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Project Time Management

The first 90 percent of a project schedule takes 90 percent of the time. The last 10 t f j t h d l t k t take the other 90 percent. C) 2007 all rights reserved Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering.

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100% found this document useful (3 votes)

2K views

Project Time Management

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pipo717

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Project Time Management

There’s an old joke when it comes to project management time:

“Th first
“The fi t 90 percentt off a project
j t schedule
h d l takes
t k 90 percentt off the
th time.
ti The
Th last
l t 10
percent takes the other 90 percent of the time.”

Project Time Management

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Activity Definition

¾ Activity Sequencing

¾ Activity Resource Estimating

¾ Activity Duration Estimating

¾ Schedule Development

¾ Schedule Control

1
Estimating
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Estimating should be based on a WBS to improve accuracy

¾ Estimating should be done by the person doing the work whenever

possible

¾ Historical information from past projects is a key to improving

estimates

¾ A schedule baseline should be kept and not changed except for

approved project changes

¾ The schedule should be managed to the schedule baseline for the

porject

Estimating
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Changes are approved in integrated change control

¾ Estimates are more accurate if smaller sized components are

estimated

¾ Corrective actions and preventive actions should be

recommended when schedule problems occurs

¾ The project manager must meet any agreed upon estimates

2
Activity Definition
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ This process involves taking the work packages created in the

WBS and breaking them down further in order to reach the
activity level.

¾ Activity level is small enough to estimate, schedule, monitor

and manage.

¾ These activities are then sequenced in the next process;

activity sequencing.

Activity Definition
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The activity list is an output of activity definition,

definition and includes
all of the activities to be performed within the project.

¾ This list must be in line with the project scope.

¾ The activity list is a further definition of the project scope since

it includes only those actions needed to complete the project
scope.

¾ Creating the activity list relies on knowledge, actions, and

several completed documents.

3
Activity Definition – Inputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Enterprise Environmental Factor

2. Organizational Process Assets

3. Project Scope Statement

4. Work Breakdown Structure

5. Work Breakdown Dictionary

6. Project Management Plan

Activity Definition – Tools & Techniques

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Decomposition
1.

2. Templates

3. Rolling Wave Plan

4. Expert Judgement

5. Planning Component

4
Decomposing the Project Work Packages
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Work packages with in the WBS must be decomposed into

manageable work elements.

¾ What’s is the difference between decomposing the project

deliverables and the project work?
WBS describes the components of the deliverables

The acti
activity
it list defines the actions to create the deliverables.
deli erables

¾ Typically, the project manager and the project team work

together to decompose the work package. In some instances,
its ideal to use expert judgement to help with the
decomposition.
Chicago Management Training Institute LLC. Email: [email protected] www.chicagomti.com. © 2007 All rights reserved

Relying on Templates
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Why reinvent the wheel? If similar projects have been completed in

the past, rely on the WBS and activity lists from the historical
information to serve as a template for the current project.
¾ Templates can include several elements:
Required actions to complete the project scope
Required resources and skills
Required
R i dh hours off d
duration
ti ffor activities
ti iti
Known risks
Output of the work
Descriptions of work packages

5
Using Rolling Wave Planning
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Work that is imminent is planned in detail while work that is

way off in the future is planned at a high level.

¾ As the work in the future approaches, more detail is allotted to

planning this work.

¾ Rolling Wave Planning allows the project team to focus

planning on pressing matters as the project moves towards
completion.

¾ This is a form of progressive elaboration.

Using Planning Components

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ When there isn

isn’tt enough information in the project scope to
decompose the work to the work package, the project team
can use two planning components:
Control Account: A management control account is a marker that
indicates there’s additional planning and work to be managed below
this point in the WBS.

Planning packages: Planning packages allow the project team to

position planning activities below the control account but still above
the work packages.

6
Activity Definition - Outputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Activity list
1.

2. Activity attributes

3. Milestone list

4. Requested changes

Compiling the Activity List

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The primary out of decomposing the work is the activity list

list, which is
a collection of all the work elements required to complete the
project.
¾ The activity list is actually an extension of the WBS, and will serve
as a fundamental tool in creating the project schedule.
¾ The work on the activity lists includes attributes of each identified
y This accomplishes
activity. p three things:
g
Ensures the team members are in agreement on what the work package
accomplishes
Ensures the work supports and creates the WBS deliverables
Ensures the work is within the project scope

7
Activity Definition
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Activity attributes describe the characteristics of the activities

and are an extension of the activity list.

¾ Activity attributes may describe information such as the

activity identifier or code, descriptions, constraints and
assumptions associated with the activity,predecessor
activities successor activities
activities, activities, resource requirements
requirements,
responsible person and so on.

Milestone Lists
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Milestones are typically major accomplishments of the project

and mark the completion of major deliverables or some other
key event in the project.

¾ The milestone list records these accomplishments and

documents whether the milestone is mandatory or optional.

¾ The milestone list is a part of the project management plan

and is also used to help develop the project schedule.

8
Updating the WBS
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Any discrepancies or inadequacies in the existing WBS will be

updated.

¾ Updates to the WBS allow the project manager to ensure that

all the needed project deliverables are included in the WBS.

¾ Updates to the WBS are called refinements.

Activity Sequencing
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The next process is to take the activities and start to

sequence them into how the work will be performed. The
result is a network diagram (or project schedule network
diagram) which can look like the following picture.

START
END

9
Activity Sequencing
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Network diagram is not a PERT Chart.

Chart

¾ For the exam, know that, in its pure form, the network
diagram shows just dependencies. If activity duration
estimates (estimates) are added, the network diagram could
also show the critical path.

Activity Sequencing
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

10
Activity Sequencing - Inputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Project Scope Statement

2. Activity List

3. Activity Attributes

4. Milestone List

5. Approved Change Requests

Activity Sequencing – Tools & Techniques

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)

2. Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)

3. Schedule network templates

4. Dependency determination

5. Applying leads and lags

11
Creating Network Diagrams
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Network diagrams visualize the project work

work.
¾ A network diagram shows the relationship of the work activities and
how it will progress from start to completion.
¾ Network diagrams can be extremely complex or easy to create and
configure.
¾ Most network diagrams in today’s project management environment
use an approach h called
ll d ““activity-on-note”
ti it t ” to
t illustrate
ill t t ththe activities
ti iti
and the relationship between those activities.
¾ Older network diagramming methods used “activity-on-arrows” to
represent the activities and their relationships.

Dependency Determination
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Dependencies are relationships between the activities in

which one activity is dependent on another to complete an
action or perhaps an activity is dependent on another to start
an action before it can proceed.

¾ Mandatory Dependencies:
These dependencies are the natural order of activity.
9 For example, you can’t begin building your house until your foundation
is in place. These relationships are also called hard logic.

12
Using Precedence Diagramming Method
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Discretionary dependencies:
These dependencies are the preferred order of activities. It is
defined by the project management team.

9 For example, a painting project typically allows the primer and the paint
to be applied within hours of each other. Due to the expected high
humidity during the project, however, all of the building will be
completely
l t l primed
i db before
f th
the paint
i t can b
be applied.
li d

9 These relationship are also known as soft logic, preferred logic, or

preferential logic.

Using Precedence Diagramming Method

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ External dependencies
As its name implies, these are dependencies outside of the project’s
control. Example include the delivery of equipment from a vendor,
the deliverable of another project, or the decision of a committee,
lawsuit, or expected new law.

13
Using Precedence Diagramming Method
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The precedence diagramming method (PDM) is what most

management software programs use to do activity
sequencing today.

¾ Precedence diagrams use boxes or rectangles to represent

the activities (called nodes).

¾ The nods are connected with arrows showing the

dependencies between the activities. This method is also
called activity on node (AON)

Using Precedence Diagramming Method

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Relationship between activities in a PDM constitute one of

four different types:
Finish-to-start (FS): This means Task A must complete before Task
B can begin.

DIG HOLE PLANT TREE

14
Using Precedence Diagramming Method
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Start
Start-to-start
to start (SS): This relationship means Task A must start
before Task B can start.

Scrape

Prime

Using Precedence Diagramming Method

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Finish-to-finish (FF): This relationship means

Task A must complete before Task B does.
For e.g., two teams of electricians may be
working together to install new telephone cables
throughout a building by Monday morning.
Team A is pulling the cables to each office.
Team B, meanwhile, is connecting the cables to
wallll jjacks
k and
d connecting
ti ththe ttelephone.
l h
Team A must pull the cable to the office so
Team B can complete their activity.
The activities need to complete at nearly the
same time, by Monday morning, so the new
phones are functional.

15
Using Precedence Diagramming Method
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Start
Start-to-finish
to finish (SF): this relationship is unusual and is rarely
used. It requires that Task A start so that Task B may finish.

¾ This is also known as just-in-time (JIT) scheduling.

PDM Example

16
Using Arrow Diagramming Method
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The arrow diagramming method (ADM) is visually the

opposite of the PDM. The arrow diagramming method places
activities on the arrows, which are connected to dependent
activities with notes. This is also called activity on arrow.

Using Arrow Diagramming Method

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ ADM uses finish-to-start

finish to start relationships.
relationships

¾ In some instances, dummy activities are required to express

the logical relationship between two activities.

¾ A dummy activity is illustrated with a dashed arrow between

the nodes.

17
ADM Example

Schedule Network Templates

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ You can use a previous project schedule network diagram as

a template for the current project.

¾ You can use the first network diagram as a template and then
modify it for each of other deliverables

¾ The portions of a network template are also known as

subnets or fragnets.
Subnets are often associate with repetitive actions with a network
diagram.

18
Considering Leads and Lags
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Leads and lags are values added to work packages to slightly alter
the relationship between two or more work packages.
For e.g., a finish-to-start relationship may exist between applying primer to a
warehouse and applying the paint. The project manager in this scenario,
has decided to add one day of lead-time to the work package paint the
warehouse.

Now the painting can begin one day before the priming is scheduled to end
end.

¾ Lead time is considered a negative value because time is subtracted

from the downstream activity to bring it closer to the start of the
project.

Considering Leads and Lags

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Lag time is waiting time

time.

¾ Lag is considered a positive value since time is added to the project

schedule.

¾ Leads and lags must be considered in the project since an

abundance of lag time can increase the project duration.

¾ An abundance of lead time while decreasing duration, may increase

risks.

¾ The following illustration shows the difference between lead and

lags.

19
Activity Sequencing - Outputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Project schedule network diagrams

2. Activity list updates

3. Activity attributes updates

4. Request changes

Activity Resource Estimating

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ All projects,
projects from the smallest to the largest
largest, require
resources.

¾ The term resources in this case does not mean just people; it
means all the physical resources required to complete the
project.
People

Equipment

Materials

20
Activity Resource Estimating
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The identified resource requirements will affect the project

schedule.

¾ Remember the difference between duration and effort?

¾ Duration is how long the activity will take, while effort is the
labor applied to the task.
For example, painting a building may take 80 hours to complete the
with two workers assigned to the job. Add two more workers and
now the work will take only 40 hours.

Activity Resource Estimating

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Activity Resource Estimating is concerned with determining

the types of resources needed (both human and materials)
and in what quantities for each schedule activity within a
work package.

¾ A Guide to the PMBOK stresses that Activity Resource

Estimating should be closely coordinated with the Cost
Estimating process.

21
Activity Resource Estimating - Inputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Enterprise environmental factors

2. Organizational process assets

3. Activity list

4. Activity attributes

5. Resource availability

6. Project management plan

Activity Resource Estimating – Tools & Techniques

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Expert Judgement
1.

2. Alternative Analysis ( Make or Buy Decision )

3. Published Estimating Data

4. Project Management Software

5. Bottom-up Estimating

22
Activity Resource Estimating – Tools & Techniques
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Expert Judgement
1.
¾ Any group or person with specialized knowledge in resource
planning and estimating can provide such expertise.

2. Alternative Analysis
Alternatives analysis is used when thinking about the methods you
might use to accomplish the activities your resources have been
assigned.

You can also consider make-or-buy analysis when determining

alternatives.

Activity Resource Estimating – Tools & Techniques

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

3 Published estimating data

3.
Estimating data may include organizational guidelines, industry
rates or estimates, production rates, and so on.

4. Project Management Software

Project Management software can help estimate resource needs
and document resource availability. It may also produce an RBS,
resource rates, calendars, and availability.

23
Activity Resource Estimating – Tools & Techniques
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

5 Bottom
5. Bottom-up
up Estimating
It is a process of estimating individual activities or costs and then
adding these up together to come up with a total estimate.

Here you estimate every schedule activity individually and then roll
up that estimate, or add them all together, to come with a total.

This is a very accurate means of estimating provided the estimates

at the schedule activity level are accurate.

The smaller and more detailed the activity, the greater the
accuracy and cost of this technique.

Activity Resource Estimating - Outputs

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Activity Resource Requirements

2. Activity attributes (updates)

3. Resource Breakdown Structure

4. Resource Calendar (updates)

5. Request Changes

24
Activity Duration Estimating
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The Activity Duration Estimating process attempts to estimate the

work effort, resources, and number of work periods needed to
complete each schedule activity.

¾ The primary output of this process is the activity duration estimates.

¾ The tasks are first identified, the sequencing of the activities takes
place, resources are defined and then durations are estimated.

¾ These activities are required to complete the project schedule and

the estimated project duration.

Activity Duration Estimating

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Activity duration estimates,

estimates like the activity list and the WBS
WBS,
don’t come from the project manager—they come from the
people completing the work.

¾ Progressive elaboration comes into play during this process

also.

¾ When you’re
you re estimating activity duration
duration, you are estimating
the length of time the activity will take to complete, including
any elapsed time needed from the beginning to the ending of
the activity.

25
Activity Duration Estimating - Inputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Enterprise Environmental Assets

2. Organizational Process Assets

3. Project Scope Statement

¾ Identification of the project constraints and assumptions is needed since
they may influence the estimates. The project scope statement provides
this information.

4. Activity Lists
¾ Activity lists are the work elements necessary to create the deliverables.

Activity Duration Estimating

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

5 Activity Attributes
5.
Effort is the amount of labor applied to a task. Duration, on the
other hand, is how long the task is expected to take with the given
amount of labor.

6 A
6. Activity
ti it RResource R
Requirements
i t
Activity resource requirements define the resources that are
needed to complete a particular activity.

26
Activity Duration Estimating
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

7 Resource Calendar
7.
It includes human resource availability, capability, and skills.

It also includes type, quantity, availability, and capability of

Equipment and Material resources

8. Project Management Plan

Risk Register

Activity Cost Estimates

Activity Duration Estimating – Tools & Tech

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Expert Judgement
1.

2. Analogous Estimating / Top-Down Estimating

¾ Analogous estimating relies on historical information to predict
what current activity durations should be. Analogous estimating is
also known as top-down estimating and is a form of expert
judgment
judgment.

¾ Analogous estimating uses historical information and is more

reliable than predictions from the project team members.

27
Activity Duration Estimating
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

3 Parametric Estimating
3.
Quantitatively-based durations use mathematical formulas to
predict how long an activity will take based on the “quantities” of
work to be completed.

9 For example, a commercial printer needs to print 100,000 brochures.

The workers include two pressman and two bindery experts to fold and
package the brochures.

Activity Duration Estimating

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

4 Three Point Estimates

4.
A three-point estimate requires that for each activity an optimistic,
most likely, and pessimistic estimate be created.

The most likely estimate assumes there are no disasters and the
activity can be completed as planned.

The optimistic estimate is the fastest time frame in which your

resource can complete the activity.

And the pessimistic estimate assumes the worst happens and it

takes much longer than planned to get the activity completed.

28
Activity Duration Estimating
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

5 Reserve Analysis
5.
Reserve time —also called buffer or contingency time in A Guide to
the PMBOK — means adding a portion of time to the activity to
account for schedule risk. You might choose to add a percentage
of time or a set number of work periods to the activity or the overall
schedule.

Activity Duration Estimating

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Factoring in Reserve Time

Hidden time Hidden time, the time factored in by the project team
member, is secret. No one, especially the project manager, knows why the
extra time has been factored into the activity. The team member can then
“enjoy” the extra time to complete the task at leisure.
Procrastination Most people put off starting a task until the last possible
minute.
Demands Project team members may be assigned to multiple projects with
multiple demands.
On schedule Activities are typically completed on schedule or late, but
rarely early.

29
Activity Duration Estimating - Outputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 Activity Duration Estimates

1.
Activity duration estimates reflect how long each work package will take to
complete. Duration estimates should include an acknowledgement of the
range of variance. For example, an activity whose duration is expected to
be one week may have a range of variance of one week ± three days. This
means the work can take up to eight days, or as little as two days. This is
assuming a week is five days.

2. Activity Attributes
You will update the activity attributes with the duration estimate and the
assumptions you used when deriving the estimates.

Schedule Development
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The Schedule Development process is the heart of the

Planning process group.

¾ The creation of the project schedule is iterative. It’s rare for a

schedule to get created, approved, and implemented without
some iterative examination, arrangement, and management
input—though
input though on smaller projects it may be possible
possible.

30
Schedule Development
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Schedule Management Plan

A Guide to the PMBOK notes that the schedule management plan
(a subsidiary of the project management plan) is produced as part
of the Develop Project Management Plan process and contains the
criteria for formatting, developing, and controlling the project
schedule.

Schedule Development - Inputs

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Schedule Development has nine inputs

inputs, seven of which are outputs
from other Planning processes. The inputs are as follows:
1. Organizational process assets
2. Project scope statement
3. Activity list
4. Activity attributes
5. Project schedule network diagrams
6. Activity resource requirements
7. Resource calendars
8. Activity duration estimates
9. Project management plan (risk register)
Chicago Management Training Institute LLC. Email: [email protected] www.chicagomti.com. © 2007 All rights reserved

31
Schedule Development – Tools & Techniques
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ There are 10 tools and techniques used in Schedule Development:

Schedule Network Analysis

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Schedule network analysis produces the project schedule.

schedule It
involves calculating early and late start dates and early and
late finish dates for project activities.

¾ It uses a schedule model and other analytical techniques

such as critical path and critical chain method, what-if
analysis and resource leveling (all of which are other tools
analysis,
and techniques in this process) to help calculate these dates
and create the schedule.

32
Critical Path Method
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Critical path method (CPM) is a schedule network analysis

technique. It determines the amount of float, or schedule flexibility,
for each of the network paths by calculating the earliest start date,
earliest finish date, latest start date, and latest finish date for each
activity.
¾ Keep in mind that CPM is a method to determine schedule
durations without regard to resource availability.
¾ The critical path (CP) is generally the longest full path on the
project. Any project activity with a float time that equals zero is
considered a critical path task.
¾ The critical path is technically found once you complete the forward
and backward pass.

Critical Path Method

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Float time is also called slack time

time, and you’ll
you ll see these terms used
interchangeably.

¾ There are two types of float: total float and free float.

¾ Total float (TF) is the amount of time you can delay the earliest start
of a task without delaying the ending of the project.

¾ Free float (FF) is the amount of time you can delay the start of a
task without delaying the early start of a successor task.

¾ Project Slack is the total time the project can be delayed without
passing the customer-expected completion date.

33
Legend for CPM

ES EF

Activity Name Activity Duration

LS LF
TF

ES - Early Start
EF - Early Finish
LS - Late Start
LF - Late Finish
TF - Total Float
Chicago Management Training Institute LLC. Email: [email protected] www.chicagomti.com. © 2007 All rights reserved

Forward Pass

Early Start, Early Finish Calculation

4 10

1 3
21 37
D 7

A 3
I 17
12 20

1 11
E 9
38 40

B 11 12 16
K 3

17 21
F 5

10 14 J 5

G 5
1 9
ES = Next Day of Highest date
C 9
value from its immediate
10 28
predecessor
H 19 EF = ES+D-1

34
Backward Pass
Late Start, Late Finish
Calculation
D 7
14 20
A 3
11 13 I 17
21 37

E 9
12 20

B 11
K 3
01 11
38
40
F 5
28 32

J 5
33 37

G 5
28 32

C 9
10
LF = Previous Day of lowest date
18
value from its immediate
H 19 successor
19 37
LS = LF-D+1
Chicago Management Training Institute LLC. Email: [email protected] www.chicagomti.com. © 2007 All rights reserved

4 10 Total Float Calculation

1 3 D 7
21 37
A 3 14 10 20
I 17
11 13
10 12 20
0
21 37
E 9
1 11
12 0 20 38 40
B 11
K 3
12 16
0 38 40
1 11 0
F 5
17 21
28 16 32
J 5
10 14
16
33 37
G 5

1 9 28 32
TF = LS-ES
18

C 9 Or
10 28
10 18 TF = LF-EF
9 H 19

19 9 37

35
Critical Path of the4 Project
10

1 3 D 7
21 37
A 3 14 10 20
I 17
11 10 13 12 20
0
21 37
E 9
1 11
12 0 20 38 40
B 11
K 3
12 16
1 0 11 38 40
0
F 5
17 21
28 16 32
J 5
10 14
16
33 37
G 5

1 9 28 18 32
C 9
10 28
10 9 18
H 19

19 9 37

Critical Path Method - Example

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

1 The Early Start (ES) and Early Finish (EF) dates are
1.
calculated first by completing the “forward pass.” The ES of
the first task is one. The EF for the first task is its ES, plus
the task duration, minus one.

38
Critical Path Method - Example
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

2
2. The ES of the next task(s) will be the EF for the previous activity,
activity plus one
one. In other
words, if Task A finishes on day eight, Task B will begin on day nine.
3. Now each task moves forward with the forward pass. Use caution when there are
predecessor activities; the EF with the largest value is carried forward. The following
illustration shows the completed forward pass.

Critical Path Method - Example

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

4 After the forward pass is completed,

4. completed the backward pass
starts at the end of the PND. The backward pass is
concerned with the Late Finish (LF) and the Late Start (LS) of
each activity.
¾ The LF for the last activity in the PND equals its EF value. The LS
is calculated by subtracting the duration of the activity from its LF,
plus one.
p
¾ The LS is calculated by subtracting the duration of the activity from
its LF, plus one. The one is added to accommodate the full day’s
work; it’s just the opposite of subtracting the one day in the forward
pass.

39
Critical Path Method - Example
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

Critical Path Method - Example

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

5 The LS is again calculated by subtracting the task’s

5. task s duration
from the task’s LF, plus one. The following shows the
completed backward pass.

40
Critical Path Method - Example
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

6
6. To officially calculate float
float, the LS is subtracted from the ES and the LF is subtracted
from the EF. Recall the total float is the amount of time a task can be delayed
without delaying the project completion date. The next illustration shows the
completed PND with the float exposed.

Encountering Scheduling on the PMP Exam

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ You’ll
You ll encounter float
float, scheduling
scheduling, and critical path activities on the
PMP exam. You should count these questions as “gimmies” if you
remember a few important rules:
¾ Always draw out the network diagram presented on your scratch
paper. It may be used in several questions.
¾ Know how to calculate float. (The complete process was shown
g Float in a PND” section.))
earlier in the “Calculating
¾ You may encounter questions that ask on what day of the week a
project will end if no weekends or holidays are worked. No problem.
Add up the critical path, divide by 5 (Monday through Friday), and
then figure out which day of the week the activity will end on.

41
Encountering Scheduling on the PMP Exam
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ You may see something like the blow Figure

when it comes to scheduling.
¾ When three numbers are presented, think
three-point estimate.
¾ Optimistic is the smallest number, pessimistic
is the largest, so most likely it’s somewhere
between the two.
¾ When a number is positioned directly over the
tasks, it is the task duration.
¾ When a number is positioned to the upper-
right of a task, this represents the Early Finish
date.

Schedule Compression
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Duration compression is also a mathematical approach to scheduling

scheduling.

¾ The trick with duration compression, as its name implies, is calculating

ways the project can get done sooner than expected.
Crashing – This approach adds more resources to activities on the critical path
to complete the project earlier.
9 When crashing a project, costs are added as the labor expenses increase.

9 The project manager must also consider the expenses in relation to the gains of
completing on time.

Fast Tracking – This method changes the relationship of activities. With fast
tracking, activities that would normally be done in sequence are allowed to be
done in parallel or with some overlap.

42
What-If Scenario Analysis
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ What-if scenario analysis uses different sets of activity assumptions to

produce multiple project durations.
For e.g., what would happen if a major deliverable was delayed or the weather
prevents you from completing a deliverable on time ?

What-if analysis weighs these questions and their assumptions and

determines the feasibility of the project schedule under these conditions.

¾ Monte Carlo analysis use a range of probable activity durations for

each activity, and those ranges are then used to calculate a range of
probable duration results for the project itself.
It runs the possible activity durations and schedule projections many times to
come up with the schedule projections and their probability, critical path
duration estimates, and float time.

Resource Leveling
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Resource leveling – also called the resource-based method – is used

when resources are limited or time constrained and when specific
schedule dates need to be met.

¾ One of the most common methods is to ensure that workers are not
overextended on activities. This method often extends the project end
date.

¾ A
Another
th method
th d ffor resource leveling
l li iis tto ttake
k resources offff off non
critical path activities and apply them to critical-path activities to ensure
the project end date is met.
This method takes advantages of available slack and balances the expected
duration of the non critical path with the expected duration of the critical path.

43
Resource Leveling
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Resource leveling also provides for changing the project schedule to

allow for long work hours to complete the work – such as weekends,
evenings, or even adding a second or third shift to bring the project
back in alignment.

¾ Another approach, is to change the resource, tools, or equipment used

to complete the project work faster.

Critical Chain Method

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ CCM first requires the discovery of the critical path but then applies
available resources to determine the true resource-limited schedule.

¾ Based on the availability of resources to complete the project work, the

critical path is often different than what it would have been using the
pure CPM approach.

¾ CCM scheduling evaluates each activity’s

activity s latest possible start and
finish date.

¾ The focus is on completing each activity in order to complete the entire

project by the promised end date.

44
Project Management Software
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Project Management software automates the mathematical

calculations and performs resource-leveling functions for you.

¾ The level of sophistication and the type of project management

techniques that you’re involved with will determine which software
product you should choose.

Applying Calendars
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Calendars are divided into two types:

Project Calendars – concern all the resource involved in the project and
specify the working periods for those resources.

Resource Calendars – looks at a particular resource or groups of resources

and their availability.

45
Adjusting Leads and Lags
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Lead time is considered a negative value because time is subtracted

from the downstream activity to bring it closer to the start of the project.

¾ Lag time is waiting time. Lag time is considered a positive value since
time is added to the project schedule.

Schedule Model
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Schedule model is a tool that you use to create your project schedule
schedule.

¾ Think this as a template.

¾ After you’ve determined activities, estimates, durations, dependencies,

and resources, you use the schedule model in combination with your
project management software to create the schedule.

46
Schedule Development Process Outputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The Schedule Development process has eight outputs:

1. Project schedule

2. Schedule model data

3. Schedule baseline

4. Resource requirement updates

5. Activity attributes updates

6. Project calendar updates

7. Requested changes

8. Project management plan updates (updates to the schedule management

plan)

Schedule Development Process Outputs

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Project Schedule
The purpose of the Schedule Development process is to determine
the start and finish date for the each of the project activity.

Project Schedule will detail this information as well as the resource

assignments.

The project schedule should be approved and signed off by

stakeholders and functional managers.

9 This assures that they have read the schedule, understand the dates and
resource commitments, and will likely cooperate

47
Schedule Development Process Outputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The schedule can be displayed in a variety of ways:

Project Network Diagram

Gantt Charts

Milestone Charts

Project Network Diagram

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

48
Gantt Chart
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

Milestone Chart
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

49
Schedule Model Data
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The schedule model data refers to documenting the

supporting data for the schedule.

¾ The minimum amount of information in this output includes:

Milestones

Schedule activities and activity attributes

Documenting the assumptions and constraints

9 Supporting Details
Resource Requirements , Alternative Scheduling, Schedule Contingency
Reserves

Schedule Control
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Schedule Control is part of integrated change management

management.
Schedule control is concerned with three processes:
The project manager works with the factors that can cause
schedule change in an effort to confirm that the changes are agreed
upon. Factors can include project team members, stakeholders,
management, customers, and project conditions.

The project manager examines the work results and conditions to

determine whether the schedule has changed.

The project manager manages the actual change in the schedule.

50
Schedule Control - Inputs
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Schedule Control inputs include the following:

1. Schedule management plan

2. Schedule baseline

3. Performance reports

4. Approved change requests

Schedule Control – Tools & Techniques

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The tools and techniques of the Schedule Control process

are as follows:
1. Progress reporting

2. Schedule change control system

3. Performance measurement

4 Variance
4. V i analysis
l i

5. Project management software

6. Schedule comparison bar charts

51
Progress Reporting
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Progress reporting examines elements like actual start and

end dates for schedule activities and the remaining time to
finish uncompleted activities.

Schedule change control system

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The schedule change control system works just like the cost

¾ change control system, except that it defines how changes to

the schedule are made and managed.

¾ It tracks and records change requests, describes the

procedures to follow to implement schedule changes, and
details the authorization levels needed to approve the
schedule changes.

52
Performance measurement
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Poor performance may result in schedule changes

changes.

¾ Performance measurements for schedule control include the

schedule variance and schedule performance index. Both of
these should be used to determine if corrective action is
needed to get the schedule back on track.

¾ We will see about Schedule Performance Index in Cost

Management.

Variance Analysis
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ Variance analysis is a key factor in monitoring and controlling

project time because this technique helps determine
variances in schedule start and end dates.

¾ Comparing the estimated dates to the actual or forecasted

dates will show you where variances have occurred—or may
occur— and will allow you to implement corrective actions to
occur
keep the schedule on track.

53
Schedule Comparison Bat Charts
Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The last tool and technique is the schedule comparison bar

charts.

¾ This is a standard bar chart that depicts two bars for each
schedule activity—one bar for the approved schedule
baseline and one bar for the actual status.

Schedule Control - Outputs

Creating Evaluating Analysis Applying Understanding Remembering

¾ The Schedule Control process has the following outputs:

1. Schedule model data updates

2. Schedule baseline updates

3. Performance measurements
Changes to the approved schedule start and end date are called
4. Requested changes REVISIONS.

5. Recommended corrective action

6. Organizational process asset updates (lessons learned)

7. Activity list updates

8. Activity attributes updates

9. Project management plan updates

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