Navigating MySQL Stored

Procedures & Functions and

Triggers
Presented by:

Sheeri K. Cabral
At ODTUG Kaleidoscope 2010

Who I Am

MySQL DBA

MySQL User Group

First Oracle ACE Director for MySQL

Lots of community stuff (videos, blog, podcast on hiatus)

2009/2010 Pythian

Extended SQL Syntax

No pl/sql

Stored Routines

Stored procedures

Stored functions

Views

Triggers

Triggers

Invoked automatically

BEFORE, AFTER

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

6 triggers per table

Data Changes w/out Triggering

TRUNCATE

DROP

Foreign key cascading actions

Fixed when foreign keys in all storage engines

Still in the distance

Data Changes that Trigger

REPLACE

INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE

Always INSERT, sometimes DELETE too

INSERT xor UPDATE

LOAD DATA INFILE

insert

Creating a trigger

TRIGGER privilege

global, db, tbl

different before MySQL 5.1.6

CREATE TRIGGER trg_name

[ BEFORE | AFTER ]
[ INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE ]
ON tbl_name
FOR EACH ROW ....

Conflicts

Same trigger name

ERROR 1359 (HY000): Trigger already exists

Same combination of:

BEFORE / AFTER

INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE

ERROR 1235 (42000): This version of MySQL

doesn't yet support 'multiple triggers with the
same action time and event for one table'

Sample Trigger
CREATE TRIGGER staff_update_date
BEFORE INSERT ON staff
FOR EACH ROW
SET NEW.create_date = NOW();

NEW = alias for new row(s) inserted

NEW and OLD aliases

NEW

OLD

BEFORE INSERT
BEFORE UPDATE
AFTER UPDATE
AFTER DELETE

NONE

AFTER INSERT
BEFORE DELETE

Dropping a Trigger

DROP TRIGGER trg_name;

DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS trg_name;

Multiple SQL statements

For triggers and others

Will be using ;

So set DELIMITER first

FOR EACH ROW BEGIN END

Multiple SQL Statements

DELIMITER |
CREATE TRIGGER before_staff_insert
BEFORE INSERT ON staff
FOR EACH ROW BEGIN
INSERT INTO staff_create_log (username,
created) VALUES (NEW.username, NOW());
SET NEW.last_update=NOW();
END |
DELIMITER ;

Changing a Trigger

No ALTER TRIGGER

SELECT * FROM
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TRIGGERS WHERE
TRIGGER_SCHEMA='db_name' AND
TRIGGER_NAME='trg_name'
SHOW CREATE TRIGGER trg_name;

Triggers on Special Tables

Triggers are not supported on:

Views

Temporary tables

Trigger Runtime Behavior

sql_mode

sql_mode of the creator

DROP, change sql_mode, re-CREATE

charset and collation

Same as creator

DROP, change charset/collation, re-CREATE

Permissions
CREATE DEFINER=[ user@host | CURRENT_USER() ]
TRIGGER trg_name
[ BEFORE | AFTER ] [ INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE]
ON tbl_name FOR EACH ROW BEGIN END;

Requires SUPER privilege to set user@host

Finding Triggers
SELECT * FROM
INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TRIGGERS WHERE
TRIGGER_SCHEMA='db_name';
SHOW TRIGGERS;
SHOW TRIGGERS FROM 'db_name';
SHOW TRIGGERS LIKE 'trg_name';

Triggers and Replication

CREATE/DROP TRIGGER not replicated

Statement-based replication

Actions not saved to binary log

Put triggers on master and slave

Row-based replication

All changes are saved to binary log

Triggers on master only

Mixed acts like row-based

Triggers Cannot:

Modify a table being used by the DML without

NEW or OLD aliases

Be defined on a mysql table

Use SELECT without INTO variable_name

Use SHOW commands

Use LOAD DATA/TABLE

Use BACKUP/RESTORE DATABASE

Triggers Cannot:
Use prepared statement commands
PREPARE, EXECUTE, DEALLOCATE PREPARE

Use FLUSH statements

Invoke a UDF to call an external application

Use ALTER VIEW

Use RETURN

Triggers cannot cause COMMIT / ROLLBACK

COMMIT
ROLLBACK
START TRANSACTION / BEGIN / BEGIN WORK
LOCK / UNLOCK TABLES
SET AUTOCOMMIT=1
TRUNCATE TABLE
Most ALTER / CREATE / DROP / RENAME stmts

Stored Routines

Performance

Cached per connection

Stored procedure

Takes in 0 or more args

Outputs a result set

Stored function

Takes in 0 or more args

Outputs a scalar value

Similar to Triggers
DELIMITER |
CREATE PROCEDURE store_offerings
(IN p_store_id TINYINT UNSIGNED, OUT
p_count INT UNSIGNED)
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO p_count
FROM inventory WHERE
store_id=p_store_id; |
DELIMITER ;

No Input/Output
DELIMITER |
CREATE PROCEDURE update_all_staff_time ()
UPDATE staff
SET last_update=NOW() WHERE 1=1; |
DELIMITER ;

Invoking a Stored Procedure

mysql> CALL store_offerings (1, @store_1);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
mysql> SELECT @store_1;
+----------+
| @store_1 |
+----------+
|
2270 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
CALL update_all_staff_time();
CALL update_all_staff_time;

Dropping a Stored Procedure

DROP PROCEDURE store_offerings;
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS
store_offerings;

Multiple SQL statements

DELIMITER |
CREATE PROCEDURE update_all_staff_time ()
UPDATE staff
BEGIN
SET last_update=NOW() WHERE 1=1; |
END
DELIMITER ;

INOUT arguments
DELIMITER |
CREATE PROCEDURE increment_counter
(INOUT p_count INT UNSIGNED)
BEGIN SET p_count:=p_count+1;
END |
DELIMITER ;

Local variables

DECLARE var data_type at body beginning

DELIMITER |
CREATE PROCEDURE pct_increase
(INOUT p_int INT, IN p_incr INT,
OUT p_pct_incr DECIMAL (5,2))
BEGIN DECLARE p_int_new INT;
SET p_int_new := p_int + p_incr;
SET p_pct_incr := (p_int_new-p_int) /
p_int * 100;
SET p_int:=p_int_new;
END |
DELIMITER ;

Stored Procedure Runtime Behavior

sql_mode

charset

collation

Same as trigger taken from definer

Security
DEFINER and SQL SECURITY
CREATE

[ DEFINER = {user@host |
CURRENT_USER} ]
PROCEDURE p_name ( [param list] )
[SQL SECURITY
BEGIN END

{ DEFINER | INVOKER }

Other options (optional)

COMMENT

[ NOT ] DETERMINISTIC

SQL usage

MODIFIES SQL DATA

READS SQL DATA
CONTAINS SQL
NO SQL

ALTER PROCEDURE can change

DEFINER, SQL SECURITY, COMMENT

Full CREATE PROCEDURE Syntax

CREATE
[ DEFINER = { user@host | CURRENT_USER } ]
PROCEDURE p_name ( [ parameter_list ] )
[ option ]
BEGIN END
Option is one or more of:
SQL SECURITY {DEFINER | INVOKER}
COMMENT 'comment string'
[NOT] DETERMINISTIC
[CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA |
MODIFIES SQL DATA ]

Stored Function

Very similar to stored procedure

Output is scalar only

Only IN parameters, no INOUT or OUT
Must use RETURNS clause

Defines what data type will be returned

Must use RETURN statement at end

To actually return data

Example Stored Function

DELIMITER |
CREATE FUNCTION get_store_id (f_staff_id
TINYINT UNSIGNED)
RETURNS TINYINT UNSIGNED
BEGIN DECLARE f_store_id TINYINT UNSIGNED;
SELECT store_id INTO f_store_id FROM staff
WHERE staff_id=f_staff_id;
RETURN f_store_id;
END |
DELIMITER ;

Invoking a Stored Function

No CALL like stored procedure

Just as a regular function

mysql> SELECT get_store_id(1);

+-----------------+
| get_store_id(1) |
+-----------------+
|
1 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Stored Routine Errors and Warnings

As if statements were run on commandline

No indication of which line failed

No indication of which stored routine failed!

Conditions and Handlers

DECLARE
{ CONTINUE | EXIT | UNDO }
HANDLER FOR cond_stmt

cond_stmt

SQLWARNING - SQL state of warnings

NOT FOUND End of set for a cursor

SQLEXCEPTION not OK, SQLWARNING,

NOT FOUND

mysql_error_num ie, 1265

SQLSTATE [VALUE] sqlstate - 01000

condition_name

Example
DELIMITER |
CREATE PROCEDURE pct_incr (INOUT p_int
INT, IN p_incr INT, OUT p_pct_incr DECIMAL
(5,2))
BEGIN DECLARE p_int_new INT UNSIGNED;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR 1265 SET
@warn_count:@warn_count+1;
SET p_int_new:=p_int+p_incr
SET p_pct_incr:=(p_int_new-p_int)/p_int *
100;
SET p_int:=p_int_new;
SELECT p_int, p_pct_incr, @warn_count;
END |
DELIMITER ;

Conditions
DECLARE condition_name CONDITION FOR
{mysql_err_code | SQLSTATE [VALUE]
sqlstate }
Instead of
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR 1265 SET
@warn_count:=@warn_count+1;
DECLARE data_truncation CONDITION FOR
1265;
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR
data_truncation SET
@warn_count:=@warn_count+1;

Stored Routine Flow Control

IF condition THEN stmt_list
[ ELSEIF condition THEN stmt_list ]
[ ELSE stmt_list ]
END IF

Stored Routine Flow Control

CASE WHEN condition THEN stmt_list
[ WHEN condition THEN stmt_list ]
[ ELSE statement_list ]
END CASE

Loops
[label:] WHILE condition
DO statement_list
END WHILE [label]
[label:] REPEAT statement_list
UNTIL condition
END REPEAT [label]

Loops
[label:] LOOP
statement_list
END LOOP [label]
ITERATE label
LEAVE label

Cursors
DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR
select_stmt;
OPEN cursor_name;
FETCH cursor_name INTO var_name [,
var_name]

CLOSE cursor_name;

Example cursor

DELIMITER |
CREATE PROCEDURE check_actors()
BEGIN DECLARE cur_actor SMALLINT UNSIGNED;
DECLARE film_count INT UNSIGNED;
DECLARE done,actor_count INT UNSIGNED DEFAULT 0;
DECLARE c_all_actors CURSOR FOR SELECT actor_id
FROM actor;
OPEN c_all_actors;
WHILE done=0 DO
FETCH c_all_actors INTO cur_actor;
SET actor_count:=actor_count+1;
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO film_count FROM film_actor
WHERE actor_id=cur_actor;
END WHILE;
CLOSE c_all_actors;
SELECT actor_count;
END |
DELIMITER ;

Questions, comments, etc?

Views
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http://www.technocation.org/node/621