Tarek Elfouly

Computer Science
and Engineering

Analog Transmission
Chapter 5
CMPE457 Computer Networks
Tarek Elfouly
[email protected]
Slides by Forouzan

Tarek Elfouly
Computer Science and Engineering

Topics discussed in this section:

Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Computer Science and Engineering

Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the

characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.
Types of digital-to-analog conversion

In analog transmission, the sending device produces a high frequency

signal (carrier signal) that acts as a base for the information signal.
The receiving device is tuned to the frequency of the carrier signal.
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Computer Science and Engineering

Note
Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal
elements per second. In the analog transmission of digital data,
the baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.

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of digital
data,
elements per second. In the analog transmission Tarek
Elfouly
Computer
rate.Science and Engineering
the baud rate is less than or equal to the bit

The same analogy we used in Chapter 4 for bit rate and baud rate applies here. In
transportation, a baud is analogous to a vehicle, and a bit is analogous to a passenger.
We need to maximize the number of people per car to reduce the traffic.

Example 5.1
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If 1000 signal elements are sent per second,
find the bit rate.

Solution
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can find the value of N from

S=Nx!
r

or

N=Sxr= 1000 x 4

=4000 bps

Example 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements
are carried by each signal element? How many signal elements do we need?

Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N
then the value of L.

= 8000, and rand L are unknown. We find first the value of rand

1
S=Nx-

N
r=-

8000
.
=-=8 bltslbaud

Tarek Elfouly
Science and Engineering
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can find the value Computer
of N from

Solution

S=Nx!

or

N=Sxr= 1000 x 4

=4000 bps

Example 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements
are carried by each signal element? How many signal elements do we need?

Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N
then the value of L.

= 8000, and rand L are unknown. We find first the value of rand
8000
.
=-=
8 bltslbaud
1000

1
S=Nx-

N
r=S

r= logzL

L= y= 28 = 256

Bandwidth
The required bandwidth for analog transmission of digital data is proportional to the
signal rate except for FSK, in which the difference between the carrier signals needs to
be added. We discuss the bandwidth for each technique.

Carrier Signal
In analog transmission, the sending device produces a high-frequency signal that acts

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Computer Science and Engineering

Binary amplitude shift keying

Only the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal elements.
When implemented using only two levels, it is known as Binary Amplitude
Shift-keying or on-off-keying (OOK).
Signaling:
The peak amplitude of one signal level is 0
The other is the same as the amplitude of the carrier frequency.

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Computer Science and Engineering

Implementation of binary ASK

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Example: We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans from 200
to 300 kHz. What are the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated
our data by using ASK with d = 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This means that our carrier
frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz. We can use the formula for bandwidth to find the
bit rate (with d = 1 and r = 1).

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Computer Science and Engineering

Bandwidth of full-duplex ASK used in Example 5.4

Example: In data communications, we normally use full-duplex links with

communication in both directions. We need to divide the bandwidth into two
with two carrier frequencies, as shown in Figure 5.5. The figure shows the
positions of two carrier frequencies and the bandwidths. The available
bandwidth for each direction is now 50 kHz, which leaves us with a data rate
of 25 kbps in each direction.

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Computer Science and Engineering

Binary frequency shift keying

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Example: We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz

which spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the
carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our
data by using FSK with d = 1?
Solution: This problem is similar to Example 5.3, but we
are modulating by using FSK. The midpoint of the band is
at 250 kHz. We choose 2f to be 50 kHz; this means

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Computer Science and Engineering

Bandwidth of MFSK used in Example 5.6

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Computer Science and Engineering

Example: We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit

rate of 3 Mbps. The carrier frequency is 10 MHz.
Calculate the number of levels (different frequencies),
the baud rate, and the bandwidth.
Solution: We can have L = 23 = 8. The baud rate is S = 3
MHz/3 = 1 Mbaud. This means that the carrier frequencies
must be 1 MHz apart (2f = 1 MHz). The bandwidth is B =
8 1000 = 8000. Figure 5.8 shows the allocation of
frequencies and bandwidth.
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Computer Science and Engineering

Bandwidth of MFSK used in Example 5.6

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Binary phase shift keying

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Implementation of BPSK

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QPSK and its implementation

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Example: Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting

at 12 Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.

Solution: For QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal

element. This means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud
rate) is S = N (1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we
have B = S = 6 MHz.

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Computer Science and Engineering

Concept of a constellation diagram

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Example: Show the constellation diagrams for an ASK

(OOK), BPSK, and QPSK signals.
Solution

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Computer Science and Engineering

Constellation diagrams for some QAMs

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK and PSK.

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Computer Science and Engineering

5-2 ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of

analog information by an analog signal. One may ask
why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is already
analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass
in nature or if only a bandpass channel is available to
us.
Topics discussed in this section:
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
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Computer Science and Engineering

Figure 5.15 Types of analog-to-analog modulation

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Computer Science and Engineering

Figure 5.16 Amplitude modulation

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Computer Science and Engineering

Note
The total bandwidth required for AM
can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.

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Computer Science and Engineering

Figure 5.17 AM band allocation

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Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation

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Figure 5.19 FM band allocation

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Computer Science and Engineering

Note
The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + )B.

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Computer Science and Engineering

Figure 5.20 Phase modulation

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Computer Science and Engineering

Note
The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + )B.

5.32