

2. In an air-standard Brayton cycle, the minimum and maximum temperature are 300 K and
1200 K, respectively. The pressure ratio is that which maximizes the net work developed by the
cycle per unit mass of air flow. Calculate the (a) compressor work, (b) turbine work and (c)
thermal efficiency of the cycle.
Given: BRAYTON CYCLE AIR STANDARD

T 1 =300 K
T 3 =1200 K
k =1.4(air std .)
Solution:
To maximize work output:

r=

T3
T1

( )

k
2 (k1 )

c p=1.005

1200 K
300 K

T 2 =T 1 ( r )
T 4=T 1

1
r

k1
k

()

1.4
2(1.41 )

=300 K (11.3 )

k1
k

(a) Compressor Work:

W c =c p ( T 1T 2) =1.005
(b) Turbine Work:

W T =c p ( T 3 T 4 )=1.005

=11.3

=1200 K

1
r

()

k1
k

1
11.3

( )

1.41
1.4

=600 K

kJ
kJ
( 1200 K600 K ) =603.0
kg K
kg

( )

=1

1
11.3

=600 K

kJ
kJ
( 300 K600 K )=301.5
kg K
kg

(c) Thermal Efficiency:

=1

1.41
1.4

1.41
1.4

=50

kJ
( air std . )
kg K

3. A gas turbine unit receives air at 1 bar, 300 K and compresses it adiabatically to 6.2 bar. The
compressor efficiency is 88%. The fuel has a heating value of 44186

kJ
kg K

and the fuel-air

kg of fuel
kg of air . The turbine internal efficiency is 90%. Calculate the work of turbine

ratio is 0.017

and compressor per kg of air compressed and thermal efficiency. For products of combustion

c p=1.147

kJ
k =1.33 .
kg K ,

Given:

k =1.33

T 1 =300 K

k '=1.4

kJ
c p=1.147
kg K
c ' p=1.005

kJ
kg K

c =88
Solution:

T 2 =T 1
T '2 =

P2
P1

( )

'

k 1
'
k

=300 K

6.2
1

( )

1.41
1.4

=505.26 K

T 2T 1
505.26300
+T 1=
+300=533.25 K
c
0.88

Heat added=mf Heating value

[( ) ]

mf
m
heating value= 1+ f c p T 3 ( c ' p T ' 2 )
ma
ma

( )

P1=1

P2=P3=6.2
mf
=0.017
ma

1.005

kJ
kgK

533.25
K

kJ
kg K
kJ
( 0.017 ) 44186
+
kg K

( 1+0.017 ) 1.147

[
T3=

[( )

mf
heating value + ( c ' p T ' 2 )
ma
m
1+ f c p
ma

( )

T 3 =1103.37 K

T 4=T 3

P3
P4

( )

k1
k

=1103.37 K

1
6.2

( )

1.331
1.33

=701.64 K

T ' 4=T 3( T 3T 4 ) t =1103.37 K ( 1103.37 K 701.64 K ) 0.90=741.81 K

(a) Compressor Work:

W c =c ' p ( T 1T ' 2 )=1.005

(b) Turbine Work:

W T =c p ( T 3 T ' 4 )=1.147

kJ
kJ
( 300 K533.25 K )=234.42
kg K
kg

kJ
kJ
(1103.37 K741.81 K )=414.71
kg K
kg

(c) Thermal Efficiency:

W c +W t
414.71234.42
=
=24.00
Heat supplied ( 0.017 ) ( 44186)

4. In a gas turbine installation the compressor takes in air at a temperature of 20C and compresses it to four times the initial pressure with an isentropic efficiency of 84%. The air is then
passed through a heat exchanger and heated by the turbine exhaust before reaching the
combustion chamber. In the heat exchanger, 80% of the available heat is given to compressed
air. The maximum temperature after constant pressure combustion is 580C and the isentropic
efficiency of the turbine is 75%. Determine the overall efficiency of the plant. Assume air at
standard conditions.

Solution:

k =1.4
c p=1.005

kJ
kg K

c =84
t =75
=80

T 1 =20+273=293 K

T ' 2 =T 1 (r )
T2=

k1
k

=293 K (4)

1.4 1
1.4

=435.40 K

T ' 2T 1
435.40 K293 K
+T 1=
+293 K =462.52 K
c
0.84

T ' 4 =T 3

1
r

()

k 1
k

=853 K

1
4

()

1.41
1.4

=574.03 K

T 4=T 3t ( T 3T ' 4 )=853 K 0.75 ( 853 K 574.03 K )=643.77 K

T 5 = ( T 4T 2 ) +T 2=0.80 ( 643.77 K462.52 K ) + 462.52 K =607.52 K

Q =c p ( T 3T 5 )=1.005

kJ
kJ
( 853 K 607.52 K )=246.71
kg K
kg

W c =c p ( T 2T 1) =1.005

kJ
kJ
( 462.52 K293 K ) =170.37
kg K
kg

W t =c p ( T 3 T 4 )=1.005

kJ
kJ
( 853 K 643.77 K )=210.28
kg K
kg

W +W c
= t
=
Q

kJ
kJ
170.37
kg
kg
=16.17
kJ
246.71
kg

210.28

5. From problem 4, calculate the percentage increase in the thermal efficiency if the air
temperature at compressor inlet is 10o C and other parameters remain the same.
Solution:

k =1.4

c p=1.005

kJ
kg K

c =84
t =75
=80
T 1 =10+273=283 K

T ' 2 =T 1 (r )
T2=

k1
k

=283 K (4)

1.4 1
1.4

=420.54 K

T ' 2T 1
420.54 K283 K
+T 1=
+283 K=446.74 K
c
0.84

T ' 4 =T 3

1
r

()

k 1
k

=853 K

1
4

()

1.41
1.4

=574.03 K

T 4=T 3t ( T 3T ' 4 )=853 K 0.75 ( 853 K 574.03 K )=643.77 K

T 5 = ( T 4T 2 ) +T 2=0.80 ( 643.77 K446.74 K ) +446.74 K =604.36 K

Q =c p ( T 3T 5 )=1.005

kJ
kJ
( 853 K 604.36 K )=249.88
kg K
kg

W c =c p ( T 2T 1) =1.005

kJ
kJ
( 446.74 K 283 K )=164.56
kg K
kg

W t =c p ( T 3 T 4 )=1.005

kJ
kJ
( 853 K 643.77 K )=210.28
kg K
kg

W t +W c
=
Q

kJ
kJ
164.56
kg
kg
=18.30
kJ
249.88
kg

210.28

18.3016.17
=13.17
16.17

GAS TURBINE
SHAFT POWER CYCLES PROBLEMS
Solved by: Roy R. Cudias
1. A regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and reheat operates at steady
state. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K with a mass flow rate of
5.807kg/s. The pressure ratio across the two-stage compressor is 10. The
pressure ratio across the two-stage turbine is also 10. The intercooler and
reheater each operate at 300 kPa. At the inlets to the turbine stages, the
temperature is 1400 K. The temperature at the inlet to the second
compressor stage is 300 K. The isentropic efficiency of each compressor and
turbine stage is 80%. The regenerator effectiveness is 80%. Determine the
thermal efficiency.

The thermal efficiency of the system can be expressed as the ratio of the
sytems net-work output to the systems heat input
th =

W net
q ,1 +q ,2

The wnet,out can be determined from the difference between the work
output of the turbines and the work input to the compressors. The work for
each of these devices can be determined from energy balances applied to
the individual control volumes
W net ,out = [ wt ,1 +w t ,2 ] [ wc ,1 + wc ,1 ]=[ ( h6h7 ) + ( h 8h9 ) ][ ( h2h1 ) + ( h4 h3 ) ]
W net ,out =c p [ ( T 6T 7 ) + ( T 8T 9 ) ] [ ( T 2T 1 ) + ( T 4 T 3 ) ]
The heat input can be determined from energy balances applied to the
individual control volumes
q ,1 +q , 2=( h6 h5 ) + ( h8h7 )=c p [ ( T 6T 5 ) + ( T 8T 7 ) ]
Using the isentropic efficiency of the compressor
c =

h2 s h1 c p ( T 2 sT 1 )
=
h2h1 c p ( T 2T 1 )

T 2 =T 1 +

T 2 s T 1
c

T 2 s P2
=
T1
P1

( )

T 2 =300+

c =

k1
k

300
100

( )

0.4
1.4

=410.62 K

410.62300
=438.3 K
0.80

h 4 sh 3 c p ( T 4 sT 3 )
=
h4 h3 c p ( T 4 T 3 )

T 4=T 3 +

T 4 sT 4
c

T 4 s P4
=
T3
P3

( )

T 4 s=300

T 4=300+

t =

T 2 s=300

k1
k

1000
300

0.4
1.4

=423.17 K

423.2300
=453.96 K
0.80

h6 h7 c p ( T 6 T 7 )
=
h6h 7 s c p ( T 6T 7 s )

T 7 =T 6 t ( T 6T 7 s )
T 7 s P7
=
T6
P6

( )

k1
k

300
T 7 s=1400
1000

0.4
1.4

=992.51 K

T 7 =T 6 t ( T 6T 7 s )

1400( 0.8 )( 140992.51 )=1074 K

t =

h8 h9 c p ( T 8 T 9)
=
h8h 9 s c p ( T 8T 9 s )

T 9=T 8t ( T 8T 9 s )
T 9s P9
=
T8
P8

( )

T 9 s=1400

k1
k

100
300

( )

0.4
1.4

=1023 K

T 7 =T 8 t ( T 8T 9 s )

1400( 0.8 )( 14001023 )=1098.3 K

To find T5 we can make use of the regenerators effectiveness

r egen=

q regen, act h5h4 c p ( T 5 T 4 )

=
=
q regen, max h9h4 c p ( T 9 T 4 )

T 5 =T 4 + regen ( T 9 T 4 )

T 5 =453.96+ 0.8 ( 1098.3453.96 )=969.43 K

1
2
2s
3
4
4s
5
6
7
7s
8
9
9s
10

T(K)
300
438.3
410.62
300
453.96
423.2
969.43
1400
1074
992.51
1400
1098.3
1023

P(kPa)
100
300
300
300
1000
1000
1000
1000
300
300
300
100
100
100

th =

[ ( T 6T 7 ) +( T 8T 9 ) ][ ( T 2T 1 ) +( T 4 T 3 ) ]
[ ( T 6T 7 ) +( T 8T 9 ) ]

[ 326+301.7 ] [ 138.3+153.96 ]
430.57 +326

0.44344.3

2. From the previous problem, solve for Wnet, out.

W net ,out =mair w net , out

5.807 ( 1.005 )( 627.7292.26 )

1957.6 kW

3. From the previous problem, solve for the back work ratio.
wc ,
w t ,out
bwr=

282.26
627.7

0.46646.6

4. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 kPa, 300 K. The air is
compressed in two stages to 900 kPa, with intercooling to 300 K between the
stages at a pressure of 300 kPa. The turbine inlet temperature is 1480 K and
the expansion occurs in two stages, with reheat to 1420 K between the
stages at a pressure of 300 kPa. The compressor and turbine stage
efficiencies are 84 and 82% respectively, The net power developed is 1.8 W.
Determine the volumetric flow rate entering the cycle.

ha h1

haS h1 300.19 411.26 300.19 432.42 kJ

0.84

h h
aS 1 1.3860
ha h1

pa
300
p

p
4.158 raS
r1
p1
100

pr 2 S prb

p2
pb

kg

 900
4.158
300

1.3860

h2 S hb
h2 hb
h hb 300.19 411.26 300.19 432.42 kJ
2S

h2 hb

0.84

prcS pr 3

kg

pc
p3
300
189.60
900

568.8

h3 hc
h3 hcS

hc h3 h3 hcS 1611.79 0.821611.79 1201.5 1275.4

kJ
kg

pr 4 S prd

p4
pd
100
159.33
300

478.0

h4 hd
h4 hdS

h4 hd hd h4 S 1539.44 0.821539.44 1145.94 1216.77

Determine the mass flow rate

m3
AV 1 3.93
s
RT1
0.2870kJ / kg K 300 K
4.562kg / s
(105 / m 2 )
p1

AV 1 m&

W&cycle

W cycle
kJ
1.8kJ / s
394.6
m&

4.562kg / s
m
kg
394.6kJ / kg 394.6kJ / kg

W cycle
h3 hc hd h4 ha h1 h2 hb
m

W&cycle W&T 1 W&T 2 W&C1 W&C 2 1.8kJ / s

kJ
kg

W cycle
kg
m 4.562
Qin
s

kJ
Q in m h3 h2 hd hc 1443.41
kg

5. Determine the thermal efficiency and back work ratio.

W cycle
394.6

0.2734
Qin
1443.41


W C ha h1 h2 hb bwr WC
bwr

W T
W T h3 hc hd h4

bwr

264.46
0.401
659.06