Chapter 8

Lab 8.1.2.7 - Using the Windows Calculator with Network Addresses

What are the four available modes?
Standard, scientific, programmer, statistics.
Note: The Programmer and Scientific modes are used in this lab.
a. Click the View menu and select Programmer to switch to Programmer mode.
Note: For Windows XP and Vista, only two modes, Standard and Scientific, are available. If you are using one
of these operating systems, you can use the Scientific mode to perform this lab.
Which number system is currently active? - Decimal
Which numbers on the number pad are active in decimal mode? - 0-9
b. Click the Bin (Binary) radio button. Which numbers are active on the number pad now? - 0 and 1
Why do you think the other numbers are grayed out? - binary only uses 0 and 1
c.

Click the Hex (Hexadecimal) radio button. Which characters are activated on the number pad now?
-A-F

d. Click the Dec radio button. Using your mouse, click the number 1 followed by the number 5 on the
number pad. The decimal number 15 is now entered.
Note: The numbers and letters on the keyboard can also be used to enter the values. If using the
numerical keypad, type the number 15. If the number does not enter into the calculator, press the Num
Lock key to enable the numeric keypad.
Click the Bin radio button. What happened to the number 15? - 1111
e. Numbers are converted from one numbering system to another by selecting the desired number mode.
Click the Decradio button again. The number converts back to decimal.
f.

Click the Hex radio button to change to Hexadecimal mode. Which hexadecimal character (0 through 9 or
A to F) represents decimal 15? - F

g. As you were switching between the numbering systems, you may have noticed the binary number 1111 is
displayed during the conversion. This assists you in relating the binary digits to other numbering system
values. Each set of 4 bits represents a hexadecimal character or potentially multiple decimal characters.

h. Clear the values in the window by clickingCabove the 9 on the calculator keypad. Convert the following
numbers between the binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbering systems.
Decimal

Binary

Hexadecimal

86

01010110

56

175

10101111

AF

204

11001100

CC

i.
Part 2:

19

0001 0011

13

77

0100 1101

4D

42

0010 1010

2A

56

0011 1000

38

147

1001 0011

93

228

1110 0100

E4

As you record the values in the table above, do you see a pattern between the binary and hexadecimal
numbers? - Binary always have more number than hexadecimal.
Convert Host IPv4Addresses and Subnet Masks into Binary

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses and subnet masks are represented in a dotted decimal format
(four octets), such as 192.168.1.10 and 255.255.255.0, respectively. This makes these addresses more
readable to humans. Each of the decimal octets in the address or a mask can be converted to 8 binary bits.
An octet is always 8 binary bits. If all 4 octets were converted to binary, how many bits would there be? - 32
a. Use the Windows Calculator application to convert the IP address 192.168.1.10 into binary and record the
binary numbers in the following table:
Decimal
192
168
1
10

Binary
11000000
10101000
00000001
00001010

b. Subnet masks, such as 255.255.255.0, are also represented in a dotted decimal format. A subnet mask
will always consist of four 8-bit octets, each represented as a decimal number. Using the Windows
Calculator, convert the 8 possible decimal subnet mask octet values to binary numbers and record the
binary numbers in the following table:

Decimal
0
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
c.

Part 3:

Binary
00000000
10000000
11000000
11100000
11110000
11111000
11111100
11111110
11111111

With the combination of IPv4 address and the subnet mask, the network portion can be determined and
the number of hosts available in a given IPv4 subnet can also be calculated. The process is examined in
Part 4.
Determine the Number of Hosts in a Network Using Powers of 2

Given an IPv4 network address and a subnet mask, the network portion can be determined along with the
number of hosts available in the network.
a. To calculate the number of hosts on a network, you must determine the network and host portion of the
address.
Using the example of 192.168.1.10 with a subnet of 255.255.248.0, the address and subnet mask are
converted to binary numbers. Align the bits as you record your conversions to binary numbers.
Decimal IP Address and Subnet Mask
192.168.1.10
255.255.248.0

Binary IP Address and Subnet Mask

11000000.10101000.00000001.00001010
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000

Because the first 21 bits in the subnet mask are consecutive numeral ones, the corresponding first 21 bits
in the IP address in binary is 110000001010100000000; these represent the network portion of the
address. Theremaining 11 bits are 00100001010and represent the host portion of the address.
What is the decimal and binary network number for this address? - 192.168, 11000000.10101000
What is the decimal and binary host portion for this address? - 1.10 , 00000001.00001010
Because the network number and the broadcast address use two addresses out of the subnet, the
formula to determine the number of hosts available in an IPv4 subnet isthe number 2 to the power of the
number of host bits available, minus 2:25
Number of available hosts = 2(number of host bits) 2
b. Using the Windows Calculator application, switch to the Scientific mode by clicking the View menu, then
select Scientific.
c.

Input 2. Click the xy key. This key raises a number to a power.

d. Input 11. Click =, or press Enter on the keyboard for the answer.
e. Subtract 2 from the answer by using the calculator if desired.
In this example, there are 2046 hosts are available on this network (2 11-2).

f.

g. If given the number of host bits, determine the number of hosts available and record the number in the
following table.
Number of Available Host Bits

Number of Available Hosts

30

16382

14
24

167772414

10

1022

For a given subnet mask, determine the number of hosts available and record the answer in the following table.

Subnet Mask

Binary Subnet Mask

Number of
Available
Host Bits

255.255.255.0

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

24

16777217

255.255.240.0

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

20

1048574

255.255.255.128

11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000

25

33554430

255.255.255.252

11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

30

1073741822

255.255.0.0

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

16

65534

Step 2:

Number of
Available
Hosts

Convert MAC addresses to binary digits.

a. The MAC or physical address is normally represented as 12 hexadecimal characters, grouped in pairs
and separated by hyphens (-). Physical addresses on a Windows-based computer are displayed in a
format of xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx, where each x is a number from 0 to 9 or a letter from A to F. Each of the hex
characters in the address can be converted to 4 binary bits, which is what the computer understands. If all
12 hex characters were converted to binary, how many bits would there be? - 48
b. Record the MAC address for your PC. - 78-2b-cb-97-6b-9e
c.

Convert the MAC address into binary digits using the Windows Calculator application.
- 0111-1000-0010-1011-1100-1011-1001-0111-0110-1011-1001-1110

Step 3:

Convert an IPv6 address into binary digits.

IPv6 addresses are also written in hexadecimal characters for human convenience. These IPv6 addresses
can be converted to binary numbers for computer use.
a. IPv6 addresses are binary numbers represented in human-readable notations:
2001:0DB8:ACAD:0001:0000:0000:0000:0001 or in a shorter format: 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1.

b. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long. Using the Windows Calculator application, convert the sample IPv6
address into binary numbers and record it in the table below.
Hexadecimal

Binary

2001

00100000.00000001

0DB8

00001101.10111000

ACAD

10101100.10101101

0001

00000000.00000001

0000

00000000.00000000

0000

00000000.00000000

0000

00000000.00000000

0001

00000000.00000001

Reflection
1. Can you perform all the conversions without the assistance of the calculator? What can you do to make it
happen? - I can, but it will take 10 years to do it
2. For most IPv6 addresses, the network portion of the address is usually 64 bits. How many hosts are available
on a subnet where the first 64 bits represent the network? Hint: All host addresses are available in the subnet
for hosts. 18446744073709551614

Lab 8.1.2.8 - Converting IPv4 Addresses to Binary

Decimal

Binary

192

11000000

168

10101000

10

00001010

255

11111111

00000010

Decimal

Binary

192.168.10.10

11000000.10101000.00001010.00001010

209.165.200.229

11010001.10100101.11001000.11100101

172.16.18.183

10101100.00010000.00010010.10110111

10.86.252.17

00001010.01010110.11111100.00010001

255.255.255.128

11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000

255.255.192.0

11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000

Description

Decimal

Binary

IP Address

192.168.10.131

11000000.10101000.00001010.10000011

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.192

11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

Network Address

192.168.10.128

11000000.10101000.00001010.10000000

How it determines which bits should be used to calculate the network address? - The bits that are used to
calculate the network address are those that are set to 1 in the mask binary subnet.
In the above example, how many bits are used to calculate the network address? - 26 bits
Step 2: Use the and operation to determine the network address to enter the missing information in the following
table:

Description

Decimal

Binary

IP Address

172.16.145.29

10101100.00010000.10010001.00011101

Subnet Mask

255.255.0.0

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Network Address
172.16.0.0
Enter the missing information in the following table:

10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000

Description

Decimal

Binary

IP Address

192.168.10.10

11000000.10101000.00001010.00001010

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.0

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Network Address
192.168.10.0
Enter the missing information in the following table:

11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000

Description

Decimal

Binary

IP Address

192.168.68.210

11000000.10101000.01000100.11010010

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.128

11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000

Network Address
192.168.68.128
Enter the missing information in the following table:

11000000.10101000.01000100.10000000

Description

Decimal

Binary

IP Address

172.16.188.15

10101100.00010000.10111100.00001111

Subnet Mask

255.255.240.0

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

Network Address
172.16.176.0
Enter the missing information in the following table:

10101100.00010000.10110000.00000000

Description

Decimal

Binary

IP Address

10.172.2.8

00001010.10101100.00000010.00001000

Subnet Mask

255.224.0.0

11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000

Network Address
10.160.0.0
00001010.10100000.00000000.00000000
Step 1: Determine whether the IP addresses are on the same network
to. You are setting up two PCs to your network. A PC-A is assigned the IP address 192.168.1.18 and the PC-B is
assigned the IP address 192.168.1.33. The two PCs receive a subnet mask 255.255.255.240.
What is the network address for the PC-A? - 192.168.1.16
What is the network address for the PC-B? - 192.168.1.32
Are PC can communicate directly with each other? - NO
What is the highest address that can be assigned to the PC-B that allows you to be in the same network as the
PC-A? - 192.168.1.30
b. You are setting up two PCs to your network. A PC-A is assigned the IP address 10.0.0.16 and the PC-B is
assigned the IP address 10.1.14.68. The two PCs receive the subnet mask 255.254.0.0. What is the network
address for the PC-A? - 10.0.0.0
c. What is the network address for the PC-B? - 10.0.0.0
Are PC can communicate directly with each other? - No
What is the lowest address that can be assigned to the PC-B that allows you to be in the same network as the
PC-A? -10.0.0.1
Step 2: Identify the default gateway address
to. Your company has a policy to use the first IP address of a network address as the default gateway. A host on
the local area network (LAN) has an IP address 172.16.140.24 and a subnet mask 255.255.192.0.
What is the network address for this network? - 172.16.128.0
What is the default gateway address for this host? - 172.16.128.1
b. Your company has a policy to use the first IP address of a network address as the default gateway. He was
instructed to set up a new server with an IP address 192.168.184.227 and a subnet mask 255.255.255.248.
What is the network address for this network? - 192.168.184.224
What is the default gateway for this server? - 192.168.184.225
Reflection
Why the subnet mask is important to determine the network address? -The subnet mask gives the number of bits
to be used for the network portion of address. The network address cannot be determined without it.

Lab 8.1.4.8 - Identifying IPv4 Addresses

Network/Host
N,n = Network
IP Address/Prefix

H,h = Host

Subnet Mask

Network Address

192.168.10.10/24

N.N.N.H

255.255.255.0

192.168.10.0

10.101.99.17/23

N.N.nnnnnnnh.H

255.255.254.0

10.101.98.0

209.165.200.227/27

N.N.N.nnnhhhhh

255.255.255.224

209.165.200.224

172.31.45.252/24

N.N.N.H

255.255.255.0

172.31.45.0

10.1.8.200/26

N.N.N.nnhhhhhh

255.255.255.192

10.1.8.192

172.16.117.77/20

N.N.nnnnhhhh.H

255.255.240.0

172.16.117.77

10.1.1.101/25

N.N.N.nhhhhhhh

255.255.255.128

10.1.1.0

209.165.202.140/27

N.N.N.nnnhhhhh

255.255.255.254

209.165.202.128

192.168.28.45/28

N.N.N.nnnnhhhh

255.255.255.240

192.168.28.32

IP Address/Prefix

First Host Address

Last Host
Address

Broadcast
Address

192.168.10.10/24

192.168.10.1

192.168.10.254

192.168.10.255

10.101.99.17/23

10.101.98.1

10.101.99.254

10.101.99.255

209.165.200.227/27

209.165.200.225

209.165.200.254

209.165.200.255

172.31.45.252/24

172.31.45.1

172.31.45.254

172.31.45.255

10.1.8.200/26

10.1.8.193

10.1.8.254

10.1.8.255

172.16.117.77/20

172.16.112.1

172.16.127.254

172.16.127.255

10.1.1.101/25

10.1.1.1

10.1.1.126

10.1.1.127

209.165.202.140/27

209.165.202.129

209.165.202.158

209.165.202.159

192.168.28.45/28

192.168.28.33

192.168.28.46

192.168.28.47

IP Address

Subnet Mask

Address Type

10.1.1.1

255.255.255.252

host

192.168.33.63

255.255.255.192

Broadcast

239.192.1.100

255.252.0.0

Host

172.25.12.52

255.255.255.0

Host

10.255.0.0

255.0.0.0

Host

172.16.128.48

255.255.255.240

Network

209.165.202.159

255.255.255.224

Broadcast

172.16.0.255

255.255.0.0

Host

224.10.1.11

255.255.255.0

Host

IP Address/Prefix

Public or Private

209.165.201.30/27

Public

192.168.255.253/24

Private

10.100.11.103/16

Private

172.30.1.100/28

Private

192.31.7.11/24

Private

172.20.18.150/22

Public

128.107.10.1/16

Private

192.135.250.10/24

Private

64.104.0.11/16

Public

IP Address/Prefix

Valid Host Address?

Reason

127.1.0.10/24

Yes

172.16.255.0/16

Yes

241.19.10.100/24

Yes

192.168.0.254/24

Yes

192.31.7.255/24

No

Broadcast

64.102.255.255/14

No

Broadcast

224.0.0.5/16

Yes

10.0.255.255/8

Yes

198.133.219.8/24

Yes

Reflection
Why should we continue to study and learn about IPv4 addressing if the available IPv4 address space is
depleted? - while ipv6 move completely to ipv4, we must continue this type of addressing employee

8.2.5.4 Lab - Identifying IPv6 Addresses

Part 1: Identify the Different Types of IPv6 Addresses

IPv6 Address

Answer
b

2001:0DB8:1:ACAD::FE55:6789:B210
::1
FC00:22:A:2::CD4:23E4:76FA
2033:DB8:1:1:22:A33D:259A:21FE
FE80::3201:CC01:65B1
FF00::
FF00::DB7:4322:A231:67C
FF02::2
1

a
d
b
b
c
e
e

Answer Choices
a. Loopback address
b. Global unicast address
c. Link-local address
d. Unique-local address
e. Multicast address

Part 2: Examine a Host IPv6 Network Interface and

Address

Check your PC IPv6 network address settings.

c.

Verify that the IPv6 protocol is installed and active on your PC-A (check your Local Area Connection
settings).

d. Click the Windows Start button and then Control Panel and change View by: Category to View by:
Small icons.
e. Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.
f.

On the left side of the window, click Change adapter settings. You should now see icons representing
your installed network adapters. Right-click your active network interface (it may be a Local Area
Connection or a Wireless Network Connection), and then click Properties.

g. You should now see your Network Connection Properties window. Scroll through the list of items to
determine whether IPv6 is present, which indicates that it is installed, and if it is also check marked, which
indicates that it is active.

h. Select the item Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) and click Properties. You should see the IPv6
settings for your network interface. Your IPv6 properties window is likely set to Obtain an IPv6 address
automatically. This does not mean that IPv6 relies on the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
Instead of using DHCP, IPv6 looks to the local router for IPv6 network information and then autoconfigures its own IPv6 addresses. To manually configure IPv6, you must provide the IPv6 address, the
subnet prefix length, and the default gateway.
Note: The local router can refer host requests for IPv6 information, especially Domain Name System
(DNS) information, to a DHCPv6 server on the network.

i.

After you have verified that IPv6 is installed and active on your PC, you should check your IPv6 address
information. To do this, click the Start button, type cmd in the Search programs and files form box, and
press Enter. This opens a Windows command prompt window.

j.

Type ipconfig /all and press Enter. Your output should look similar to this:
C:\Users\user> ipconfig /all
Windows IP Configuration
<output omitted>
Wireless LAN adapter Wireless Network Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) Centrino(R) Advanced-N 6200 AGN
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 02-37-10-41-FB-48
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::8d4f:4f4d:3237:95e2%14(Preferred)
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.2.106(Preferred)
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Sunday, January 06, 2013 9:47:36 AM
Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Monday, January 07, 2013 9:47:38 AM
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.2.1

DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.2.1

DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 335554320
DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-14-57-84-B1-1C-C1-DE-91-C3-5D
k.

l.

DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.1 8.8.4.4 <output omitted>

You can see from the output that the client PC has an IPv6 link-local address with a randomly generated
interface ID. What does it indicate about the network regarding IPv6 global unicast address, IPv6 uniquelocal address, or IPv6 gateway address?
It indicates that there is no IPv6 enabled gateway router providing global address, local address,
or subnet information on the network
What kind of IPv6 addresses did you find when using ipconfig /all?
Answers will vary, but most likely they will be link-local addresses also

Part 3: Practice IPv6 Address Abbreviation

Using the rules of IPv6 address abbreviation, either compress or decompress the following addresses:
1

2002:0EC0:0200:0001:0000:04EB:44CE:08A2
2002:ECO:200:1::4EB:44CE:8A2

FE80:0000:0000:0001:0000:60BB:008E:7402
FE80::1::60BB8E:7402

FE80::7042:B3D7:3DEC:84B8
FE80:0000:0000:0000:7042:B3D7:3DEC:84B8

FF00::
FF00:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

2001:0030:0001:ACAD:0000:330E:10C2:32BF
2001:30:1:ACAD::330E10C2:32BF

Part 4:

Identify the Hierarchy of the IPv6 Global Unicast Address Network Prefix

Given the following address, answer the following questions:

2000:1111:aaaa:0:50a5:8a35:a5bb:66e1/64
a. What is the interface ID?
50a5:8a35:a5bb:66e1
b. What is the subnet number?
0
c. What is the site number?
aaaa
d. What is the ISP number?
1111
e. What is the ISP number in binary?
00010001
f. What is the Registry number?
011
g. What is the Registry number in binary?
0000 0001 0001
h. What is the IANA global number?
2
i. What is the global routing prefix?
2000:1111:

Reflection
1. How do you think you must support IPv6 in the future?
It is reliable and considered a high security. Network operation Real time Processing enables faster, more
efficient.
2. Do you think IPv4 networks continue on, or will everyone eventually switch over to IPv6? How long do you
think it will take?
Choose IPv6 because it is more powerful.