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    Chapter 3

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    JasellePante
    This document summarizes key aspects of bacteria. It describes bacteria as prokaryotes without nuclei that can exist as single cells or clusters and grow in various environments. It discusses bacterial cell shape, size, cell walls containing peptidoglycans, and differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The document also outlines bacterial cell structures like the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, and inclusion granules. It briefly describes cell surface components such as flagella, fimbriae, pili, capsules, and slime layers. Biofilms, bacterial sporulation, toxins, and pathogenic bacteria are also summarized.

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    Chapter 3

    Uploaded by

    JasellePante
    37 views5 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of bacteria. It describes bacteria as prokaryotes without nuclei that can exist as single cells or clusters and grow in various environments. It discusses bacterial cell shape, size, cell walls containing peptidoglycans, and differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The document also outlines bacterial cell structures like the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, and inclusion granules. It briefly describes cell surface components such as flagella, fimbriae, pili, capsules, and slime layers. Biofilms, bacterial sporulation, toxins, and pathogenic bacteria are also summarized.

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    This document summarizes key aspects of bacteria. It describes bacteria as prokaryotes without nuclei that can exist as single cells or clusters and grow in various environments. It discusses bacterial cell shape, size, cell walls containing peptidoglycans, and differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The document also outlines bacterial cell structures like the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, and inclusion granules. It briefly describes cell surface components such as flagella, fimbriae, pili, capsules, and slime layers. Biofilms, bacterial sporulation, toxins, and pathogenic bacteria are also summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    37 views5 pages

    Chapter 3

    Uploaded by

    JasellePante
    This document summarizes key aspects of bacteria. It describes bacteria as prokaryotes without nuclei that can exist as single cells or clusters and grow in various environments. It discusses bacterial cell shape, size, cell walls containing peptidoglycans, and differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The document also outlines bacterial cell structures like the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, and inclusion granules. It briefly describes cell surface components such as flagella, fimbriae, pili, capsules, and slime layers. Biofilms, bacterial sporulation, toxins, and pathogenic bacteria are also summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    CHAPTER 3: BACTERIA

    Prokaryotes

    smallest free living microorganisms comprising of bacteria and Archaea


    Lack true nuclear membrane

    Bacteria

    Can exist as single cells or as cell clusters


    Can grow in different kinds of environment
    Can grow in nutritionally rich (compost) and nutritionally poor ( distilled water)
    situations

    Cell shape and size

    0.1-0.2 um in diameter ( rare; Thiomargarita namibiensis)


    Majority of the bacteria are 1-5 long and 1-2 diameter
    The small size of bacteria makes a notable increased and more efficient transport rates.
    This advantage allows bacteria far more rapid growth rates than eukaryotic cells.

    Cell wall

    The primary function is to provide a strong rigid structural component that can
    withstand the osmotic pressures caused by high chemical concentrations of
    inorganic ions in the cell.
    Contains Peptidoglycans ( murein or glycopeptides ) N-acetyl muramic acid
    and N-acetyl gluosamine

    Gram staining

    Gram positive cells are purple and Gram negative are red under the microscope

    Crystal
    violet

    iodine

    alcohol
    solution

    countersta
    in

    Gram negative

    the cells lose the crystal violet-iodine complex and are rendered colorless
    Multilayered structure
    red under the microscope
    Lipopolysaccharides determines the antigenicity and is extremely toxic to animals cells
    -Three regions: Lipid A (responsible for toxic and pyrogenic properties)
    Core polysaccharide
    O-specific polysaccharide (contains abequose)

    Lipoproteins

    Gram positive

    contain single type of molecules


    purple under the microscope
    contains acidic polysaccharides called teichoic acids
    lipoteichoic acid molecules released by killed bacteria trigger an inflammatory response

    Cytoplasmic membrane

    involves in the transport of nutrients and electron


    fragile, phospholipid layer
    Eukaryotes have sterols ( cholesterols)
    Mesosomes invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane
    Selective barrier between the cytoplasm and the cell environment

    Cytoplasm

    Contains 80% of water, enzymes that generate ATP directly by oxidizing glucose and
    carbon sources

    Nucleoid

    Singular, covalently, closed circular molecule of double stranded DNA complexed with
    small amounts of proteins and RNA.

    Plasmids

    Small, circular pieces of double stranded extrachromosal DNA (capable of autonomous


    replication and encode for many auxiliary functions.
    Antibiotic resistance
    Transfer readily from one organism to another, thereby increasing the spread of resistance

    Ribosomes

    Site of protein synthesis

    Inclusion granules

    Consists of storage materials composed of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorous

    CELL SURFACE COMPONENTS


    Flagella

    Bacterial motility

    Fimbriae

    not involved in motility


    consist of proteins and project from the cell surface
    acts primarily as adhesins ( allowing organisms to attach to the surfaces)

    haemagglutination and cell clumping in bacteria


    Type I fimbriae of enteric (intestinal) bacteria best characterized fimbriae

    Pili

    Genetic exchange process of conjugation

    Capsules

    Tight, fairly rigid layer closely associated with the cells

    Slime layers

    Loosely associated with the cell

    Both function to offer protection against desiccation, engulfment by phagocytes and


    protozoa and to act as cement binding

    BIOFILMS

    Microbial habitat owing to the adsorption of nutrients


    Contains multilayer communities
    Enveloping the attached cells in a matrix of EPS ( extracellular polysaccharides )
    Begins with the attaching of the cells to the surface through the use of adhesins

    BACTERIAL SPORULATION

    not part of the reproductive cycle but the spore is highly resistant that enables the
    producing organisms to survive in adverse environmental conditions

    BACTERIAL TOXINS
    Normal flora

    bacteria that are not pathogenic but can be opportunistic

    Pathogenic
    bacteria that is not a normal flora and cause diseases
    cause host damage
    Toxins

    products of bacteria that produce immediate host cell damage


    can be endotoxin ( cell wall related) or exotoxin ( products released extracellulary as
    the organisms grow)

    Endotoxin
    Lipid A component
    Multiple biological properties including the ability induce fever, initiate the complement
    and blood cascades, activate B lymphocytes and stimulate production of tumor necrosis
    factor
    Released from lysed or damaged cells
    Exotoxins
    A-B toxins- consists of B subunit that binds to a host cell receptor and is covalently bond
    to the A subunit that mediates the enzymic activities responsible for toxicity
    Cytolytic toxins- do not have separable A and B portions ( hameolysins and
    phospholipases )
    Super antigens- stimulate large number of immune response cell resulting to massive
    inflammatory reaction.

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