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Sucrose Inversion Experiment - Draft

This document summarizes a laboratory experiment on the inversion of sucrose. Sucrose undergoes acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to glucose and fructose. The reaction rate was determined to be first order in sucrose concentration based on curve fitting the integrated rate law to experimental data. Specifically: - Optical rotation was measured over time and plotted as ln(αt - α∞) versus time t, yielding a straight line with slope equal to the rate constant k. - The determined value of k was 0.0752 min-1, indicating the reaction follows first-order kinetics. - As predicted, the optical rotation decreased over time and became negative, consistent with the products glucose and fr

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Ros Vincent Alvarez
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663 views7 pages

Sucrose Inversion Experiment - Draft

This document summarizes a laboratory experiment on the inversion of sucrose. Sucrose undergoes acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to glucose and fructose. The reaction rate was determined to be first order in sucrose concentration based on curve fitting the integrated rate law to experimental data. Specifically: - Optical rotation was measured over time and plotted as ln(αt - α∞) versus time t, yielding a straight line with slope equal to the rate constant k. - The determined value of k was 0.0752 min-1, indicating the reaction follows first-order kinetics. - As predicted, the optical rotation decreased over time and became negative, consistent with the products glucose and fr

Uploaded by

Ros Vincent Alvarez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Chemical Engineering

University of San Carlos Technological Center


Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City

ChE 323L

Physical Chemistry Laboratory 1

Inversion of Sucrose

Date Performed: March 4, 2016


Date Submitted: March 7, 2016

An initial laboratory report submitted to:


Dr. Alchris W. Go
Instructor, ChE 323L

An initial laboratory report submitted by:


Alvarez, Ros Vincent
Mambaje, Alronavee
Mondares, Maria Mevicci

Theory
The rate law for the inversion of sucrose is in the form:

H + p
d [sucrose ]
=k [ sucrose]m [H 2O]n
dt

(1)

The concentration of water in this experiment is large and concentration changes are virtually
negligible hence it is essentially constant. A large excess of acid is also in use to maintain a
constant hydrogen ion concentration. We can then rewrite Eq. 1 to isolate the dependence on
the concentration of sucrose:

d [sucrose ]
m
=k eff [sucrose ]
dt

(2)

H +
with keff = k [H 2 O]n

We will assume that the reaction is first order in sucrose, m=1, which we will verify by curve
fitting to a first-order integrated rate law. In the equations that follow we will set [sucrose] = c.
It is assumed that the reaction goes to completion so that practically no sucrose remains at
"infinite" time. The integrated form of the first-order-reaction differential equation is then:
c = co e^(-keff t)

(3)

where co is the concentration of sucrose at the beginning of the reaction. Taking logarithms,

ln

C
=kt
co

(4)

Thus the slope of a plot of ln c/co versus t is -k. However, in this experiment we don't measure
the concentration of sucrose.
Instead of measuring concentration directly, in this experiment the optical rotation, , is
measured. Optical rotation is linear function of the concentration for each optically active
molecule in solution:
i = Ai ci

(5)

for Ai a constant dependent on the molecule i. For a solution of sucrose, glucose, and fructose:
= Asucrose csucrose + Aglucose cglucose + Afructose cfructose

(6)

At the end of the reaction, no sucrose remains and:


= Aglucose cglucose, + Afructose cfructose,

(7)

From the stoichiometry,


cglucose, = cfructose, = csucrose,o

(8)

where csucrose,o is the initial concentration of sucrose. Substituting Eq. 8 in to Eq. 7 gives:
= (Aglucose + Afructose ) csucrose,o

(9)

Likewise at the beginning of the reaction:


o = Asucrose csucrose,o

(10)

Subtracting Eq. 9 from Eq. 10 gives:


o- = ( Asucrose- Aglucose - Afructose ) csucrose,o
During the course of the reaction at time t:

(11)

= Asucrose csucrose + Aglucose cglucose + Afructose cfructose

(12)

However, from the 1:1 stoichiometry and Eq. 8 we have


cglucose= cfructose = csucrose,o - csucrose

(13)

which when substituted into Eq. 12 and then Eq. 9 is subtracted gives:
- = Asucrose csucrose - Aglucose csucrose - Afructose csucrose

(14)

Dividing Eq. 14 by Eq. 11 then gives the desired concentration ratio:


c
= sucrose
o C sucrose , o

(15)

Finally substituting Eq. 15 into Eq. 3 gives:


( ) = (o ) ekeff t
or

= (o ) ekeff t

Substituting Eq. 15 into Eq. 4 gives

k=

1 o
ln
t t
(17)

I.

k=

1 o
ln
t t

(16)

H2O ()
1st reading

2.2

2nd reading

1.7

rd

3 reading

1.5

Average

1.8

HCl ()
1st reading

-10.8

2nd reading

-12.2

3rd reading

-12.0

Average
-11.7
The initial degree of rotation of sucrose was measured by diluting 25 ml of the 0.584 M solution
to 50 ml. This was done to verify the calculated (theoretical) initial degree of rotation of sucrose
sucrose

With water set as blank, the reference angle was determined to be . To determine the angle of
rotation of sucrose alone, the angle of rotation (average) of the sucrose solution was subtracted
from the reference angle which yielded . A similar procedure was done for the HCl solution
with as the angle of rotation of HCl.
The initial angle of rotation was then determined by summing up that measured angles of
rotation of water, sucrose and HCl. This value is the expected angle of rotation of the three
substances at a point before the reaction takes place.
During the inversion process, the moment when the solutions were mixed was set to be at time
zero (t0). Readings were taken at 5 min intervals due to the slow nature of the reaction (hence
the HCl catalyst) and the reading that kept constant after 10 min intervals was taken to be the
angle of rotation at infinity. This indicates that the sucrose is now consumed too slowly to be
practically measured and we assume that the reaction goes to completion. The angle displayed

in the Vernier was then subtracted to the reference angle to give the angle of rotation at time t.
Results are displayed in Table.
Angle of Rotation with correction from blank
Time (min.), t

10

15

20

25

30

40

50

60

8.1

4.5

1.4

-1.1

-3.4

-6.1

-9.6

-10.4

-11.2

-11.2

2.96

2.75

2.53

2.31

2.05

1.63

0.47

-0.22

8.4

5.1

3.3

-2.2

-6.3

-8.7

2.84

2.62

2.48

2.16

1.87

0.88

10

15

20

25

30

40

8.3

4.8

2.4

-0.6

-2.8

-6.2

-9.2

-10.0

2.91

2.70

2.52

2.24

1.97

1.34

0.22

Trial 1
Angle
Rotation, t

ln

Trial 2
Angle
Rotation, t

ln

Ave values
Time (min.), t
Angle
Rotation, t

ln

Rearranging equation 1 to a linear form:

ln

= -kt + ln

-8.7

3.5
3

f(x) = - 0.08x + 3.54

2.5
2

ln (t - )

1.5
1
0.5
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

t (min.)

Figure 1. Graph of ln function against Time t.


The line of best fit (as shown in Figure1) was obtained using the best-fit Excel function giving a
sope of 0.0752 hence,
k = 0.0752
Sucrose is dextrorotatory while a glucose-fructose mixture resulting from the inversion should
render a slightly levorotatory polarization. It is interesting to note though that glucose is
dextrorotatory like sucrose while fructose is levorotatory and the resulting slight levorotatory
mixture is due to greater specific rotation of fructose. We can therefore make a prediction that as
sucrose is used up in the reaction, the resulting angle of rotation as time progresses should
move or rotate in a counter-clockwise fashion or rotated to the left.
This prediction is confirmed based on table with the results reaching the negative scale (blank
adjusted) using the full circle scale polarimeter.

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