Chapter 10 - Road Maintenance (Road Defect)

ROAD DEFECT
MOHD HANAFI BIN HASHIM

POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU
Crocodile is interconnecting or interlaced cracking in a

road seal resembling the hide of a crocodile. Cell sizes can
vary in size up to 300mm across, but are typically less than
150mm across.
CROCODILE CRACK
CROCODILE CRACK
CROCODILE CRACK
corrugation are closely & regularly spaced transverse

undulations in the surface of a road,
Corrugations can occur in both sealed and unsealed

roads. They can be caused by inadequate stability of an
asphalt surface or pavement or the compaction of the
base in wave form.
Crest to crest spacing is typically less than 2 metres.
CORRUGATION
CORRUGATION
CORRUGATION
CORRUGATION
CORRUGATION
Delamination is a failure mode that can occur in layered

materials. With respect to roads it refers to the loss of large
discrete area of the wearing course layer, usually in conjunction
with a clear delineation of the wearing course from the layer
below.
Possible Causes
Inadequate cleaning or inadequate tack coat before placement

of upper layers.
Seepage of water through asphalt resulting in the breaking of the

bond between the surface and the layer below.
A weak loose layer immediately under the wearing surface.
Adhesion of surface binder to the tyres of vehicles
DELAMINATION
DELAMINATION
DELAMINATION
In road engineering a depression is a localised

area of pavement surface that is slightly lower in
elevation than the surrounding pavement.
Depressions are most easily identifyable after rain

when they fill with water.
DEPRESSION
DEPRESSION
DEPRESSION
An edge drop-off is road geometry defect where the vertical

distance from the edge of seal to the adjacent shoulder
exceeds acceptable limits.
Edge drop-offs generally occur when the road shoulder is

worn, or there is inadequate strength of the pavement ay
the edge of the roadway. A significant edge drop-off can
make the transition between the road and its shoulder
challenging particularly for smaller vehicles, and this may
result in a loss of control for the vehicle.
EDGE DROP OFF
EDGE DROP OFF
An Edge Break is a broken or irregular edge of a road

wearing surface.
Edge breaks generally occur when the road shoulder is worn,

there is inadequate strength of the pavement at the edge if
the roadway or water enters the pavement through the
shoulders. Significant edge breaks coupled with edge drops
can result in tyre damage.
EDGE BREAK
EDGE BREAK
A pothole is a hole in a road pavement, frequently rounded in

shape, resulting from the loss of pavement material under
traffic.
A pothole is created by the interaction between water and

traffic. Inadequate drainage alongside the road shoulder can
result in water entering underneath the pavement during
prolonged periods of rain. This weakens the pavement's subsoil
resulting in fatigue failure, or cracking, due to the flexing of the
pavement under vehicular loading.
These cracks in the pavement surface thereby provide another

entry for water and exacerbate the weakening of the
pavement's sublayers.
POTHOLE
POTHOLE
Ravelling is the progressive disintegration of a (road)

pavement surface through loss of both binder and
aggregate.
Water on the pavement is the primary cause for the loss of

the binder, while vehicular traffic gradually ravels away
the aggregate which has been loosened due to binder
loss.
RAVELLING
RAVELLING
RAVELLING
Rutting is the longitudinal vertical deformation of a pavement

surface in a wheel path, measured relative to a straight edge
placed at right angles to the traffic flow and across the wheel
path, with a length/width ratio greater than 4:1.
A single instance of rutting is called a rut or wheel rut. Large ruts

can hold enough water to result in vehicles aquaplaning in wet
weather.
RUTTING
RUTTING
RUTTING
RUTTING
RUTTING
Shoving is the deflection and bulging of the road surface

generally parallel to the direction of traffic, and/or horizontal
displacement of surfacing materials. Shoving is typically caused
by braking, accelerating or turning vehicles.
There are a number of factors that can make roads more

susceptible to shoving, including;
inadequate pavement strength or thickness
poor bonds between pavement layers
lack of containment of the pavement edge
SHOVING
SHOVING
SHOVING
SHOVING
COMPILATION
POLISHED
Bleeding is the partial or complete immersion of aggregate into

the bituminous binder causing low texture depth and
inadequate skid resistance.
pavement surface defect in which binder is near the top of the

aggregate particles. There is minimal surface texture. In severe
cases the bitumen covers the aggregate.
Causes
BLEEDING occurs when the available void volume in a seal is

insufficient to accommodate the volume of bitumen,
aggregate fines and other detritus present.
BLEEDING
BLEEDING
BLEEDING
http://www.lgam.info
http://www.pavementinteractive.org/category/
pavement-management/pavementdistresses/flexible-pavement-distress/
REFERENCES

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What are the different types of road defects described in the document?

What are the different types of road defects described in the document?

What causes crocodile cracking and corrugation?

What causes crocodile cracking and corrugation?

ROAD DEFECT

MOHD HANAFI BIN HASHIM

Crocodile is interconnecting or interlaced cracking in a

corrugation are closely & regularly spaced transverse

Corrugations can occur in both sealed and unsealed

Crest to crest spacing is typically less than 2 metres.

Delamination is a failure mode that can occur in layered

Inadequate cleaning or inadequate tack coat before placement

Seepage of water through asphalt resulting in the breaking of the

A weak loose layer immediately under the wearing surface.

Adhesion of surface binder to the tyres of vehicles

In road engineering a depression is a localised

Depressions are most easily identifyable after rain

An edge drop-off is road geometry defect where the vertical

Edge drop-offs generally occur when the road shoulder is

EDGE DROP OFF

EDGE DROP OFF

An Edge Break is a broken or irregular edge of a road

Edge breaks generally occur when the road shoulder is worn,

A pothole is a hole in a road pavement, frequently rounded in

A pothole is created by the interaction between water and

These cracks in the pavement surface thereby provide another

Ravelling is the progressive disintegration of a (road)

Water on the pavement is the primary cause for the loss of

Rutting is the longitudinal vertical deformation of a pavement

A single instance of rutting is called a rut or wheel rut. Large ruts

Shoving is the deflection and bulging of the road surface

There are a number of factors that can make roads more

inadequate pavement strength or thickness

poor bonds between pavement layers

lack of containment of the pavement edge

Bleeding is the partial or complete immersion of aggregate into

pavement surface defect in which binder is near the top of the

BLEEDING occurs when the available void volume in a seal is

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