Liturgical Manual

For Deacons

ROMAN CATHOLIC
DIOCESE OF PHOENIX
Published Revisions as of March 1, 2011

Preface
This liturgical guide for deacons was developed to be a practical tool for the
preparation of deacon candidates and for the on-going formation of those already ordained
to the diaconate. It is a teaching resource for candidates and deacons. It is also intended to
be a reference for pastors who have deacons assigned to the parish and especially for priest
celebrants who have deacons assisting them at Mass. The aspiration is that this document
will help unfold the beauty of the sacred liturgy, promote understanding, prayerfulness,
reverence, and unity in the liturgical service of deacons.
This guide is intended to be a living document which will be reviewed, amended,
and revised as needed to remain accurate, current, and useful. It will always be a work in
progress as new and better ways are found to form deacons liturgically.
The steps leading to the development of this guide were begun by Bishop Thomas J.
Olmsted with his authorization of a study committee to facilitate the revision of the 1994
Liturgical Handbook for Deacons which had become outdated. His directions to the committee
were to draft a liturgical guide which (1) involved consultation with the primary stakeholders,
(2) was developed under the leadership of the Office of Worship and facilitated by the
Office of the Diaconate, (3) which included consultation with an outside expert in liturgy
and the diaconate, and (4) was practical for the use of deacon candidates, deacons, priests,
pastors and the bishop. Members of the study committee were Roslyn Gutierrez, past
Director of the Office of Worship, Sr. Ginger Downey, OLVM, current Director of the
Office of Worship, Deacon Dan Peterson, Director of the Office of the Diaconate, and
Deacon Keith Davis, Associate Director of Formation, Office of the Diaconate. Fr. Kieran
Kleczewski, Executive Director of the Office of Worship was assigned by Bishop Olmsted
to give guidance to the project and to edit each of the main drafts. The external expert was
the Rev. Shawn McKnight, a faculty member at Pontifical College Josephenum who is a
highly regarded expert on liturgy and the diaconate. The study committee developed a
model for the format and content in the form of a first draft which was subsequently
circulated, reviewed and commented upon by individuals with expertise in liturgy and/or the
diaconate. Bishop Olmsted has reviewed several early drafts. This most recent draft is the
outcome of this collaborative process.
The process utilized included consultation with the following bodies and offices:
a. Deacon Council
b. Presbyteral Council
c. Office of the Diaconate
d. Office of Worship
e. Office of the Chancellor
f. Office of the Bishop
A conscious effort has been made to assure the conformity of this guide with the
General Instruction of the Roman Missal (GIRM), Sacramentum Redemptionis, Apostolic
Exhortation of Benedict XVI on the Eucharist Sacramentum Caritatis, the National Directory for
the Formation, Ministry, and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United States, and other
directives of Holy Mother Church. This document is offered as a formation resource
i

to help promote excellence in the liturgical service of deacons and does not supplant
or alter the GIRM in any way. It is offered to deacons and the priests with whom the
deacons serve at Mass as a guideline to help them implement the GIRM in light of the
latest liturgical documents of the Church. Readers are invited to point out any
statements in this guide that do not seem to be consistent with this objective of
conformity or to make other suggestions for the improvement of the guide.

ii

"The service of the deacon is the Church's service sacramentalized. Yours is not just one ministry
among others, but it is truly meant to be, as Paul VI described it, a 'driving force' for the Church's
diakonia. By your ordination you are configured to Christ in his servant role. You are also meant
to be living signs of the servanthood of his Church."
John Paul II, Address to deacons in Detroit, 1987

When the deacon comes to serve, he must empty himself from all selfish concerns. He
must see himself as servant of the liturgy and never its master. He must minister to the
priest and to the altar with the humility of him whose very body and blood were offered on
the altar of the cross.
When he comes to proclaim the Gospel, the deacon must empty himself of all his worldly
wisdom that he might be filled only with the wisdom of God. He must decrease so that the
Word of God might take root in him and those who hear his voice may hear not him, but
Christ Jesus who lives in him. His acclamation of the Gospel of the Lord must ring
authentic and true.
When he proclaims intercessions or invites the people to prayer, the faithful must recognize
in him the trustworthy and compassionate man to whom they may go with any of their
needs. The poor must know him as their friend. Orphans must see him as their father, and
all who are alone, afraid or confused must see in him a refuge in the model of Christ Jesus.
All must have such trust in his prudence and charity that his wise guidance is spontaneously
welcomed.
Finally, all who receive the Saviors Precious Blood from his hands must receive the chalice
as from one who knows the meaning of sacrifice, of being poured out for Gods people, and
of striving for holiness of life. The deacon too must take up the cup of salvation as one
whose very life is a hymn of praise to the Lord. For the cup he bears is his salvation and a
model of the life to which he is called as a deacon.
What the new Roman Missal and the Church ask of the deacon is to become more like Christ.
To participate in his paschal death and resurrection: by how he lives and how he prays, by
what he does and who he has become.
This is the mystery of diaconal ministry at the altar. It is the mystery of the Church and the
mystery of all who are called to the Supper of the Lamb!
Msgr. James Moroney, Director of Liturgy Office USCCB,
The Deacon and the Liturgy: A Search for Identity
iii

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
CHAPTER ONE: LITURGICAL PRINCIPLES FOR DIACONAL MINISTRY .............................1

CHAPTER TWO: THE IMPORTANCE AND DIGNITY OF THE EUCHARISTIC

CELEBRATION...............................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER THREE: SOME GENERAL NORMS FOR ALL FORMS OF MASS ...........................5

CHAPTER FOUR: DEACONS ROLE IN THE CELEBRATION OF THE EUCHARIST............9

CHAPTER FIVE: DEACONS AND OTHER LITURGIES AND RITES.........................................19

CHAPTER SIX: MASS WITH THE BISHOP AS PRESIDER ASSISTED BY A

CATHEDRAL DEACON AND PARISH DEACONS ................................................................29

CHAPTER SEVEN: MASS AT WHICH THE BISHOP PRESIDES BUT NOT AS

CELEBRANT: ................................................................................................................................34

CHAPTER EIGHT: APPENDIX...........................................................................................................35

HOLY WEEK .................................................................................................................................35

THE DEDICATION OF A CHURCH...........................................................................................39
THE DUTIES OF AN ACOLYTE.................................................................................................42

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................43

GLOSSARY..............................................................................................................................................44

iv

Chapter One: Liturgical Principles for Diaconal Ministry

LITURGICAL PRESENCE OF THE DEACON
The deacon has a particular role in the liturgical action of the Church. Lumen Gentium states that
Strengthened by sacramental grace, in communion with the bishop and his group of priests,
deacons serve the People of God in the ministry of the liturgy, of the word, and of charity (#29).
The liturgical presence of the deacon will be different at celebrations where someone else presides
and the deacon assists that presider, versus the occasions when the deacon presides.
Whenever there is a priest or Bishop present at a liturgical celebration, they preside and the deacon
always assists. The focus of the assisting deacon is always on the action of the liturgy (Altar, Chair,
etc.) unless the deacon is performing a function for the assembly (proclaiming the Gospel, giving
liturgical directions, etc.). The deacon does not share any of the duties or prayers that belong to the
presider, nor does he directly address God; he assists. All liturgical options that are available for the
diaconal role during the liturgy are at the option of the presider not the one who assists. (i.e.
chanting the penitential tropes or intercessions should be discussed with the presider before the
celebration and not done during the celebration without his knowledge.) Deciding which options to
use is a function of presiding.
At those liturgical celebrations where the deacon is the presider, he takes on a different demeanor.
He is no longer one who assists, but the one who leads those assembled in prayer. Now his focus is
on those assembled and on God when God is addressed in prayer.
LITURGICAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE DEACON AS THE PRESIDING MINISTER
The deacon has been ordained to nurture and increase the people of God; it belongs to him to lead
the community in prayer when the pastor (or parochial vicar) is not available to lead them.
1. When the deacon leads the assembly in the celebration of a Sacrament or in prayer, his focus is on
the Lord Jesus Christ and the assembly. When the deacon assists a presider, the deacons focus is on
the presider, it is on the assembly only when the assembly is being addressed.
2. Music is an integral part of all liturgies; it helps all who celebrate to enter into the prayer. All music
should be natural; pre-recorded music should never be used.
3. Within the communitys worship space, the deacon has a unique chair from the priest and other
ministers. When the deacon leads prayer, he is to use his chair and not the presidential chair. This
will show the distinction between priest, deacon and other ministers.
4. Liturgy is participatory and is not meant to be entertaining. Actions that create an environment of
audience and performance should be avoided. Our liturgies are to be engaging and involve the
gathered community in the experience of prayer.
LITURGICAL VESTURE FOR DEACONS
1. Albs worn by deacons are to be white (or cream) in color not wheat colored or gray. The alb
should tend to be simple and not ornate nor have excessively full sleeves. The alb should be tied at
the waist with a cincture unless it is made to fit without one. The alb should cover the street clothes
1

at the neck. If it does not, an amice should be worn. The alb should be long enough to reach to the
bottom of the pants leg but not be so long that it poses a tripping hazard.
2. A deacon stole is worn over the left shoulder, drawn across the chest, and fastened at the right
side. The stole should be of the proper liturgical color. The stole is always worn under the dalmatic
and is never worn without the alb.
3. A dalmatic is worn over the stole (the stole is never omitted) and is never worn without an alb.
The dalmatic is the normal vestment of the deacon for the celebration of Holy Eucharist. It may be
omitted either out of necessity or for a less solemn liturgy (i.e. weekday Mass, Liturgy of the Hours,
etc). It is proper to wear the dalmatic for a more solemn celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours
such as Sunday Vespers.
4. When the deacon presides at a funeral vigil or committal service, alb and white stole are proper,
however local custom, or ecumenical hospitality, may call for regular business attire.
5. When the deacon presides at the Sacrament of Matrimony, Sacrament of Baptism or Benediction,
the alb, white stole and cope (optional for Matrimony & Baptism) are proper vesture. If the deacon
receives the exchange of vows during a nuptial Mass, the proper vestment is the dalmatic.
6. According to Canon Laws 282 and 288, the Roman Collar is not mandatory attire for deacons. In
the Diocese of Phoenix, the Bishop has not given permission for deacons in the Permanent
Diaconate to wear the Roman Collar.

Chapter Two: The Importance and Dignity of the Eucharistic

Celebration
THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE MASS
The celebration of Mass, as the action of Christ and the People of God arrayed hierarchically, is the center of
the whole Christian life for the Church both universal and local, as well as for each of the faithful individually.
In it is found the high point both of the action by which God sanctifies the world in Christ and of the worship
that the human race offers to the Father, adoring Him through Christ, the Son of God, in the Holy Spirit. In
it, moreover, during the course of the year, the Mysteries of Redemption are recalled so as in some way to be
made present. Furthermore, the other sacred actions and all the activities of the Christian life are bound up
with it, flow from it, and are ordered to it.
It is therefore of the greatest importance that the celebration of the Massthat is, the Lords Supperbe so
arranged that the sacred ministers and the faithful taking part in it, according to the proper state of each, may
derive from it more abundantly those fruits for the sake of which Christ the Lord instituted the Eucharist
Sacrifice of His Body and Blood and entrusted it to the Church, His beloved Bride, as the memorial of His
Passion and Resurrection.
This will best be accomplished if, with due regard for the nature and the particular circumstances of each
liturgical assembly, the entire celebration is planned in such a way that it leads to a conscious, active, and full
participation of the faithful both in body and in mind, a participation burning with faith, hope, and charity, of
the sort which is desired by the Church and demanded by the very nature of the celebration, and to which the
Christian people have a right and duty by reason of their Baptism.
Even if it is not sometimes possible to have the presence and active participation of the faithful, which bring out
more plainly the ecclesial nature of the celebration, the Eucharistic Celebration always retains its efficacy and
dignity because it is the action of Christ and the Church, in which the priest fulfills his own principal office and
always acts for the peoples salvation.
It is therefore expected that the priest celebrate the Eucharistic Sacrifice even daily, if at all possible.1
Because, however, the celebration of the Eucharist, like the entire Liturgy, is carried out through perceptible
signs that nourish, strengthen, and express faith, the utmost care must be taken to choose and to arrange those
forms and elements set forth by the Church that, in view of circumstances of the people and the place, will more
effectively foster active and full participation and more properly respond to the spiritual needs of the faithful.2
The celebration of the Eucharist in a particular Church is of utmost importance.
For the diocesan Bishop, the chief steward of the Mysteries of God in the particular Church entrusted to his
care, is the moderator, promoter, and guardian of the whole of its liturgical life. In celebrations at which the
Bishop presides, and especially in the celebration of the Eucharist led by the Bishop himself with the
presbyterate, the deacons, and the people taking part, the mystery of the Church is revealed. For this reason,
the solemn celebration of Masses of this sort must be an example for the entire Diocese.

1 Likewise, it

is recommended by Bishop Olmsted that deacons assist at the Eucharistic Sacrifice daily, when possible.

General Instruction of the Roman Missal 1-20

3

The Bishop should therefore be insistent that the priests, the deacons, and the lay Christian faithful grasp ever
more deeply the genuine meaning of the rites and liturgical texts and thereby be led to an active and fruitful
celebration of the Eucharist. To the same end, he should also be vigilant that the dignity of these celebrations be
enhanced. In promoting this dignity, the beauty of the sacred place, of music, and of art should contribute as
greatly as possible.3
DEACONS AND THE CELEBRATION OF THE EUCHARIST
All those involved in a liturgy should arrive at a suitable time before the celebration begins in order to
prepare mentally and spiritually. The deacon and/or minister should assist the priest celebrant with
practical preparations, pray and/or greet the people.
When fulfilling his ministry within the Eucharistic Liturgy, the deacon should be appropriately vested. It is
desirable that the color and design of the deacon's vestments match the vestments of the presiding
celebrant whenever possible, yet they are always distinguishable from the priests vestments by virtue of
the dalmatic having sleeves.
If a deacon is functioning in his proper liturgical role, he always stands and sits to the immediate right of
the priest celebrant. If a second deacon is present and functioning, he stands and sits to the immediate left
of the celebrant. If there is a third deacon, he may sit next to one of the other two deacons, or wherever
appropriate. This remains the same whether priest concelebrants are present or not.
Before the liturgy begins, the deacon should discuss with the celebrant the options chosen, including
penitential rite, use of incense, dismissal, and others`.
When he is present at the Eucharistic Celebration, a deacon should exercise his ministry, wearing sacred
vestments. The deacon:

1.

Assists the celebrant and usually remains at this side;

2.

Guides the faithful by appropriate introductions and explanations,

3.

Proclaims the Gospel and may preach the homily, at the discretion of the celebrant;

4.

Announces the intentions of the Prayer of the Faithful;

5.

Ministers at the altar, with the chalice as well as the Sacramentary;

6.

Assists the celebrant in distributing Communion;

7.

Purifies and arranges the sacred vessels;

8.

Announces the conclusion of Mass

9.

As needed, fulfills the duties of other ministers himself if none of them are present;

10.

Handles distractions in order to prevent them, as much as possible, from disturbing the
presider and assembly.

General Instruction of the Roman Missal 20-22

Chapter Three: Some General Norms for All Forms of Mass

Directly quoted from GIRM 273-287
Veneration of the Altar and the Book of Gospels

According to traditional practice, the altar and the Book of Gospels are venerated by
means of a kiss.

A genuflection, made by bending the right knee to the ground, signifies adoration, and
therefore it is reserved for the Most Blessed Sacrament, as well as for the Holy Cross
from the solemn adoration during the liturgical celebration on Good Friday until the
beginning of the Easter Vigil.

During Mass, three genuflections are made by the priest celebrant; namely, after the
showing of the Host, after the showing of the chalice, and before Communion. Certain
specific features to be observed in a concelebrated Mass are noted in their proper place.

If, however, the tabernacle with the Most Blessed Sacrament is present in the sanctuary,
the celebrant, the deacon, and the other ministers genuflect when they approach the altar
and when they depart from it, but not during the celebration of Mass itself.

Otherwise all who pass before the Most Blessed Sacrament genuflect, unless they are
moving in procession.

Ministers carrying the processional cross or candles bow their heads instead of
genuflecting.

A bow signifies reverence and honor shown to the persons themselves or to the signs
that represent them. There are two kinds of bows: the bow of the head and a bow of the
body.
A bow of the head is made when the three Divine Persons are named: Together and
at the name of Jesus, the Blessed Virgin Mary, and of the Saint in whose honor Mass
is being celebrated.
A bow of the body, that is to say a profound bow, is made to the altar; during the
prayers Munda cor meum (Almighty God, cleanse my heart) and In spiritu humilitaties
(Lord God, we ask you to receive); in the Creed at the words Et incarnates est (by the
power of the Holy Spiritmade man); in the Roman Canon at the words Supplices te
rogamus (Almightly God, we pray that your angel). In addition, the celebrant bows
slightly as he speaks the words of the Lord at the consecration.

Incensation

Incensation is an expression of reverence and of prayer, as is signified in Sacred Scripture

(cf. Ps 141 [140]:2, Rev 8:3).

Incense may be used if desired in any form of Mass:

During the entrance procession;
5

Revised 3/09

At the beginning of Mass, to incense the cross and the altar;

At the Gospel procession and the proclamation of the Gospel itself;
After the bread and the chalice have been placed upon the altar, to incense the
offerings, the cross, and the altar, as well as the priest and the people;
At the showing of the Host and the chalice after the consecration.

The celebrant, having put incense into thurible, blesses it with the sign of the Cross,
without saying anything

Before and after an incensation, a profound bow is made to the person or object that is
incensed, except for the incensation of the altar and the offerings for the Sacrifice of the
Mass.

The following are incensed with three swings (3X3) of the thurible: the Most Blessed
Sacrament, a relic of the Holy Cross and images of the Lord exposed for public
veneration, the offerings for the sacrifice of the Mass, the altar cross, the Book of the
Gospels, the Paschal Candle, the priest, and the people.

The following are incensed with two swings (2X3) of the thurible: relics and images of
Saints exposed for public veneration. This should be done, however, only at the
beginning of the celebration, (and only on their particular feast days), after the incensation
of the altar.

The altar is incensed with single swings of the thurible in this way:
If the altar is freestanding with respect to the wall, the priest incenses walking around
it;
If the altar is not freestanding, the priest incenses it while walking first to the right
side, and then to the left.

The cross, if situated on or near the altar, is incensed by the priest before he incenses the
altar; otherwise, he incenses it when he passes in front of it.

The priest incenses the offerings with three swings of the thurible or by making the sign
of the cross over the offerings with the thurible, then going on to incense the cross and
the altar.

Purification

Whenever a fragment of the Host adheres to his fingers, especially after the Fraction or
the Communion of the faithful, the priest is to wipe his fingers over the paten or, if
necessary, wash them. Likewise, he should also gather any fragments that may have fallen
outside the paten.

The sacred vessels are purified by the celebrant, the deacon, or an instituted acolyte after
Communion or after Mass, insofar as possible at the credence table. The purification of
the chalice is done with water alone or with wine and water, which is then drunk by
whoever does the purification. The paten is usually wiped clean with the purificator.

Revised 3/09

Care must be taken that whatever may remain of the Blood of Christ after the distribution
of Communion is consumed immediately and completely at the altar. Precious Blood is
never to be reserved except in extreme circumstances for sick or dying unable to receive
any other way.

If a Host or any particle should fall, it is to be picked up reverently. If any of the Precious
Blood is spilled, the area where the spill occurred should be washed with water, and this
water should then be poured into the sacrarium in the sacristy. (In the meantime, a
purificator should cover the stain/spill until the liturgy is concluded.)

Communion under Both Kinds

Holy Communion has a fuller form as a sign when it is distributed under both kinds. In
this form the sign of the Eucharistic Banquet is more clearly evident and clear expression
is given to the Divine Will by which the new and eternal Covenant is ratified in the Blood
of the Lord, as also the relationship between the Eucharistic Banquet and the
eschatological banquet in the Fathers Kingdom.

Pastors should take care to ensure that the faithful who participate in the rite or are
present at it are as fully aware as possible of the Catholic teaching on the form of Holy
Communion as set forth by the Ecumenical Council of Trent. Above all, they should
instruct the Christian faithful that the Catholic faith teaches that Christ, whole and entire,
and the true Sacrament, is received even under only one species, and consequently that as
far as the effects are concerned, those who receive under only one species are not
deprived of any of the grace that is necessary for salvation.

They are to teach, furthermore, that the Church, in her stewardship of the
Sacraments, has the power to set forth or alter whatever provisions, apart from the
substance of the Sacraments, that she judges to be most conducive to the veneration of
the Sacraments and the well-being of the recipients, in view of changing conditions, times,
and places. At the same time, the faithful should be encouraged to seek to participate
more eagerly in this sacred rite, by which the sign of the Eucharistic banquet is made
more fully evident.

In addition to those cases given in the ritual books, Communion under both kinds is
permitted for:
Priests who are not able to celebrate or concelebrate Mass; the deacon and others
who perform some duty at Mass;
Members of communities at the conventual Mass or community Mass, along with
seminarians, and all who are engaged in a retreat or are taking part in a spiritual or
pastoral gathering.

The diocesan Bishop may establish norms for Communion under both kinds for his own
diocese, which are also to be observed in churches of religious and at celebrations with
small groups. The diocesan Bishop is also given the faculty to permit Communion under
both kinds whenever it may seem appropriate to the pastor to whom, as its own
shepherd, a community has been entrusted, provided that the faithful have been well
instructed and there is no danger of profanation of the Sacrament or confusion because
of the large number of participants or some other reason.

Revised 3/09

In all that pertains to Communion under both kinds, the Norms for the Distribution and
Reception of Holy Communion under Both Kinds in the Diocese of the United States of America are to
be followed.

When Communion is distributed under both kinds,

The chalice is usually administered by a deacon or, when no deacon is present, by a
priest, or even by a duly instituted acolyte or another extraordinary minister of Holy
Communion, or by a member of the faithful who in case of necessity has been
entrusted with the duty for a single occasion;
Whatever may remain of the Blood of Christ is consumed at the altar by the priest or
the deacon, or by the duly instituted acolyte who ministered the chalice. The same
then purifies, wipes, and arranges the sacred vessels in the usual way.
Any of the faithful who wish to receive Holy Communion under the species of bread
alone should be granted their wish.

For Communion under both kinds the following should be prepared:

a.

If Communion from the chalice is carried out by communicants drinking

directly from the chalice, a chalice of a sufficiently large size or several
chalices are prepared. Care should, however, be taken in planning lest beyond
what is needed of the Blood of Christ remains to be consumed at the end of
the celebration.

b.

If Communion is carried out by intinction, the Hosts should be neither too

thin nor too small, but rather a little thicker than usual, so that after being
dipped partly into the Blood of Christ they can still be distributed to each
communicant.

If Communion of the Blood of Christ is carried out by the communicants drinking

from the chalice, each communicant, after receiving the Body of Christ, moves and
stands facing the minister of the chalice. The minister says, Sanguis Christi (The Blood
of Christ), the communicant responds, Amen, and the minister hands over the chalice,
which the communicant raises to his or her mouth. Each communicant drinks a little
from the chalice, hands it back to the minister, and then withdraws; the minister
wipes the rim of the chalice with the purificator.
If Communion from the chalice is carried out by intinction, each communicant
approaches the priest or deacon, who holds a vessel with the sacred particles, a
minister standing at his side and holding the chalice. The priest or deacon takes a
host, dips it partly into the chalice and, showing it, says, Corpus et Sanguis Christi (The
Body and Blood of Christ). The communicant responds, Amen, receives the
Sacrament in the mouth from the priest, and then withdraws.

Chapter Four: Deacons Role in the Celebration of the

Eucharist
Mass with One Deacon
One of the more basic liturgical ministries of the deacon is "to make all the preparation for the sacrifice,
and distribute the Body and Blood of the Lord to the faithful." The following norms are guidelines drawn
from the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, and the Sacramentary itself, on the manner in which a
deacon exercises his liturgical function at the Eucharist. Some of the functions of the deacon in the
celebration of the Eucharist, (e.g., placement of the corporal and purification of the vessels), may also be
done by an instituted acolyte. Therefore, when an instituted acolyte is present, his function should be
distinguished from that of the deacon.
The deacon should see to it that the necessary liturgical books, vessels, and vestments are properly
arranged for the celebration. He should also assist the instituted acolytes and other servers in their
preparation and performance of their liturgical roles, as appropriate. Special attention should be given
when incense is to be used.
1.

Introductory Rites
a. Entrance Procession and Reverence to the Altar:
The typical order of the entrance procession to the altar is:
Thurifer carrying a thurible with burning incense
Cross Bearer with image to the front
Candlebearers carrying candlesticks with lighted candles
Lectors/Readers
Deacon carrying the Book of the Gospels
Priest
The deacon walks immediately before the priest in the procession carrying the Book of
the Gospels slightly elevated. Otherwise, without the Book, he may walk at the right-hand
side of the priest. If there are concelebrants and other vested deacons, the deacon carrying
the Gospel book precedes the vested deacons. Extraordinary ministers of Holy
Communion do not join the procession.
When he reaches the altar, he does not bow or genuflect but proceeds to the altar and
places the Book of Gospels upon it. He then waits the arrival of the celebrant and then
together with the celebrant, he venerates the altar with a kiss. Nothing else should be
placed on the altar at this time, not even the Sacramentary or vessels.
If, however, he is not carrying the Book of the Gospels, he makes a profound bow to the
altar with the celebrant in the customary way and with him venerates the altar with a kiss.

If the tabernacle is in the Sanctuary or within close proximity to the altar, the deacon and
the celebrant will genuflect to the tabernacle rather than bow to the altar. If physically
impaired, a profound bow would suffice.
b. Incensation of the Altar:
If incense is used, the thurifer will bring the thurible and boat to the celebrant. The altar
server will hand the boat to the deacon. The deacon will open the boat and hold it close
to the thurible, while the celebrant places incense in the thurible. When the celebrant is
finished, the deacon closes the boat and hands it to the thurifer, who passes the thurible
to the deacon. The deacon then offers the thurible to the celebrant. The celebrant and the
deacon move to the center of the altar (with the deacon to the right of the celebrant), and
face the altar. There is no bow before and after incensing the altar (GIRM 277). If desired
by the celebrant, the deacon can hold back the celebrants chasuble while the celebrant
incenses the altar. The deacon begins a slow procession to the right, around the altar, and
leads the celebrant to the middle of the altar in front.
Upon arriving at the middle of the front of the altar, both the deacon and celebrant bow
to the Cross. The celebrant incenses the crucifix (during the Easter season, the Paschal
candle is also incensed). The deacon and celebrant bow again to the Cross (and in season,
the Paschal candle) and the deacon starts the procession again to the back of the altar.
The celebrant returns the thurible to the deacon, who hands it to the thurifer.
c. Greeting the Assembly:
After the incensation, the deacon and celebrant go to their chairs (with the deacon
always to the immediate right of the celebrant). The deacon stands beside him while
the celebrant greets the assembly. After the greeting, the priest, deacon, or other
suitable minister may very briefly introduce the Mass of the day. However, this
introduction may also be delegated by the priest to the deacon.
d. Penitential Rite:
The deacon stands at the right side of the celebrant during the Penitential Rite. If
Penitential Rite C is used, the deacon may recite or intone the tropes. However, a choir
may do this instead of the celebrant or deacon.
If Rite A or B is used, the priest leads the assembly and the deacon (or choir) leads
the Kyrie which follows. The priest always says the absolution.
If the Rite of Sprinkling is used, the deacon assists the priest; however, he may receive the
permission of the celebrant to sprinkle the people himself.
e. Gloria
The deacon continues to stand at the right side of the celebrant during the Gloria and
joins with the assembly in prayer.
f. Opening Prayer
If an altar server is not present, the deacon may assist the celebrant with the Sacramentary
for the opening prayer. Otherwise, he continues to stand at the right side of the celebrant.

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2. Liturgy of the Word

a. During the entire Liturgy of the Word, up to the Gospel, the deacon remains seated
at his place. During the Responsorial Psalm, the deacon joins in with the cantor and
the assembly in singing of the psalm
In the absence of a lector, the deacon reads the first two readings and the Gospel.
b. Gospel
If incense is to be used at the Gospel reading, the thurifer brings the thurible and boat to
the deacon at the beginning of the Gospel Acclamation.
The deacon stands and accepts the boat from the thurifer, opens the boat and holds it
close to the thurible. The celebrant places incense on the charcoal. When the celebrant is
finished, the deacon closes the boat and hands it to the thurifer.
The deacon makes a profound bow before the celebrant and asks for his blessing, saying
in a low voice, Father, give me your blessing. The celebrant blesses him, saying, The
Lord be in your heart The deacon signs himself with the Sign of the Cross and
responds, Amen.
After receiving the blessing, the deacon proceeds to the altar, bows, and lifts the Book of
Gospels. He then goes in procession to the place where the Gospel is proclaimed.
The order of the procession is:

One thurifer carrying the thurible

Two servers carrying candles

Deacon carrying the Book of Gospels

When the procession arrives at the ambo, the two altar servers with lit candles stand on
either side and face each other, the altar server with the thurible faces the assembly and
stands near the deacon; the deacon places the Book of Gospels on the ambo, looks at the
assembly, and with hands joined says: The Lord be with you. The assembly responds:
And also with you. A reading from the Holy Gospel according to _________.
(Note: This is the only formula and words to be used.) The deacon makes the Sign of the
Cross with his thumb on the book, his forehead, his lips, and his heart.
Incense is now used to venerate the Book of the Gospels. The deacon turns toward the
thurifer and takes the thurible. He then bows to the Gospel Book and incenses it with
three times: 3 swings to the center, 3 swings to the left of the book, and 3 swings to the
right of the book. He bows to the Book again and returns the thurible to the thurifer.
The deacon then proclaims the Gospel reading. At the conclusion of the reading he says:
The Gospel of the Lord. He says this without hand gestures and without raising the
book from the stand.
While the people respond Praise to you, Lord Jesus Christ, the deacon then venerates
the Book with a kiss, saying privately, May the words of the Gospel wipe away our sins.

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When the Bishop is celebrant, the deacon takes the Book of Gospels to the Bishop to be
reverenced. The Bishop may bless the assembly with it.
Lastly, the deacon may carry the Book of Gospels to the credence table or another
appropriate and dignified place.
If the celebrant is delivering the homily, the deacon returns to his seat; if the deacon is
preaching he returns to the ambo and begins.
After the homily, the catechumens who are present may be dismissed by the priest or
deacon.
c. Creed
The deacon remains at the right side of the celebrant and visibly joins in prayer with the
assembly. At the words By the power of the Holy Spiritand became man all make a
profound bow.
d. Prayer of the Faithful
After the introduction by the celebrant, it is the deacon himself who announces the
intentions of the Prayer of the Faithful, from the ambo.
The deacon is the primary minister of the Prayer of the Faithful and other options (lector,
other lay people) are not to be considered unless it is a special liturgy with special
considerations or a deacon is not present. The deacon may prepare the petitions of the
intercessions. This should be done according to the norms of the general intercessions
and local customs. As a rule, the series of intentions is to be
a. For the needs of the Church
b. For public authorities and the salvation of the whole world
c. For those burdened by any kind of difficulty
d. For the local community (GIRM 70)
It is also customary to have the last prayer for the dead.
The celebrant concludes the Prayer of the Faithful with a prayer
3. Liturgy of the Eucharist
a. Preparation of the Gifts
After the Prayer of the Faithful, while the celebrant remains at the chair, the deacon
prepares the altar assisted by the altar server, but it is the deacons place to take care of
the sacred vessels. The deacon should be the only person that places the vessels, etc. on
the altar.
The altar server may place the corporal(s) and Sacramentary on the altar. Then the deacon
places the chalice, communion cups (if needed), and purificators on the altar. The
Sacramentary should be placed according to the choice of the celebrant and open to the
appropriate page.
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The creases in the corporal are there for a practical reason: to catch Host fragments. The
corporal should be placed on the altar with the creases pointing down and the fold
facing up, cross at the bottom, in the center of the altar with the bottom of the corporal at
the edge of the altar nearest to the deacon. The paten should be placed off the corporal
and just to the right. The chalice (and any vessel not in the offertory procession) should
be placed on the lower corner of the altar where the deacon will pour the water and wine
after the reception of the gifts. Any ciboria containing unconsecrated hosts (and not in
the offertory procession) should be placed appropriately on the altar so as to allow the
celebrant to place the ciboria, paten, and chalice on the corporal
If one chalice is not sufficient for Holy Communion to be distributed under both kinds to
the priest concelebrants or Christs faithful, several chalices filled with wine may be placed
on a corporal on the altar in an appropriate place. It is praiseworthy that the main chalice
be larger than the other chalices prepared for distribution.
Note: Corporal or corporals of sufficient size must be used so as to accommodate the
number of sacred vessels used. The deacon should determine that the corporal(s) have
been ironed and folded correctly.
The deacon assists the celebrant in accepting the gifts brought in procession. It is
permissible for the deacon to receive the gifts by himself if directed by the celebrant. The
deacon returns to the altar and offers the paten or ciborium to the celebrant. The deacon
pours sufficient wine into the chalice. He then pours a very small amount of water into
the chalice. While pouring the water, the deacon prays quietly - By the mystery of this water
and wine may we come to share in the divinity of Christ, who humbled Himself to share in our humanity.
The deacon then offers the chalice to the celebrant.
If incense is used, the deacon assists the celebrant as at the beginning of the Mass.
After the gifts, the cross and the altar have been incensed, the celebrant and deacon face
each other and the celebrant hands the thurible to the deacon. They bow to each other
and the deacon incenses the celebrant three times (3 swings each time). They bow to each
other again.
The deacon then incenses as follows:

Bishop (if present)

Other clergy (concelebrants) if present in the sanctuary

Concelebrants seated with the congregation

Congregation and deacons

The thurible is then returned to the thurifer and the deacon returns to the
right side of the celebrant.

The thurible should be carried from place to place as follows: held at full length in the
right hand with the elbow bent; the left hand should be placed on the chest unless the
boat is held in the left hand.
If incense is used, the washing of the celebrants hands by the acolyte occurs while the
deacon is incensing.
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b. Eucharistic Prayer
The deacon stands to the right and slightly behind the celebrant, usually one step back
and one step to the right.
When concelebrants are present, they join the celebrant around the altar just prior to the
preface. The deacon should avoid standing between the concelebrants and the altar.
As the celebrant begins the Eucharistic Prayer and invites the faithful to lift up your
hearts, the deacon should not lift his hands and arms in a ministerial gesture but keep
them close to his chest in a prayerful position.
The General Instruction of the Roman Missal indicates that the deacon is to kneel from the
Epiclesis (celebrant extends his hands over the paten) until the celebrant shows the
chalice at the end of the Consecration. As the celebrant rises from his genuflection and
begins, Let us proclaim the mystery of faith, the deacon also rises. The deacon remains
standing through the rest of the Eucharistic Prayer.
If there is a pall on the chalice, the deacon may assist the celebrant by removing the pall
before he kneels. If the celebrant so desires, the deacon may cover the chalice again after
they have both risen to their feet.
If there is a health issue and a deacon cannot kneel he should assume a posture of
reverence. In that case, the following applies:

After the consecration of the Body, the celebrant genuflects and the
deacon should bow toward the altar.

If there is a pall on the chalice, the deacon may remove the pall
immediately following the reverence after the consecration of the Body.

After the consecration of the Precious Blood, the celebrant genuflects

and the deacon should bow toward the altar.

The deacon may replace the chalice pall as the celebrant invites the
assembly to recite or sing the Memorial Acclamation.

When more than one deacon is serving, all who are able will kneel.
At the Doxology, the deacon stands to the right of the celebrant and raises the chalice
while the celebrant raises the paten with the Host until the people have responded,
Amen. The deacon does not recite the Doxology with the celebrant but leads the
congregation with the Great Amen.
The deacon should be turned slightly toward the celebrant and the chalice should be
elevated to so that the center of the chalice is at a level with the Host.
After the assembly has responded Amen, the deacon should hand the chalice back to
the celebrant and he may place the chalice pall on the chalice if a chalice pall is used.
c. The Lords Prayer
The celebrant leads the Lords Prayer.
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During this time, the deacon is at the celebrants right side, slightly behind him and visibly
joining in the prayer. The deacon does not raise his hands and arms in a ministerial
gesture (ie the priest raises and extends his arms inviting all to pray). The deacon should
hold his hands together in a prayerful stance.
After the celebrant has greeted the people with, The Peace of the Lord be with you
always and they have responded, the deacon invites the assembly to exchange the Sign
of Peace. He faces the people and, with hands joined, says, Let us offer each other the
Sign of Peace. (This is the only word formula to be used. No elaborations.) Then
he himself receives the sign of peace from the celebrant and may offer it to those other
ministers who are close to him. If there are concelebrants, the concelebrants who are
nearer to the principal celebrant receive the sign of peace from him before the deacon
does. GIRM 239
d. Fraction Rite and Distribution of Communion
In ordinary circumstances, the celebrant alone performs the fraction.
If there are a large number of hosts, the deacon may assist the celebrant in placing them
into additional ciboria during the Lamb of God. Whenever possible, when a very large
number of hosts are needed, they should be placed into the additional ciboria before the
Mass begins, if the celebrant agrees.
If the deacon is bringing reserved hosts from the tabernacle to be distributed, he should
genuflect to the tabernacle after opening the door and then again just before closing the
door when reserving the hosts after Communion.
At Diocesan Masses where other Bishops or cardinals are present, the Bishop will offer
the Eucharist to Bishops, Archbishops, and Cardinals. The Bishop or concelebrant will
offer the Hosts to the other concelebrants.
Just prior to the priests Communion, the celebrant will genuflect. It is appropriate that
the deacon bow toward the altar at that time.
After the priests Communion, the deacon receives Communion from the celebrant
under both kinds. The deacon is strictly forbidden from self-communicating.
Depending upon numbers, circumstances, and logistics, the deacon will step away for a
moment to allow concelebrants to approach the altar for the Precious Blood. The deacon
then assists the celebrant in giving Communion to other ministers (altar server(s),
extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion), with the deacon administering the chalice.
The deacon does not serve Communion to the concelebrants.
The deacon then assists in distributing Communion to the assembly. If extraordinary
ministers of Holy Communion are helping to distribute Communion, the deacon, as an
ordinary minister of Holy Communion, may serve Communion under either kind.
Since priests and deacons are ordinary ministers, they must not sit to allow an
extraordinary minister to distribute Communion.
After Communion has been distributed, the deacon returns to the altar and collects any
remaining consecrated Hosts. All consecrated Hosts are placed in a ciborium and
returned to the tabernacle. The deacon genuflects just before closing the tabernacle door.
The deacon carries the chalice and vessels to the credence table where he may purify
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Revised 3/09

them in the usual way. If a paten is used, the paten and main chalice may be purified at
the altar.
Another option is to cover the vessels with a purificator and leave them on a corporal on
the credence table to be purified after Mass by the priest, or deacon, or instituted acolyte.
The corporal should be folded carefully so that any possible particles will not be shaken
onto the altar or floor. Corporals should not be left on the altar from one Mass to
another.
4. Concluding Rite and Recessional
Once the prayer after Communion has been said, the deacon makes brief announcements
to the people, if indeed any need to be made, unless the priest prefers to do this himself.
(GIRM 184)
If a solemn blessing is used, after the celebrant says, The Lord be with you, and the
assembly responds, the deacon says, Bow your heads and pray for Gods blessing.
After the blessing, the deacon dismisses the people (see Roman Missal). The only
formulas to be used are: Go in the peace of Christ or The Mass is ended, go in peace
or Go in peace to love and serve the Lord. The deacon reverences (kisses) the altar
with the celebrant and leaves at the right side of the celebrant.
The Book of the Gospels is not carried out in the procession at the end of Mass.
Notes: If incense is not used, eliminate those references; nothing else changes.
If a Book of Gospels is not used, eliminate all references to the Book of Gospels; the proper place
in the entrance procession or recessional for the deacon is at the right side of the celebrant.

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Mass with Two (or three) Deacons

If there are several deacons present, nothing forbids their distributing among themselves and
performing different parts of the same ministry or duty. (GIRM 109)
When there are two deacons, it is common that one would be the Deacon of the Word, thus
proclaiming the Gospel and also praying the petitions of the Prayer of the Faithful while the
other deacon would be the Deacon of the Altar, assisting the celebrant at the chair and altar.
This is only one of many ways the diaconal role may be divided at Mass.
The deacons should be seated at the immediate right and left of the celebrant. For reference in
this material, the deacon who sits to the right of the celebrant will be referred to as the Deacon
of the Word the deacon who sits to the left of the celebrant will be referred to as the Deacon
of the Altar.
Other than the Passion, the proclaiming of the Gospel is one duty that cannot be shared
between multiple deacons.
The variations from the Mass with One Deacon are as follows:
Introductory Rites

1.

The Deacon of the Altar enters in procession at the right side of the celebrant. The
Deacon of the Word carries the Book of Gospels and enters in front of other vested
deacons and the celebrant (and concelebrants).
If incense is used, the Deacon of the Altar will assist the celebrant.
If an altar server is not present, the Deacon of the Word may assist the celebrant with the
Sacramentary for the opening prayer. Otherwise, he continues to stand at the right side of
the celebrant.
2.

Liturgy of the Word

The proclamation of the Gospel is done by the Deacon of the Word.
After the introduction by the priest it is the Deacon of the Word who normally
announces the intentions of the Prayer of the Faithful.

3. Liturgy of the Eucharist

The Deacon of the Altar prepares the altar. He may be assisted by an altar server or by
the Deacon of the Word.
The Deacon of the Altar stands to the right and slightly behind the celebrant.
The Deacon of the Word may assist by turning pages in the Sacramentary if appropriate.
Notes:
If a Book of the Gospels in not used:
For the entrance procession:
17

Deacon of the Altar to the right of the Celebrant.

Deacon of the Word: to the left of the Celebrant.

If three Deacons are present, they are

Deacon of the Gospel, Deacon of the Altar, and Deacon of the Word

Deacon of the Gospel carries the Book of Gospels in procession and the
other two deacons enter and leave with the celebrant

In the entrance procession, the Deacon of the Gospel moves directly to the
altar, places the Book of Gospels in the middle of the altar, reverences the
altar, and then proceeds to his chair.

Deacon of the Gospel sits either to the immediate side of the Deacon of the
Altar or to the immediate side of the Deacon of the Word. If this is not
possible due to space limitations, he should sit in some other appropriate
place in the sanctuary.

The Deacon of the Gospel proclaims the Gospel and the Deacon of the
Word announces the intentions of the Prayers of the Faithful.

The Deacon of the Gospel does nothing else during the liturgy until the
Recessional, with the exception of the distribution of Communion.

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Chapter Five: Deacons and Other Liturgies and Rites

THE SACRAMENT OF MATRIMONY

To prepare couples for the Sacrament of Matrimony the deacon must follow the policies of our diocese.
The deacon may assist at and solemnly bless marriages in the name of the Church. Faculties of the diocese
or delegation from the proper pastor is required, as well as the authorization of the civil authorities to
assist at marriages. For a deacon to witness a marriage outside of his own parish, he must have the
written delegation of the pastor of the parish in which the marriage is to take place.
As the Church's witness of the sacrament, the deacon follows the norms and liturgical requirements set
down by the Roman Ritual: The Rite of Marriage, in the general introduction and in the various chapters.
1.

For the Rite of Marriage outside Mass, the deacon shall be vested in alb and stole and, if
desired, a cope. A dalmatic is not appropriate.

2.

When the marriage ceremony is witnessed outside the context of Mass, the deacon may act as
celebrant of the ceremony. He should then fulfill all the offices appropriate to the celebrant.
Most appropriately, the ministries of lector and cantor should be taken by someone else.

3.

At a Nuptial Mass, the deacon fulfills his proper role for Eucharist celebrations. Although it
should be the exception rather than the rule during Mass, the deacon may also serve as
celebrant of the Marriage Ceremony if he is to receive the consent of the couple. The nuptial
blessing is given by the priest. Please refer to the Rite of Marriage.

Besides the responsibility entrusted to him in the celebration of the Rite of Marriage, the deacon should
see to it, if it is his task in the community, that the couple is properly prepared before the celebration
through instruction and fulfillment of the canonical requirements established by the Code of Canon Law
and the Bishop, including the registration of the marriage. He should also assist the couple in the choice of
texts, prayers, and music for the celebration.

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THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM

The deacon may solemnly baptize infants with all the rites and ceremonies of the Rite of the Baptism of
Infants. The deacon does not normally receive adults into the church through baptism or reception of full
communion. This is because the sacrament of confirmation should be conferred at the same time and
deacons do not administer this sacrament.
For the Rite of Baptism outside of Mass, the deacon shall be vested in alb and stole and, if desired, a
cope. A dalmatic is not appropriate.
Together with the parish priest, it is also the duty of the deacon, especially when he is the presiding minister of the Sacrament, to assist families in the preparation for the baptism of their children and to help
them in the task of Christian formation that they have undertaken.
The deacon, through visitation of parents of children to be baptized and catechetical preparation of parents, may assist the parish priest in determining the readiness of parents to accept the responsibilities of
raising their children as Christians. If parents are not yet ready to profess their own faith and/or take on
the responsibility of Christian education for their children, the parish priest, keeping in mind whatever
regulations have been laid down by the conference of Bishops and the policies of the diocese, may determine a longer interval between birth and baptism. The deacon could assist in this task.
The deacon should be thoroughly familiar with the Rite so that he may solemnly baptize infants in his
parish, keeping in mind the adaptations that the minister of this Sacrament may make according to the
norms of the ritual.
For a deacon to perform a baptism outside of his own parish, he should have the permission (written or
verbal) of the pastor of the parish in which the baptism is to take place.

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THE SACRAMENT OF CONFIRMATION

It is common practice for deacons to be asked to assist at Confirmations with the Bishop or his delegate.
The ordinary minister of Confirmation is the Bishop. He may however delegate this liturgy to the Vicar
General or one of the Deans. For the purpose of this section we will assume the Bishop to be the
celebrant. If the Bishop is not the celebrant, the rite proceeds as outlined here but the particulars relating
to the Bishop (i.e. miter, Crozier, etc) will be ignored.
The Rite as presented in the Roman Pontifical will be followed exactly. The Bishop, Dean, or Vicar will
bring the appropriate Rite book.
The Mass text will normally be the proper ritual Mass for Confirmation found in the Sacramentary, with
the preface of the Holy Spirit, using red vestments. However, on the Sundays and on other solemnities,
the Mass is that of the day with the appropriate colored vestments.
Preparations:
The deacon should help to ensure that the following is prepared before the Confirmation liturgy.
Everything normally needed for Mass with sufficient chalices for distribution of Communion
under both kinds.
A lemon sliced in half, plus a large dry bowl with a pitcher of clean water, and a large towel. This
must be separate from the bowl and pitcher used for the washing of the celebrants hands during
the Preparation of the Gifts.
Chrism (from the parish), a small wide-mouth bowl for containing the chrism during the
anointing, and a hand towel.
Servers in place to assist with the miter, Crozier, and the Rite book.
The Rite book should be placed at the Ambo for use by the Bishop for the Profession of Faith
after the homily. Note: Whenever the Bishop uses the Rite book, except at the Ambo, the deacon
should ensure that a server is designated to hold the book. The Bishop should not hold the book
himself.
The Liturgy:
The Liturgy of the Word is celebrated as usual with the deacon proclaiming the Gospel.
Immediately after the Gospel, the pastor presents the candidates to the Bishop. The candidates rise and
the Bishop may address them. The pastor will instruct them when to be seated.
The Bishop (with miter) will address the candidates and the assembly in the homily.
Following the homily, the Bishop leads the candidates in the renewal of the Baptismal Promises and
Profession of Faith from the Rite book.
Then the Bishop (without miter) moves to the center of the sanctuary and invites the priests to join him.
The Bishop, reading from the Rite book (held by a server or a deacon) calls down the power of the Holy
Spirit. He and the priests impose hands over those to be confirmed. Those to be confirmed kneel at this
time while everyone else stands.

21

Following the imposition of hands is the anointing. For the anointing, the Bishop wears the miter and
carries the Crozier. The deacon should stand at his left with the chrism, unless the Pastor chooses to do
so. He should have a hand towel draped over his arm so the Bishop can wipe the excess oil from his
hand. Note: Other celebrants may request that the deacon stand to his right with the oil.
After the anointing, the Bishop, without Crozier, will wash his hands with the lemon and water that was
prepared before the liturgy. Two servers should bring this to him at the presiders chair.
The Creed is not said.
The Rite book is brought to the Bishop and his miter is taken from him. The Bishop prays the
introduction to the General Intercessions. It is appropriate that one or two candidates make the
intercessions for the Prayer of the Faithful. The Bishop concludes with the prayer from the Rite book. At
the conclusion of the General Intercessions the Bishop receives his miter back.
The Bishop, with miter, and the other priest concelebrants are seated.
The Liturgy of the Eucharist proceeds as normal with the deacons performing their usual roles.

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THE MINISTRY OF THE WORD

The deacon's most solemn ministry of the Word is that of proclaiming the Gospel and preaching at the
liturgy. However, as one deputized to bring the Good News, he can extend this ministry in almost
unlimited ways. At many gatherings, and at formal and informal meetings, he can communicate a word of
joy and hope. Adult education and education of young people can become a part of his concern. What is
appropriate to the Office of Deacon is simply that he proclaim and witness God's Word in all his service,
ministries, and actions.
The ministry of homiletic preaching for deacon (and priest) depends on faculties given by the Bishop and
the particular diocesan norms. A deacon may preach at any celebration of the Eucharist or any other
celebration of a sacrament in which he is not the presiding minister (provided that the presiding minister
assents to this).
The deacon may preach on the following occasions when he is the minister of a liturgical rite or a prayer
service:
1. The baptism of infants, and in some of the rites of Christian Initiation of Adults;
2. The Sacrament of Matrimony;
3. The liturgy of Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament;
4. At a vigil service, or church service of Christian burial and in a cemetery service;
5. At the celebration of morning or evening prayer or other rites of the Liturgy of the Hours;
6. At a Service of the Word according to diocesan guidelines;
7. At a celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours with Holy Communion or Service of the Word
with Holy Communion at nursing homes, hospitals, prisons and other approved locations.
8. During visitation of the sick and the sacrament of Viaticum.
A deacon may also preach for retreats, days of recollection, missions, novenas etc. as well as at ecumenical
gatherings or services.

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Revised 9/09

THE LITURGY OF THE HOURS

The celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours, particularly morning and evening prayer, should increasingly
be introduced into the life of parish communities, especially during Advent, Lent, Easter, and on the great
feasts.
The deacon may preside at the Liturgy of the Hours and may lead the people in daily prayer,
according to the General Instruction of the Liturgy of the Hours. For daily celebration of the Liturgy
of the Hours the appropriate vestments are alb and stole. For Sunday Vespers or other more solemn
occasions the deacon should wear the alb, stole, and a dalmatic or cope.

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THE FUNERAL RITE

The deacon may be asked to preside at vigil services, funerals and burial services. Since, in the American
custom, the funeral rite usually takes place in three stages (at the funeral home, at the church, and at the
cemetery), it is proper that the deacon rightly fulfills his office at each stage. The deacon may assist the
family in making the proper preparations for the funeral (selection of readings, music, etc.)
The deacon may conduct a vigil ceremony using the Vigil Service in the Order of Christian Funerals. This
may be held at the funeral home or other appropriate location. At the request of the family, other
traditional prayers such as the Rosary may be incorporated into this vigil service. Appropriate vesture is alb
and stole. A stole worn over a suit is not appropriate.
Eulogies, if requested by the family, are appropriate at the vigil service rather than the funeral.
If a deacon is asked by a family or funeral home to conduct a vigil or funeral service, efforts should be
made to inform the proper pastor of the death of his parishioner.
The deacon may be asked to conduct a Funeral Liturgy Outside of Mass using the Rite found in the Order
of Christian Funerals.
However, most funerals are conducted within the Mass. At the Mass, the deacon fulfills his proper role
for the Eucharistic Liturgy.
Typically, the deacon accompanies the priest to the casket for the introductory rite and assists him with
the holy water and the pall. Following the Prayer After Communion, the deacon stands next to the priest
for the final commendation. If the brief litany or invocations are used, the deacon may offer the petitions.
The deacon may also receive the body at the door of the church and conduct the final commendation if
the presider so desires.
If incense is to be used at the beginning of Mass or at the Preparation of the Gifts, the proper procedures
for incensing the casket are as follows:

The altar is completely incensed first, and then the Pascal Candle.

Then, the deacon (or deacons) and priest process from behind the altar to the casket in
proper procession (deacon-priest-deacon). Facing the casket, they process down the right side
to the back, stop and face the altar and bow; incense, and then bow again; resume the
procession up the other side; and return to the altar.

The deacon may conduct committal services at the cemetery, using the Order of Christian Funerals.
Please consult the Order of Christian Funerals for all rituals and prayers.

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THE MINISTRY TO THE SICK

The rites for the visitation and Communion of the sick and dying are found in the book entitled Pastoral
Care of the Sick (#42-63,93,114) NCCB, 1983. This book gives the deacon the right to confer blessings and
sprinkle holy water under circumstances described therein.
The deacon has always been closely associated with the pastoral care of the sick, the aged, and the dying.
While he may not administer the Sacrament of Anointing, the deacon is Minister of Communion to the
sick and of Viaticum, the Sacrament of the dying. Thus the deacon should be particularly sensitive to the
needs and wishes of the sick in the parish: in private homes, in nursing homes, and in hospitals. He should
work closely with pastors, chaplains and extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion so that Holy
Communion may be brought frequently to the sick, weekly, even daily, if this ministry has been entrusted
to him. As an ordinary Minister of Communion, the deacon may be asked to assist in the training of the
extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion. In his ministry of communion to the sick, the deacon may
remove the Eucharist from the tabernacle to be put into the pyx during Mass (after communion) or he
may remove the Eucharist later, after the Mass.
Visiting the Sick
1.

When visiting the sick, the deacon wears the vesture appropriate to the time and place. For
communal services such as at nursing homes, an alb and stole is proper. For hospitals and
private homes, appropriate attire is a suit, tie, and diaconal cross.

2.

It is appropriate that a purificator, crucifix, and candles (electric, if necessary) are in place for
the visitation of the sick.

3.

The pyx must be purified using clean water. Water and particles must be consumed
immediately and the pyx wiped clean with a purificator. The purificator must be returned to
the church for proper laundering.

4.

Whenever possible Hosts that remained unconsumed should be returned to the tabernacle.
As an ordinary minister of Holy Communion, the deacon may consume those leftover if
necessary.

Only the Bishop or priest is the celebrant of the Sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick. The ordinary
ministers of Viaticum are the pastor and his assistants, the priest who cares for the sick in hospitals,
and the superior of the clerical religious houses. If no priest is available, Viaticum may be brought to
the sick by a deacon. In this case, a deacon follows the rite prescribed in the Pastoral Care of the Sick.

26

EUCHARISTIC EXPOSITION WITH BENEDICTION

The ordinary minister for exposition of the Eucharist is a priest or deacon.

The deacon should vest in an alb and wear a white stole.
When the exposition takes place with the monstrance, the deacon should wear a white cope. In the case
of exposition with the ciborium, the cope may be omitted. In either case, the humeral veil should be worn
to give the blessing at the end of adoration.
When the deacon is the celebrant of Eucharistic Exposition, the following ritual is observed:

The deacon puts on the humeral veil and brings the sacrament from the place of reservation,.
He may be accompanied by servers or by the faithful with lighted candles if a procession is
appropriate.

A Eucharistic Hymn is sung for the entrance.

The deacon exposes the Blessed Sacrament; he places the Luna containing the Blessed
Sacrament into the monstrance, which is then placed in a position to be seen by the faithful.

The deacon kneels before the monstrance and incenses the Blessed Sacrament.

A period of Adoration follows with readings, hymns, psalms, silence, etc.

A Eucharistic Hymn is sung.

The deacon kneels before the monstrance and incenses the Blessed Sacrament.

The deacon, kneeling, says or sings the prayer taken from Holy Communion and Worship of the
Eucharist Outside Mass no. 98

The deacon, after the prayer, puts on the humeral veil, genuflects, and takes the monstrance
or ciborium. In silence, he makes the Sign of the Cross over the people with the monstrance
or ciborium, and replaces it upon the altar.

The deacon leads the assembly in reciting the Divine Praises. The Divine Praises should
accompany the reposition of the Blessed Sacrament.

The deacon replaces the Blessed Sacrament in the tabernacle (with humeral veil if necessary)
and genuflects.

The assembly may sing or say an acclamation or Eucharist hymn.

The deacon leaves the sanctuary.

27

RCIA

"Deacons who are available should be ready to help. If the Episcopal Conference judges it opportune to
have permanent deacons, it should make provision that their number is adequate to permit the stages,
periods and exercises of the catechumenate to take place everywhere when required by pastoral needs."
(RCIA No.15)
Pre-Catechumenate: "During the period of the pre-catechumenate, deacons, together with priests and
catechists, suitably explain the Gospel to the candidates." (RCIA No. 38) Deacons may be involved in this
period by conducting small discussion groups on the Gospel, and in other ways, with those who are
seeking entrance into the church. Deacons should come to know the candidates, helping them to
understand the nature of Christian faith and conversion, and helping them in the ways of prayer.
The Catechumenate: "The deacon may work closely with priests and catechists during the extended
catechumenate to provide a 'fitting formation'... given in stages and presented integrally, accommodated to
the liturgical year and enriched by celebrations of the Word. He may provide the catechumens with a
suitable knowledge of dogmas and precepts and also offer an intimate understanding of the mystery of
salvation in which they desire to share." (RCIA No. 75.1) Besides assisting in and leading sessions in
catechesis, the deacon may also preside at liturgical celebrations of the Word for the catechumens. He may
also exercise his liturgical functions in the catechumenal rites, such as the minor exorcisms and blessings
of the catechumens. The role of deacon in the catechumenate is both catechetical and liturgical.
Period of Purification and Enlightenment (Lent): During this period of proximate preparation for the
sacraments of initiation, the deacon may share in the role of discerning the readiness of the catechumens
for baptism together with the priests, catechists, sponsors and godparents. The deacon may present the
catechumens to the community and the Bishop or pastor for election on the first Sunday of Lent, and
may lead the intercessions and litanies on the third, fourth and fifth Sundays of Lent (Scrutinies), and may
actually celebrate the exorcisms, unless it is otherwise determined.
Sacraments of Initiation (Paschal Vigil): The deacon assists the Bishop or priest in all the rites of initiation
(Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist) during the Paschal Vigil.
Post-Baptismal Catechesis (Mystagogia): After the initiation of the neophytes, the deacon with the priests
may lead them with the RCIA team to a deeper understanding and experience of the mysteries of
Christianity in which they now have a share. This occurs throughout a true catechesis of enlightenment
and special celebration of the Eucharist.
The deacon may also exercise his catechetical and liturgical ministries in the reception of baptized
Christians into full Communion with the Catholic Church; in the preparation of uncatechized adults for
confirmation and the Eucharist; and in the Rites of Initiation of Children of a catechetical age (see
appropriate chapters of the RCIA.)
CELEBRATION OF RECONCILIATION

A deacon functions in the communal forms of reconciliation (Rites II and III) as one who invites the
people to penance, by leading the people in the intercessions, and in the proclamation of the Gospel.
The deacon may also lead non-sacramental penitential celebrations, particularly in Advent and Lent, when
a priest is not available.

28

Chapter Six: Mass with the Bishop as Presider Assisted by a

Cathedral Deacon and Parish Deacons
The following information is provided so that parish deacons and others in the local parish can have a
general description of the role of the deacon assigned to assist the Bishop when he comes to celebrate a
Mass with a particular community. The deacon assigned to accompany and assist the Bishop for these
celebrations is called a Cathedral Deacon. While the majority of these occasions involve the celebration of
Mass, the guidelines as such are applicable to celebrations at Catholic High Schools, special Masses at the
Diocesan Pastoral Center and similar locations. The Cathedral Deacon assists the Bishop at Masses and
other celebrations celebrated outside of the Cathedral and as needed at the Cathedral.
In addition to assisting the Bishop before, during and after the celebration, the Cathedral Deacon usually
serves as the Master of Ceremonies (emcee) during the celebration unless there is another cleric,
seminarian, or as is the case at the Cathedral - a fully formed and trained lay person assigned to this duty
by the pastor. The role of the Cathedral Deacon is to allow the Bishop to fully anticipate all aspects of the
celebration of the Roman Rite as they unfold in the local setting in such a way that all entities work
smoothly together for a prayerful and beautiful celebration of the Eucharist or other celebration.
A contact person from the Office of Worship or the Bishops Office ordinarily will have communicated
with the pastor about the celebration. It is not uncommon to hold a rehearsal or a less formal practice.
Nothing in this particular chapter is meant to supplant diocesan guidelines and parish plans for the
celebration. The actual role of the Cathedral Deacon will vary with the circumstances of the celebration.
Ordinarily the Coordinator of the Cathedral Deacons will also call the parish in advance to ask about
preparations for receiving the Bishop and the celebration. The Cathedral Deacon will drive the Bishop to
and from the celebration and assist him before, during and after the celebration. Deacons of the parish
will ordinarily serve as Deacon of the Word and Deacon of the Altar just as they would for any Sunday
celebration of Mass. The Cathedral Deacon does not displace any parish deacon at the Mass. The same is
true in relation to altar servers and other assisting ministers. He will, however, be very interested in all
aspects of the celebration as they will affect the Bishop and the celebration of the Liturgy.
A few of these aspects are, for example: 1) Which parts of the Liturgy will be sung. 2) Who has been
assigned to assist in holding the Book for the Bishop for the various prayers of the Liturgy. 3) The use of
incense, which is typically to be used for celebrations of the Eucharist involving the Bishop. 4) How the
seating in the Sanctuary is arranged. 5) Any special recognitions following the Closing Prayer. 6) The
anticipated color of vestments. 7) And similar elements of the planned celebration.
While the Cathedral Deacon does not usually assist at the altar as such, he should assist with the
distribution of Holy Communion.
Welcoming the Bishop by a Parish Deacon
As a heads-up for the parish planning team, it is always courteous to have a reserved parking place marked
with the Bishops name. It is a great sign of hospitality if a deacon and/or parish representative is in the
parking lot to greet him and help him with his Crozier case, vestment bag and Crozier stand. If there is an
adoration chapel, the Bishop will wish to know this and typically will visit as soon as he arrives. It is
appropriate then to escort him to the vesting area. It is helpful if he knows where the washroom is
located.

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Revised 9/09

Assistance with the Vesting of the Bishop

The Cathedral Deacon will ordinarily assist the Bishop as he vests and removes his vestments. The Bishop
will bring his own alb and accessories. The parish provides the chasuble and stole. These are laid out in
advance. The Bishop will take off his pectoral cross when he starts to vest. The Cathedral Deacon should
hang this as well as his coat, collar, etc. in the vestment closet for safe keeping until the end of Mass when
he will return them to the Bishop.
The Bishop vests in this order: amice, alb, cincture, pectoral cross, stole, chasuble, zucchetto, and miter. It
is important to remember to check on a wireless microphone. The Cathedral Deacon or a Parish Deacon
may help him clip it in an appropriate place and demonstrate its operation.
The Cathedral Deacon will ordinarily assemble the Crozier before Mass and disassemble it after Mass and
return it to its case. He will place the Crozier stand in an appropriate place in the sanctuary. A small table
should be provided for the placement of the Bishops miter when not in use.
An Overview of the Celebration Including the Distribution of Holy Communion
After vesting, elements of the celebration should be discussed with the Bishop. The Bishop will be
interested in the number and names of concelebrants that are expected and how they will be seated.
Typically he will want them to join him at the altar for the Eucharistic Prayer. It should be pointed out to
the Bishop where he will be stationed for the distribution of Holy Communion.
It is most helpful if the Pastor or his delegate will clearly assign Communion Stations to the priests and
deacons present as well as any extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion, if any are needed, so that this
movement and service will flow smoothly.
At a funeral or other liturgy when a large number of deacons are vested, one deacon should be assigned to
bring them the Precious Body and another one, or preferably two, to bring them the Precious Blood.
The Bishop will be interested in the music for the celebration, especially the sung parts of the Mass. For
example, if the Kyrie is to be sung then the Bishop will generally lead the congregation in the I confess to
almighty God. If the Kyrie is not to be sung the Deacon of the Word will announce from memory or
from the Sacramentary the petitions of the Penetential Rite (option C).
Homily Notes and Book of Blessings or Confirmation Rite
The Cathedral Deacon will check in advance for homily notes or other written matter, which he will place
on the ambo before Mass. If the Bishop has brought the Book of Blessings or Confirmation Ritual these
also must be placed in a suitable place for use during Mass (small table is extremely helpful). The
Cathedral Deacon will retrieve these after Mass and see that they are returned to the Bishops vestment
case.
Sacristan Backup by the Parish Deacon
It is helpful if one parish deacon is alert to see that all items are in place for the celebration of the Mass
even if there is a sacristan. It is wise to use a parish celebration checklist for this purpose.
The parish deacon should also be certain of the readiness of the thurible, boat, incense, and lighter and
that the aspergillum and bowl are in place if holy water will be used in the rite.

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Revised 9/09

Leader of Servers Backup by Cathedral Deacon

The Cathedral Deacon will ordinarily briefly interview the servers assigned for the Mass. Ordinarily there
will be at least four servers assigned and prepared: 1) One for the thurible and incense boat, 2) One for
the Processional Cross - who will also assist the Bishop by presenting the Book for the Opening and
Closing Prayers (and the Book of Blessings or a folder with the printed Opening and Closing prayers of
the General Intercessions, etc.), 3) Two servers to carry candles in the entrance procession and recession
and to lead the Deacon to the ambo for the proclamation of the Gospel.
Additional servers may also be assigned to assist such as: 1) One server to assist with the Book who is
separate from the one who carries the processional cross, and 2) Two servers to assist with holding the
miter and Crozier when they are not in use. The Cathedral Deacon will be prepared to briefly review the
actions with the servers and - in the absence of a parish emcee - assist them during the celebration by
simple gestures or quiet reminders as necessary.
When more than one Bishop is present
If a retired Bishop is present at a Mass with the Bishop, there should be two additional deacons or
concelebrating priests present to act as chaplains for him, seated on either side of his chair.
Order of the Mass
1. Procession:
The Cathedral Deacon will be aware of the order of the procession and be prepared to offer assistance if
there is any confusion about this.
The order of the entrance procession is as follows:
Knights of Columbus or others
Thurifer carrying a thurible with burning incense
Cross Bearer with image to the front
Candlebearers carrying candlesticks with lighted candles
Deacon of the Word carrying the Book of the Gospels
Deacons two by two who are vested and assisting
Priests two by two who are vested and concelebrating
Deacon of the Altar
Bishop walking alone, wearing the miter, carrying the Crozier in his left hand, and blessing with
his right hand.
Cathedral Deacon followed by two servers (if assigned) who will assist with the miter and
Crozier.
The Mass will proceed as usual. The functions of the deacons will depend on how many deacons are
present. In general, the instructions for Mass with one or two or more deacons as outlined in chapter 4
will be followed with some changes identified below.
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2. Introductory Rites
a.

Entrance Procession and Reverence of the Altar - Proceeds as usual with the following exception:
After the Bishop genuflects (or bows) at the entrance to the sanctuary, the Cathedral Deacon
receives the miter and Crozier from the Bishop and hands them off to assigned altar servers or
places them at their respective table and stand. He does not kiss the altar if he is carrying the miter
and Crozier. He goes to his place in the sanctuary.

b.

Incensation of the Cross and Altar - The Deacon of the Altar should assist the Bishop and lead
him in the Incensation of the altar.

c.

Greeting the Assembly - After the Incensation, the Bishop and deacon(s) go to their chairs (with
the Deacon of the Word to the immediate right of the Bishop). The Cathedral Deacon takes his
place, which may be to the left of the Bishop or may be at another location from which he may
assist.

d.

Penitential Rite Proceeds as usual

e.

Gloria Proceeds as usual.

f.

Opening Prayer Proceeds as usual

(Note: the Bishop should never hold a Bookall liturgical Books should be held for him by a server or a
deacon. If it is graceful, also turn the pages for him.)
3. Liturgy of the Word
After the Opening Prayer, the Cathedral Deacon brings the miter to the Bishop to be worn during the
first and second readings. The Bishop sits during these readings.
After the second reading the preparation of incense occurs as usual and the Deacon of the Word asks for
the blessing. The Bishop blesses him and the Cathedral Deacon receives the miter from the Bishop and
presents the Crozier to him. The Bishop stands holding the Crozier during the proclamation of the
Gospel.
After proclaiming the Gospel, the deacon brings the Book of Gospels to the Bishop for reverencing. The
deacon then closes the Book of Gospels and proceeds to place the Book on the credence table or other
appropriate place. The Cathedral Deacon receives the Crozier from the Bishop and presents the miter to
him.
Homily - The Bishop delivers the homily wearing the miter.
Profession of Faith - The Bishop hands off the miter to the Cathedral Deacon and leads the Profession of
Faith.
Prayer of the Faithful (Intercessory Prayers)- The Cathedral Deacon assures that the server brings and
holds the binder with the opening and closing prayers for the Bishop. (Remember that Bishop should not
have to reach for anything during the celebration.) The Cathedral Deacon will present the miter to the
Bishop after the Prayer of the Faithful.
4. Liturgy of the Eucharist Proceeds as usual with the following exceptions

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Revised 9/09

Presentation of the Gifts - At the presentation of the gifts, the Bishop, wearing the miter, will receive the
gifts assisted by the deacons. Servers may assist if necessary. The gifts are brought to the altar. The Bishop
will hand off the miter to the Cathedral Deacon as he approaches the altar. The Deacon of the Altar
hands the paten to the Bishop and proceeds to mingle the water and prepare the chalice as usual. The
main chalice is handed to the Bishop. If possible all ciboria and chalices are placed on the corporal(s).
Incensation of the Gifts, Bishop and Assembly Proceeds as usual
After the Prayer over the gifts and before the Bishop says, The Lord Be With You he will take off his
zucchetto. The Cathedral Deacon receives the zucchetto and places it on the Bishops chair.
Eucharist Prayer - proceeds as usual.
Sign of Peace - At the Sign of Peace, the Bishop will give the sign of peace to priests before he approaches
the deacons.
Communion and the Fraction Rite - Priests will receive the Body of the Lord from the Bishop. He may
ask a priest-concelebrant or the Deacon of the Altar to assist him. The Bishop will give Communion
under both kinds to the deacons after he has fully communicated. The Cathedral Deacon will normally
assist with Communion at an assigned station. If possible, the Cathedral Deacon will check to insure that
the Bishop does not run out of Sacred Hosts.
Zucchetto On - Following the distribution of the Eucharist, the Bishop will return to the Presiders chair.
Altar servers will come to him with water, bowl, and towel so that he may wash his fingers. He will put on
the zucchetto after the Blessed Sacrament has left the sanctuary (or been returned to the tabernacle.)
Closing Prayer - The Closing Prayer proceeds as usual. Following the Closing Prayer, the Cathedral
Deacon will present the miter to the Bishop. This is the appropriate time for words from the pastor and
any announcements. Following this the Bishop will begin the final blessing and reach for the Crozier from
the Cathedral Deacon.
Recessional - For the recessional, the Bishop and Deacons of the Word and Altar will reverence the altar
and move to the front of the altar for the bow or genuflection. The Cathedral Deacon follows the Bishop
in the recessional.
Reception and Hospitality
If the Bishop stays for meet and greet, the Cathedral Deacon will stay at his side and a little to the rear
to be certain he doesnt get overwhelmed and that people can approach in an orderly manner. This is a
point at which the Bishop may appreciate water. The Knights of Columbus or one of the parish deacons
should offer a cup or bottle of water. The Cathedral Deacon may assist with this as helpful. If the Bishop
has been invited to dinner or other hospitality, the Cathedral Deacon should help him be excused so he
can meet this or other obligations.
Bishops Divestiture
The Cathedral Deacon is to assist with putting away the vestments and assisting the Bishop with his collar,
cross and coat.
The Bishops homily, Crozier, Crozier stand, Book of Blessings and any other items to be returned with
the Bishop should be collected before leaving the vesting area.
The Bishops Departure The Cathedral Deacon will assist the Bishop with carrying items and assisting
him in moving to the car.
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Revised 9/09

Chapter Seven: Mass at which the Bishop presides but not as

Celebrant:
If the Bishop is not the celebrant at Mass, everything proceeds as usual with the following exceptions:
Two deacons are to assist the Bishop. In the entrance procession the Bishop walks behind the celebrant
or concelebrants, escorted by the deacon and ministers.
Upon reaching the altar, the Bishop, together with the deacons and ministers make a bow to the altar (or
genuflects).
The Bishop, accompanied by a deacon, incenses the altar in the usual way after which he goes directly to
the chair. The deacons stand close to the chair on either side, ready to assist him. All sit after the Opening
Prayer.
Note: Prior to the proclamation of the Gospel, the Deacon of the Word will ask the presider for
his blessing rather than the Bishop. The Bishop also does not kiss the Book of the Gospels after
the proclamation.
The deacons and ministers prepare the altar as usual. If gifts are brought forward by the faithful, they are
received by the celebrant or the Bishop.
After a deep bow to the Bishop, the celebrant goes to the altar and begins the liturgy of the Eucharist.
If there is incense, the Bishop is incensed after the celebrant; he puts aside the miter and stands to receive
the incense. If no incense is used, he puts aside the miter and stands after the invitation Pray Brethren .
The deacon invites the faithful to share the sign of peace. The Bishop gives the sign of peace to his
deacons.
After the final prayer and the blessing, one of the deacons assisting the Bishop dismisses the people.
After the Bishop and the celebrant reverence the altar, all make the prescribed bow and leave in the order
in which they entered
Ceremonial of Bishops

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Chapter Eight: Appendix

The celebration of Holy Week, the Dedication of a Church, and the Duties of an Acolyte are included in
this chapter for reference and training purpose.
HOLY WEEK

During the ceremonies of Holy Week, the deacon is called upon to exercise his ministry in various ways.
The following is a list of appropriate functions of the deacon on each of the major days of Holy Week.
The actual role(s) of the deacon(s) will be dependant upon parish practice and the pastors preference.
1.

Passion (Palm) Sunday

a. Procession
i. The deacon reads the Gospel of the entry into Jerusalem.
ii. He initiates the procession, saying, Let us go.Jerusalem.
iii. He assists in the incensation of the altar at the end of the procession.
iv. He helps the celebrant change from the cope (if used) to the chasuble.
b. Mass

2.

The Deacon of the Word proclaims the Passion. It is appropriate for

the celebrant be involved in the reading of the Passion; he then should
take the part of Christ. The Passion may be divided into various parts.
If there are not priests or deacons available for these parts, the lay
faithful may proclaim these parts.

There is no greeting or sign of the cross before the Passion; no candles

or incense are used.

When the lay faithful are participating in the reading, only the deacon
asks for the blessing before the Passion.

The celebrant or deacon may give a brief homily after the Passion.

The deacon reads the intentions of the general intercessions.

The remainder of the Mass is as usual.

Holy Thursday
a. Liturgy of the Word
b. The deacon reads the Gospel as usual.
c. Washing of the Feet

The deacon assists the celebrant in removing the chasuble (if necessary) and
helps the celebrant wash and dry the feet.
35

d. Liturgy of the Eucharist

3.

As usual through Communion

Transfer of the Eucharist:

1.

The deacon prepares the ciborium on the altar after Communion

2.

He assists in the incensation of the Eucharist before the procession.

3.

He assists the celebrant with the humeral veil and gives him the ciborium.

4.

He walks next to the celebrant during the procession.

5.

He assists with the incensation of the Eucharist at the place of reposition.

6.

He helps with the stripping of the altar after the procession from the
repository to the sacristy has ended.

Good Friday
a. The deacon, vested in red stole and dalmatic prostrates (or kneels) along with the
celebrant. He reads the Passion as on Palm Sunday and may give a brief homily
after the Passion.
b. Intercessions
i. The deacon sings or says the invitatory (first part) of each of the
intercessions.
ii. He may invite the people to kneel and to stand for the intercessions.
iii. The invitatory portion of each intercession may be followed by an
acclamation such as, Lord, hear our prayer.
Veneration of the Cross (
i. First Form:
a) The deacon may bring the cross to the celebrant.
b) He assists him in unveiling the cross as the celebrant sings: This is the
wood of the cross...
c) If invited by the celebrant, the deacon may join in the singing or sing,
This is the wood of the cross... alone.
d) He may hold the cross for veneration.
ii. Second Form:
a) The priest or deacon carries the uncovered cross in procession from
the rear of the Church and makes three stops and sings: This is the
wood of the cross
36

b) He places the cross at the entrance to the sanctuary and venerates it

after the celebrant.
c. Holy Communion
i. The deacon brings the ciborium from the place of reposition to the altar and
uncovers it.
ii. He receives Communion from the celebrant.
iii. He helps in the distribution of Communion.
iv. After Communion, he returns the ciborium to the place of private
reservation.
Note: If a priest is not available, a deacon may celebrate the entire Good Friday
Service alone.
4.

Holy Saturday
a. Light Service
i. The deacon assists in the preparation of the new fire and the candle.
ii. He helps light the candle.
iii. Carrying the candle, he leads the procession and sings three times: Christ,
our Light.
iv. He assists the celebrant with incense.
v. He asks for and receives the blessing before the Exultet.
vi. He incenses the Book and Paschal Candle.
vii. He sings the Exultet. This is the proper function of the deacon. If the
deacons voice is not adequate, a Priest or cantor may sing the Exultet. It is
not a choir hymn.
b. Liturgy of the Word
i.

The deacon assists with the incense before the Gospel.

ii.

He reads the Gospel.

iii.

He may give the homily.

c. Liturgy of Baptism and Confirmation

i.

The deacon may sing the Litany if there are no cantors.

ii.

He helps lower the candle into the water (if this is done).

iii.

He assists the celebrant in all aspects related to the newly baptized.

37

iv.

He assists in sprinkling the people with the baptismal water.

v.

He assists the celebrant during the anointing of those to be confirmed.

vi.

He reads the intentions of the general intercessions.

d. Liturgy of the Eucharist

i. The deacons role is as usual.
ii. He sings the dismissal with its double Alleluia.

38

THE DEDICATION OF A CHURCH

Although this may not be a common occurrence in the life of a deacon, it is included here as a valuable reference.
From early times the name church has also been given to the building in which the Christian
community gathers to hear the word of God, to pray together, to celebrate the Sacraments, and to
participate in the Eucharist.
When a church is erected as a building destined solely and permanently for assembling the people of God
and for carrying out sacred functions, it is fitting that it be dedicated. (Ceremonial of Bishops 864)
1.

For the celebration of the rite the following should be prepared:

In the place of the assembly:
1.

The Rite of Dedication of a Church and an Altar

2.

Processional cross;

3.

If relics of the saints are to be carried in the procession, follow the guidelines indicated in
no. 876a in the Ceremonial of Bishops.

In the vesting room (sacristy) or in the sanctuary (chancel) or in the body of the church as
each situation requires:
1.

The Roman Missal (Sacramentary)

2.

Lectionary for Mass

3.

Vessel of water to be blessed and sprinkler

4.

Vessels with holy chrism

5.

Towels for wiping the table of the altar

6.

If needed, a waxed linen cloth or waterproof covering of the same size as the altar;

7.

Basin and pitcher of water, towels, and all that is needed for washing the Bishops hands
and those of the presbyters after they have anointed the walls of the church; (gremial)

8.

Brazier for burning incense or aromatic spices; or grains of incense and small candles
(wax tapers) to burn on the altar;

9.

Censer and incense boat with spoon

10.

Large enough cup, corporal, purificators, and hand towel

11.

Bread and wine and water for the celebration of Mass

12.

Altar cross, unless there is already a cross in the sanctuary or the cross that is carried in
the entrance procession is to be placed near the altar

13.

Humeral veil, if there is to be an inauguration of the Blessed Sacrament chapel

14.

Altar cloth, candles and candlesticks

39

15.

Small candle to be handed to the deacon by the Bishop

16.

Flowers as circumstances suggest

The vestments for the Mass of dedication are white or some other festive color. The
following should be prepared:
1.

For the Bishop: alb, pectoral cross, stole, dalmatic, chasuble, miter, pastoral staff.

2.

For concelebrating presbyters: vestments for concelebrating Mass

3.

For deacons: albs, stoles, and dalmatics

4.

For other ministers: albs or other lawfully approved vesture.

If relics of the saints are to be placed beneath the altar, the order should be followed as
indicated in the Ceremonial of Bishops 876.
1.

Simple entrance (Third Form)

a. Processional: First the thurifer, the cross bearer, then the torch bearers, (lay RP) ministers,
deacons, concelebrants, and lastly, the Bishop.
b. If there are relics, these are in the processional(RPshould be above in order of procession)
c. Song: God in His Holy Dwelling or Psalm 122.(121)
d. Ministers go to their places without kissing the altar.
e. Bishop greets the people
f. Representative of those involved in the building of the church hand over the building to
the Bishop with legal documents and keys or plans.
g. Blessing and Sprinkling Rite
i. Deacon brings vessel of water to Bishop and accompanies the Bishop for the
sprinkling of the walls and people.
ii. After blessing the walls and the people, the Bishop returns to the sanctuary
and prays May God, the father of mercies.
h. Gloria is sung
i.

Readings, Gospel and homily as usual

j.

Prayer of Dedication and the Anointing

k. Litany of the Saints Deacon says Let us kneel

l.

When Litany is finished, Bishop prays Lord may the prayers of the Blessed Virgin Mary

m. Deacon says, Let us stand

40

n. Depositing the relics

i. Deacon (other) brings relics to the Bishop
ii. Bishop places them in the prepared aperture.
iii. Stone mason closes aperture
o. Prayer of Dedication
p. Anointing of the Altar and the Walls of the Church
i. Bishop removes the chasuble and puts on the lined apron (gremial) and goes
to the altar with deacon and others. Deacon or other carries the vessel with
the holy chrism.
ii. Bishop anoints the altar.
iii. He then anoints the walls of the church by signing the crosses with the sacred
chrism.
q. Incensation of Altar and the Church
i. After the anointing, a brazier (large vessel) is placed on the altar and the
Bishop puts in the incense or lights the incense already in place.
ii. Bishop puts incense into several censers.
iii. Bishop himself incense the altar and returns to the cathedra (chair) and puts
on the miter.
iv. Deacons and other ministers incense people and walls.
r. After incensation, ministers wipe the table of the altar and cover it with the altar cloth.
s. Deacon goes to the Bishop, who stands and gives the deacon a small lighted candle and
says in a clear voice, Light of Christ.
t.

The deacon goes to the altar and lights the candles for the celebration of Eucharist.

u. All the lights are lit with antiphon Your light will come or during Lent, Jerusalem, city of
God or some other suitable song.
2.

Liturgy of the Eucharist

3.

Inauguration of the Blessed Sacrament Chapel

4.

Blessing and Dismissal

5.

Use formulary provided for in the Rite of Dedication of a Church and an Altar

6.

The deacon dismisses the people in the usual way.

41

THE DUTIES OF AN ACOLYTE

Since a deacon is a duly instituted acolyte for a time before ordination, it is appropriate to include the
duties of an acolyte in these instructions. These are taken from the General Instruction of the Roman Missal
sections 187-193.
The duties that the acolyte may carry out are of various kinds and several may coincide. Hence, it is
desirable that these duties be suitably distributed among several acolytes. If, however, only one acolyte is
present, he should perform the more important duties while the rest are to be distributed among several
ministers.

Introductory Rites
1.

In a procession to the altar, the acolyte may carry the cross, walking between two altar servers
with lighted candles. Upon reaching the altar, the acolyte places the cross upright near the
altar so that it may serve as the altar cross; otherwise, he puts it in a worthy place. Then he
takes his place in the sanctuary.

2.

Through the entire celebration, the acolyte is to approach the celebrant or the deacon,
whenever necessary, in order to present the book to them and to assist them in any other way
required. Thus it is appropriate, insofar as possible, that the acolyte occupy a place from
which he can conveniently carry out his ministry either at the chair or at the altar.

The Liturgy of the Eucharist

1.

If no deacon is present, after the Prayer of the Faithful is concluded and while the celebrant
remains at the chair, the acolyte places the corporal, the purificator, the chalice, the pall, and
the Missal on the altar. Then, if necessary, the acolyte assists the priest in receiving the gifts of
the people and, if appropriate, brings the bread and wine to the altar and hands them to the
celebrant. If incense is used, the acolyte presents the thurible to the celebrant and assists him
while he incenses the gifts, the cross, and the altar. Then the acolyte incenses the celebrant
and the people. During the Eucharistic Prayer, he should kneel in an appropriate area of the
sanctuary (with the other servers if present). He should not remain close to the celebrant as
the deacon typically does.

2.

A duly instituted acolyte, as an extraordinary minister, may, if necessary, assist the priest in
giving Communion to the people. If Communion is given under both kinds, when no deacon
is present, the acolyte administers the chalice to the communicants or holds the chalice if
Communion is given by intinction.

3.

Likewise, when the distribution of Communion is completed, a duly instituted acolyte helps
the celebrant or deacon to purify and arrange the sacred vessels. When no deacon is present, a
duly instituted acolyte carries the sacred vessels to the credence table and there purifies, wipes,
and arranges them in the usual way.

4.

After the celebration of the Mass, the acolyte and other ministers return in procession to the
sacristy, together with the deacon and celebrant in the same way and order in which they
entered.

42

Bibliography
Ceremonial of Bishops, 1989
General Instruction of the Roman Missal, 2003
National Directory for the Formation, Ministry and Life of Permanent Deacons in the United
States of America, 2005
Norms for the Distribution and Reception of Holy Communion under Both Kinds in the
Diocese of the United States of America
Order of Christian Funerals, 1998
Pastoral Care of the Sick, 1983
Pastoral Liturgical Handbook for Deacons, Diocese of Bridgeport, 2005
Redemptionis Sacramentum, Instruction of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the
Discipline of the Sacraments on the Eucharist, 2004
Rite of Baptism for Children, 1977
Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults, 1988
Rite of Marriage, 1970
Sacramentum Caritatis, Apostolic Exhortation of Benedict XVI on the Eucharist, 2007

43

Glossary
Ablution

Liturgical washing with water. The ritual washing of the thumbs and index fingers of the
celebrant at Mass. The cleansing of the chalice used during Mass; and the washing of the
feet in the Holy Thursday ceremony.

Acolyte

An instituted ministry to which a man is specifically appointed by the Bishop to assist the
deacon and to minister to the priest. Deacon candidates and seminarians are instituted
acolytes as one step towards ordination.

Alb

A long, white, dress-like vestment worn by acolytes, deacons and priests (sometimes
others)

Altar

The table on which the sacrifice of the Mass is offered. One or more relics of martyrs are
commonly set into the altar.

Altar Bell

A small bell or set of chimes. Although no longer prescribed by the rubrics, it is an

approved practice to ring the altar bells at least at the Elevation of the Host and the
chalice

Altar Server

Usually a pre-teen boy or girl (although teens and adults are included) who serve the priest
at Mass and other liturgies. They help to prepare for Mass, assist the priest with
vestments, light candles, carry books, ring bells, and say prayers, sing and listen. They
general vest in an alb with cincture, or surplus and cassock.

Ambo

Podium (lectern) from which the Gospel is read. Usually fixed and suitably crafted.

Amice

A short, rectangular piece of white linen, worn beneath the alb to cover the clerics
shoulders. It is worn whenever the alb does not completely cover the ordinary clothing at
the neck (GIRM 297). It is now optional in the Latin Rite.

Aspergillum

A perforated metal ball or tube on a handle that holds holy water used by the priest or
deacon to sprinkle articles to be blessed of the faithful. It is also called a holy water
sprinkler. It is often kept in s small metal bucket with a handle that holds holy water.

Aumbry

Also Ambry - A secure, box-like container usually located in the sacristy or baptistery in
which the Holy Oils are stored.

Bishop

A successor of the Apostles who has received the fullness of Christs priesthood.

Boat

A small metal container that holds the incense to be put into the thurible. Frequently
shaped like a boat, it is a symbol of the Church, the bark of Peter.

Book Bearer The altar server or deacon who is responsible for the Sacramentary (Roman Missal) and
holds it for the celebrant.
Book of the Gospels See Gospels, Book of
Cantor

Chief (talented) singer of an ecclesiastical choir.

44

Cassock

A long outer garment worn by clerics and altar servers. It is usually black, but for servers
red or white cassocks may be worn on special feasts.

Cathedral Deacon
A deacon appointed by the Bishop who is assigned to accompany and assist the
Bishop for celebrations in local parishes and other events.
Censer

See Thurible

Chalice

The cup-shaped vessel or goblet used at Mass to contain the Precious Blood of Christ. A
cross may be placed on the base of the chalice to demote the side from which to
celebrant drinks, thus simplifying the ablutions.

Chalice Veil

A covering for the chalice used at Mass. It matches the color of the vestments of the day.

Chasuble

A sleeveless outer vestment, slipped over the head and hanging down from the shoulders
and cover the stole and the alb. It is the proper Mass vestment of the priest and its color
varies according to the feast.

Chrism

Mixture of oil and perfume used at the holiest of moments that define Christian life;
baptism, confirmation, ordination, and the dedication of churches and altars. Blessed at
the Chrism Mass.

Ciborium

A cup-like vessel with a lid. It contains the Hosts what will be used for Holy
Communion. It is also used to reserve the Blessed Sacrament in the tabernacle.

Cincture

A long cord worn by altar servers, deacons and priests. It is used for fastening albs at the
waist. It holds loose-fitting type of alb in place and may be used to adjust it to proper
length. The cincture deacons wear is white.

Commentator This person makes announcements and helps the congregation follow the order of the
Mass. The lector can fill this role.
Communion Paten A dish-shaped device with a handle used by altar servers during Holy
Communion to catch any fragments of the Precious Body or to catch the Consecrated
Host should it be dropped.
Concelebrant Priest who celebrates mass with the priest celebrant.
Cope

A cape-like vestment that is put over the shoulders and hangs to the ankles. It is open in
the front and clasped at the neck. The priest may wear this in a procession and deacons
may wear it when presiding at Benediction.

Corporal

A white linen cloth on which are placed the vessels containing the brad and wine during
Mass. It is folded into a small square about the size of the pall. Modern corporals are
large enough to allow for extra cups and patens when the assembly is large.

Crosier

See Crozier

Crozier

A symbol of pastoral office. It is usually in the shape of a shepherds staff. It is brought

to the sacristy unassembled in a carrying case. The Bishop decides whether or not to use
it, based on such factors as the level of solemnity and whether he is in his own diocese.
Also called a pastoral staff.

45

Crozier Bearer Server who carries and tends the Crozier for the Bishop. Walks behind the Bishop in the
procession.
Cruets

Containers (ordinarily glass for easy identification of the wine) used to hold the wine and
water used at Mass. Separate ewer and basin are used for the washing of the hands.

Dalmatic

The loose fitting robe with open sides and wide sleeves worn by the deacon. Like the
chasuble, it takes its color from the liturgical feast.

Deacon

Ordained man in the Catholic Church called to a life of service. At Mass, the deacon
usually proclaims the Gospel, sometimes preaches, prepares the gifts for Eucharist, helps
distribute Holy Communion, and gives directions to the people among other duties. He
may also preside at infant baptisms, the celebration of Eucharist in the absence of a priest,
funeral vigils and other funeral rites, give certain blessings, and bring Holy Communion to
the sick among other services to the people.

Extinguisher A tool used to light and extinguish candles. It is a pole-like instrument with a tube at one
side on top with a retractable wick for lighting candles.
Extraordinary Ministers of Holy Communion-EMs These ministers assist at Holy Communion.
EM is not an abbreviation for Eucharistic Ministers. Men preparing for the diaconate
are instituted as acolytes and may serve as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion.
Finger Towel A folded rectangular cloth resembling the purificator but much narrower. It is used by
the priest to dry his fingers after they have been washed during the preparation of gifts. It
is kept with the ewer and basin used for the washing of the hands.
Gospels, Book of
The Book of the Gospels ranks first among the sacred objects which come after
the chalice and paten. Because it is a visible sign of Jesus Christ the Word of God, it
should be handsomely bound or kept within richly worked covers. It is carried in
procession and then enthroned at the center of the altar during the Liturgy of the Word.
Holy Oils

Chrism oil, oil of the sick and oil of catechumens

Holy Water Sprinkler

See Aspergillum

Humeral Veil A long, narrow, shawl-like vestment used to grasp the Monstrance at Benediction and in
processions where the Blessed Sacrament is carried.
Incense Boat See boat
Lectern

Podium (sometimes moveable) from which announcements are made at Mass or from
which cantors and others lead music or responses.

Lectionary

A book containing a three-year cycle of readings for Sundays and solemn feasts, a twoyear weekday cycle, and a one-year cycle for the feasts of saints. It contains readings for a
large variety of other Masses. It also contains responsorial psalms that follow the first
readings for each Mass, along with Gospel or Alleluia verses to follow the second
readings.

Lector

A person who is appointed to read the word of God in the liturgical assembly. He/she
proclaims the readings from Sacred Scripture, except the Gospel, in Mass, recites the
psalms in the absence of a psalmist, and presents the intentions in the absence of a
deacon.
46

Liturgist

A lay, religious or cleric who is trained in and assigned to organized the sacred liturgies of
a parish or other church entity. The deacon and M. C. work closely with this person.

Lunette

Also Luna - A thin, circular receptacle, having a glass face that holds the Consecrated
Host used at Benediction. It slides into the monstrance on a track.

Mass

The Sacrifice of the Eucharist as the central act of worship of the Catholic Church. As
defined by the Council of Trent, in the Mass The same Christ who offered himself once
in a bloody manner on the altar of the cross, is present and offered in an unbloody
manner.

Master of Ceremonies (emcee)

The individual who is given the chief responsibility for directing a
major and solemn liturgy (e.g. a stational Mass, confirmation, installation). Most often
this is a well-trained deacon or priest who works closely with musicians, altar servers and
clergy, and especially with the sacristans before and after each celebration. In a
complicated ceremony, such as an ordination, two or more emcees are useful.
M.C.

See Master of Ceremonies

Missal

See Roman Missal

Miter

A traditional hat and mark of liturgical presidency. This liturgical headdress is worn by
popes, cardinals, abbots and Bishops of the Latin Rite. It is a folding two-pieced stiffened
cap of silk or linen, often richly ornamented with gold embroidery. It has two fringed
lappets that hand down the back. The color of miter matches the liturgical season or
feast of the day.

Miter Bearer Server who carries and tends the miter for the Bishop. Walks behind the Bishop in the
Procession.
Monstrance

A large, ornate vessel used to hold the Blessed Sacrament for Benediction and Eucharistic
processions. By custom, a light veil or white cover is provided for the monstrance when
it is not in use. In the tabernacle, the Host in a lunette is kept in a large pyx.

Oils

See Holy Oils

Oil of Catechumens Oil used to bless those entering the Church through Baptism
Oil of the Sick Oil used to bless the sick blessed at the Chrism Mass.
Ordo

An annual calendar containing abbreviated directions for each days Mass and Divine
Office. Every diocese or group of dioceses has its own and almost all parishes have a
copy in their sacristy.

Pall

This is a stiff square white cover that is placed over the paten when it is on the chalice and
over the chalice during Mass to protect its contents.

Pallium

A narrow band of white wool that forms a circle around the neck with strips extending
down the front and back. It is worn over and pinned to the chasuble. Each pallium is
given by the Pope as a sign of the Metropolitans union with Rome

Paten

A saucer-like dish that usually matches the chalices with which it is used. It holds the
bread that becomes the Body of Christ.
47

Pectoral Cross A Bishops cross that is worn when he is a clerical attire. It is removed for liturgies and
replaced by a stole worn over the alb but under the chasuble.
Priest Celebrant
The priest who presides over the celebration of Mass, also known as the
Celebrant. There may be more than one priest, called concelebrant.
Purificator

A triple-folded rectangular white cloth used to cleanse the chalice and to dry the
celebrants fingers after the last ablution (washing). In setting up the chalice, the
purificator is placed over the mouth of the chalice, beneath the paten.

Pyx

1. A pocket watch-shaped case in which Holy Communion used for sick calls is carried.
Traditionally it has kept in a small bag or wallet called a burse, lined with silk, with a cord
or chain so the it may be carried discretely around the neck. This is not as common
today. 2. A metal case in which a lunette is kept in the tabernacle.

Roman Missal

The book containing the prayers recited by the priest at the altar during Mass.

Sacramentary See Roman Missal

Sacrarium

A basin (piscina), usually covered, with a drain pipe having no joints or elbows that leads
directly to the earth. This allows the reverent disposal of baptism water, water used in
purifications, holy oils from a previous year, or ashes made from the burning of liturgical
items (e.g. cotton from holy oil stocks).

Server

See altar server.

Staff

See Crozier

Stational Mass A Mass presided over by the Bishop.

Stole

A long scarf-type of vestment which is the mark of the office a deacon or priest. A
deacon wears it over his left shoulder and fastens at his right side like a sash. A priest
wears in around his neck, letting it hang down in front. There is a small stole, purple on
one side and white on the other, that many priests use for anointing of the sick and for
the sacrament of reconciliation. When worn under the chasuble or dalmatic, it may be of
a smaller size is called an under stole. Priests usually wear the stole under their
chasuble. Deacons always wear the stole over the alb and never outside of the dalmatic
or over street clothes.

Surplice

A wide-sleeved garment, slipped over the head, covering the shoulders and coming down
below the hips. It is worn over the cassock for services in which the alb is not necessary
and by a master of ceremonies when serving the Bishop.

Thurible

The metal container extended from a chain (or chains) in which charcoal and incense are
burned for liturgical ceremonies. It is sometimes called a censer.

Thurifer

The person who carries the thurible (censer).

Veil

See Humeral Veil, White Veil, Vimpa

Vimpa

A white veil used to cover the hands of the miter bearer and Crozier bearer assisting the
Bishop.

48

White Veil

A white veil used to cover the hands of the miter bearer and Crozier bearer assisting the
Bishop. See vimpa

Zucchetto

A skull cap worn by the Bishop at almost all liturgies. It began as a practical covering
worn by all tonsured clerics over their bald spot

49