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    Math 104, Summer 2006, Homework 5 Solution: Due July 19

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    Ronald
    This document provides solutions to homework problems from a summer 2006 Math 104 course. It includes solutions to problems from Sections 14 and 15 involving determining convergence of series using tests like the comparison test, ratio test, root test, and integral test. One problem asks to find a series that diverges by the root test but for which the ratio test gives no information. The solutions are concise and explain the reasoning and mathematical steps taken to justify the conclusions.

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    Math 104, Summer 2006, Homework 5 Solution: Due July 19

    Uploaded by

    Ronald
    118 views3 pages
    This document provides solutions to homework problems from a summer 2006 Math 104 course. It includes solutions to problems from Sections 14 and 15 involving determining convergence of series using tests like the comparison test, ratio test, root test, and integral test. One problem asks to find a series that diverges by the root test but for which the ratio test gives no information. The solutions are concise and explain the reasoning and mathematical steps taken to justify the conclusions.

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    This document provides solutions to homework problems from a summer 2006 Math 104 course. It includes solutions to problems from Sections 14 and 15 involving determining convergence of series using tests like the comparison test, ratio test, root test, and integral test. One problem asks to find a series that diverges by the root test but for which the ratio test gives no information. The solutions are concise and explain the reasoning and mathematical steps taken to justify the conclusions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    118 views3 pages

    Math 104, Summer 2006, Homework 5 Solution: Due July 19

    Uploaded by

    Ronald
    This document provides solutions to homework problems from a summer 2006 Math 104 course. It includes solutions to problems from Sections 14 and 15 involving determining convergence of series using tests like the comparison test, ratio test, root test, and integral test. One problem asks to find a series that diverges by the root test but for which the ratio test gives no information. The solutions are concise and explain the reasoning and mathematical steps taken to justify the conclusions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    MATH 104, SUMMER 2006, HOMEWORK 5 SOLUTION

    BENJAMIN JOHNSON
    Due July 19

    Assignment:
    Section 14: 14.4, 14.7, 14.10, 14.13(d)
    Section 15: 15.4, 15.6, 15.7
    Section 14
    14.4 Determine
    which of the following series converge. Justify your answer.
    P
    1
    (a)
    n=2 [n+(1)n ]2
    The series converges.


    P
    1
    1

    Ill use the comparison test. We have [n+(1)n ]2 (n1)
    2 for every n 2. Since
    n=2
    P 1
    P
    1
    converges,
    so
    does
    by
    the
    comparison
    test.
    n=1 n2
    n=2 [n+(1)n ]2

    P
    (b) [ n + 1 n]

    (c)

    1
    (n1)2

    The series diverges.

    P
    P
    By the telescoping sum formula, Nj=0 [ n + 1 n] = N + 1 0. So j=0 [ n + 1 n] =

    P
    limn Nj=0 [ n + 1 n] = limn N + 1 = .
    P n!
    nn

    The series converges.


    Ill use the ratio test. We have
    (n+1)!
    (n+1)n+1  n n
    n! =
    n+1
    nn
     n n+1 n + 1
    =

    n+1
    n
    !n+1
    1
    n+1
    = 1

    n+1
    n
    Taking the limit as n and applying the limit product law yields 1e 1 = 1e < 1. So the
    series converges by the ratio test.
    P
    P
    14.7 Prove that if an is a convergent sequence of non-negative numbers and p > 1, then anp converges.
    P
    Proof. since an , we must have lim an = 0. So there is an integer P
    N such that for each n N
    p

    we
    have
    0

    a
    <
    1.
    So
    for
    each
    n

    N
    we
    have
    |a
    |

    a
    .
    Since
    n
    n
    n
    n=N an converges, so must
    P p
    n=N an by the comparison test. (Notice that the lower bound of N in the sum is inconsequential
    since convergence or divergence does not depend on the starting index).
    
    Date: July 19, 2006.
    1

    BENJAMIN JOHNSON

    14.10 Find a series

    an which diverges by the root test but for which the Ratio Test gives no information.
    1

    1
    n+(1)n
    n = lim 2n+1 n 2. (Actually, it equals 2).
    .
    Then
    lim
    sup
    Consider the sequence
    a
    =
    2
    |a
    |
    n
    n
    P
    So the root test shows
    n diverges.

    (n+1)+(1)n+1
    (n+1)+(1)an+1
    n
    n+2
    2
    But for n even, 2n+(1)n = 22n+1 = 21 , and for n odd 2 2n+(1)n = 22n1 = 8.


    an+1
    1

    , and thus the ratio test gives no information.
    So lim inf an 2 1 8 lim sup aan+1
    n
    P
    P n1 1
    n
    14.13 (d) Use (c) to calculate
    n=1 2n . [(c) says
    n=1 2n+1 = 2 ].
    We have
    #
    "

    X
    n1 1
    n X
    =
    2 n+1 + n (algebra)
    n
    2
    2
    2
    n=1
    n=1
    =2

    X
    n1
    n=1

    =2
    =2

    2n+1

    X
    1
    +
    (by sum and product limit laws)
    2n
    n=1

    1
    + 1 (by (c) and geometric series formula)
    2

    Section 15
    15.4 Determine
    which of the following series converge. Justify your answers.
    P
    1
    (a)
    n=2 n log n
    P
    This series diverges by the comparison test since n 1log n > n1 for every n > 2, and 1n diverges.
    P log n
    (b)
    n=2 n
    P
    This series also diverges by the comparison test since logn n > n1 for every n > 3, and 1n
    diverges.
    P
    1
    (c)
    n=4 n(log n)(log log n)
    RN
    1
    dx = [log log log x]4N =
    The series diverges. Here we use the integral test. 4 x(log x)(log
    log x)
    RN
    1
    log log log N log log log 4. So limN 4 x(log x)(log
    dx = limN log log log N = . So
    log x)
    P
    1
    by the integral test, n=4 n(log n)(log log n) diverges.
    P log n
    (d)
    n=2 n2

    P 1
    n
    n
    This series converges by the comparison test since for n 2, log

    = 13 . The series
    2
    3
    n
    n2
    n2
    n2
    converges by Theorem 15.1.
    P
    P
    15.6 (a) Give an example of a divergent series an for which a2n converges.
    an =

    1
    n

    (b) Observe that if

    an is a convergent series of non-negative terms, then

    a2n also converges.

    This is a special case of exercise 14.7 with p = 2.


    P
    P
    (c) Give an example of a convergent series an for which a2n diverges.
    an =

    (1)n

    15.7 (a) Prove that if han i is a non-increasing sequence of real numbers and if
    lim nan = 0.

    an converges, then

    MATH 104, SUMMER 2006, HOMEWORK 5 SOLUTION

    P
    P
    Proof. If an converges
    then
    an is Cauchy. Let  > 0. Then there is an N such that for
    Pn
    every n > N we have j=N+1 a j < . Notice that since han i is non-increasing, an a j for j < n
    and so for every n > N, we must have
    n
    n
    X
    X
    aj < 
    an
    (n N)an =
    j=N+1

    j=N+1

    Keeping N and  fixed for the moment, let L = lim supn (n N)an . Then since each term in
    the sequence is less than , we must have L 
    For fixed N, we have limn Nan = 0 because lim an = 0. So lim supn nan = lim supn (n
    N)an + limn Nan = L + 0 .
    Now the dependence on N is removed. Since  was arbitrarily small, we have lim supn nan =
    0. Since nan is non-negative, 0 lim inf nan . Hence lim inf nan = lim sup nan = lim nan = 0
    
    P1
    (b) Use (a) to give another proof that n diverges.
    P
    Proof. lim n 1n = lim 1 = 1 , 0. So by the contrapositive of part (a), the series n1 cannot
    converge.
    

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