Title: Author
Title: Author
Title: Author
Author
Group
No.
Date
Table
of
Contents
Table
of
Contents
.................................................................................................................................................................
ii
List
of
Figures
.......................................................................................................................................................................
iii
List
of
Tables
........................................................................................................................................................................
iv
Executive
Summary
............................................................................................................................................................
1
1.
Introduction
...................................................................................................................................................................
1
2.
Methodology
..................................................................................................................................................................
2
2.1
Theory
......................................................................................................................................................................
3
2.1.1
2.1.2
ii
List
of
Figures
Figure
1.
Schematic
view
of
interface
upconing
and
saltwater
intrusion
due
to
a
pumping
well
......................................................................................................................................................................
4
Figure
2.
A
three-reservoir
network
........................................................................................................................
5
Figure
3.
Cnoidal
wave
surface
profile
for
H
= 2
m
and
various
values
of
m.
........................................
6
Figure
4.
Contour
Plot
of
the
Interface
Level
Rise
after
20
yrs
of
Pumping
in
Total
of
98
Wells.
..................................................................................................................................................................
7
iii
List
of
Tables
Table
1.
Loss
coefficients
for
channel
transitions
with
subcritical
flow
....................................................
7
Table
2.
Values
of
absolute
roughness
ks
for
new
commercial
pipes
..........................................................
8
iv
Executive
Summary
In
correspondence
with
the
course
learning
outcomes,
the
first
laboratory
experiment
was
conducted
to
provide
students
with
an
interactive
activity
that
acquaint
them
with
pressure
losses
due
to
frictional
effects
within
a
pipe
system.
The
aim
of
this
experiment
is
to
calculate
and
examine
the
coefficients
of
the
two
primary
kinds
of
head
losses
that
occur
in
pipes.
These
losses
are
subordinate
to
numerous
parameters
such
as
pipe
diameter,
surface
roughness,
etc.
Therefore,
the
loss
factors
for
pipe
flow
were
assessed
by
computing
the
drop
in
the
pressure
head
of
the
same
flow
throughout
a
range
of
pipes
different
in
type
and
fitting.
The
resulting
head
loss
coefficients
were
calculated
based
on
the
experimental
data
and
an
error
of
XX
was
found
due
to
instrumental
uncertainty
or
misleading
assumptions.
Further
analysis
was
made
to
study
the
uncertainties.
XXX
1. Introduction
When
a
fluid
flows
through
a
tube
or
a
pipe,
friction
forces
between
the
fluid
particles
and
the
pipe
walls
will
result
in
a
continuous
drop
in
the
fluids
pressure
in
the
same
direction
of
the
stream.
This
drop
in
pressure
is
called
in
hydraulics
an
irreversible
head
loss.
We
categorize
the
losses
into
two
groups:
major
losses,
defined
as
those
caused
by
friction
and
viscous
effects
between
the
particles
and
the
pipe
walls,
and
minor
losses,
caused
by
the
internal
frictional
forces
between
the
particles
of
the
fluid.
The
purpose
of
this
experiment
is
to
compute
the
friction
coefficient
of
pipes
and
the
minor
loss
coefficients
that
occur
in
pipe
fittings,
bends,
valves,
entrances,
exits,
etc.,
where
streamlines
are
no
longer
straight
due
to
change
in
the
geometry,
internal
properties
of
the
surface
of
the
pipe,
expansion,
etc.
Piped
networks
of
water
are
a
widespread
and
crucial
topic
in
hydraulics
engineering
since
its
main
purpose
is
to
transport
water
in
order
to
supply
the
consumer.
The
design
of
a
piped
network
ensures
the
provision
of
water
for
consumption
at
a
sufficient
flow
rate
with
the
minimum
possible
losses.
Hence,
parameters
such
as
the
volumetric
flow
rate,
pressure
and
head
loss
are
of
central
importance
in
the
design
process
and
should
be
studied
extensively
throughout
the
application
of
the
continuity
principle
and
the
energy
equation.
this
experiment
will
introduce
you
to
basic
measurement
techniques
and
to
some
principles
of
p
ipe
flow.
In
this
experiment
three
basic
devices
a
pressure
transducer,
an
orificeplate
flow
meter
and
a
paddlewheel
flowmeter
are
calibrated
and
compared
against
standard
practice,
an
d
then
used
to
make
fundamental
measurements
of
losses
in
pipes,
fittings,
and
piping
networks.
On
the
other
hand,
there
are
preset
empirical
values
that
are
predefined
in
textbooks
and
hydraulics
manuals
that
define
these
coefficients.
These
theoretical
values
will
be
used
in
order
to
evaluate
the
results
of
the
experiments.
that
are
related
to
the
experiment.
The
section
after
deals
with
the
experimental
procedure
respected
upon
the
execution
of
the
laboratory.
The
collection
of
data
is
then
demonstrated
along
with
the
different
measurements.
What
comes
up
after
are
calculations
based
on
the
objective
of
the
experiments,
and
finally
a
thorough
analysis
is
offered
to
explain
the
obtained
results,
their
significance,
and
their
validity.
Normally, head losses are composed of friction losses and minor losses. Friction losses are between
the fluid and the inner contact surface of the pipe. Minor losses are caused by fluid mixing which
occurs in pipe fittings, bends, valves, entrances and exits. For a long pipeline, the head loss will be
mainly due to friction losses at the pipe wall. On the other hand, if the pipe is short and there are
numerous fittings, then the major part of the head loss will be due the fluid mixing near the fittings. In
the experiment described below, head losses due to frictional resistance in a straight rough pipe, fluid
mixing in a 90o bend and contraction are examined.
2. Methodology
Every
document
needs
some
form
of
logical
order.
One
logical
structure
is
as
follows:
Title Page
Contents Page
Methodology or Procedure
Findings or Results
Acknowledgments
Note
that
in
engineering
study
reports,
an
Executive
Summary
section
that
outlines
the
main
findings,
conclusion
and
recommendations
of
the
report
is
normally
inserted
after
the
title
page.
2.1 Theory
The
report
should
be
printed
on
A4
paper
with
at
least
2.5
cm
margin
at
the
top,
bottom
and
sides
(see
Page
Setup).
The
text
must
be
in
11
or
12-point
type
and
the
headings
in
14-point
type
with
1.5
line
spacing
(see
Styles
Alt+Ctrl+Shift+S).
The
font
should
be
Times
New
Roman,
Arial
or
similar.
The
headings
are
numbered
according
to
the
decimal
system
(see
Styles).
Each
main
heading
is
a
whole
number
and
the
sub-heading
is
numbered
as
a
decimal
of
that.
Each
page
of
the
report
should
be
numbered
in
the
top
or
bottom
right-hand
corner
(see
Insert
Page
Number).
2.1.1 Governing
equations
The
title
page
must
include
the
title
of
the
report,
the
authors
name,
group
number,
date
and
place.
The
above
Table
of
Contents
(TOC)
is
obtained
from
Insert
Table
of
Contents
in
the
References
menu.
You
can
specify
the
headings
to
include
in
the
Options
submenu.
The
above
List
of
Figures
and
List
of
Tables
is
obtained
from
Insert
Table
of
Figures
in
the
References
menu
The
use
of
the
MS
equation
editor
is
encouraged.
Use
Insert
Equation
or
Insert
Symbol.
Add
one
extra
line
space
above
and
below
all
displayed
equations.
2.1.2 Underlying
assumptions
The
text
must
be
crisp-looking
and
the
headings
must
be
balanced.
The
majority
of
readers
will
not
read
every
word
in
your
report
so
signpost
it
well
(with
headings).
It
will
help
the
readers
find
their
way
around
the
document
and
locate
the
information
in
places
where
they
expect
to
see
it.
All
graphs
should
be
produced
using
graphics
software.
The
figures
must
have
a
caption
and
axis
labels
(cf.
Figure
3)
and
they
must
fit
the
size
of
half
a
page.
All
figures
must
be
cited
in
the
text.
Use
Cross-Reference
in
the
References
menu.
For
example,
Figure
1
is
a
schematic
view
of
saltwater
intrusion
along
the
coast
of
Lebanon.
Figure
1
in
the
previous
sentence
is
a
link
to
Figure
1
above.
Place
the
cursor
on
the
word
Figure
1
and
use
Ctrl+Click
to
follow
link.
If
you
shuffle
the
figures
around,
the
figures
and
the
cross-references
will
automatically
be
renumbered.
Figure
2
has
only
become
famous
this
week
through
its
unexpected
appearance
in
Quiz
I.
Figure
3
is
a
short
preview
of
waves
in
shallow
waters
that
was
being
shown
in
the
double
impact
of
exams:
Hydraulics
and
Coastal
Engineering.
Figure
4
is
a
picture
of
Batrice
who
would
rule
the
world
in
2050.
El. 82.3 m
Q
=
58.79
l /s
D
=
0.20
m
L
=
610
m
63.1
l /s
El.
24.4
m
200 mg/l
300 mg/l
El. 36.6 m
Q
=
9.92
l /s
D
=
0.15
m
L
=
360
m
El.
88.4
m
Q
=
5.61
l /s
D
=
0.15
m
L
=
730
m
El. 76.2 m
100 mg/l
75.8 l /s
Q
=
6.84
l /s
D
=
0.15
m
L
=
1220
m
El. 25.9 m
Q
=
63.35
l /s
D
=
0.20
m
L
=
300
m
50.5 l /s
Q
=
67.26
l /s
D
=
0.20
m
L
=
670
m
2
1
0
-1
-2
m
=
0
m
=
0.5
-3
m
=
0.9
m
=
0.99
m
=
0.999
-4
-5
-1.5
m = 0.9999
-1
-0.5
0
x / L
0.5
1.5
VI
VII
0 .1
2
2
0 .5
2
2
0 .5
I
0 .2
2
1
0.
0 .1
0 .5
0 .2
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
10
10
0 .2
0.
0 .5
10
2
2
0 .5
1
II
0 .5
2
0.
0 .5
10
0.
2 1
12
10
0 .5
10
0 .5
10
0 .5
21 2
2
2
1
2
0 .2
1
12
0 .2
0.
0 .5
0 .2
0 .5
0 .1
0 .1
Figure
4.
Contour
plot
of
the
interface
level
rise
after
20
yrs
of
pumping
in
total
of
98
wells.
4. Results
The
computations
should
be
done
in
orderly
steps
with
all
assumptions
clearly
stated
and
their
source
given.
All
calculations
should
be
reproducible.
Use
of
computer
programs
such
as
EXCEL
or
MATLAB
is
encouraged.
Each
table
must
have
a
title,
and
all
columns
must
have
headings.
All
tables
must
be
cited
in
the
text.
For
example,
Table
2
lists
the
values
of
the
absolute
roughness
ks
for
new
commercial
pipes.
Table
2
above
is
a
link.
Try
it!
When
an
experiment
consists
of
several
parts,
the
results
of
each
part
should
be
given
on
a
separate
page.
Contracting
Expanding
0.4-0.5
0.75-1.00
0.2
0.5
Wedge
0.1-0.2
0.3-0.5
Warped
0.1
0.3
Abrupt
Cylinder-quadrant
ks (mm)
0.0
0.0015
0.046
0.12
Galvanized iron
0.15
0.25
Concrete
0.33
Riveted steel
0.99
0.025
6. Conclusions
Effective
documents
are
short,
and
effective
writing
is
made
up
of
short
paragraphs,
short
sentences
and
short
words.
Think
about
length
all
the
time.
A
sentence
should
contain
no
unnecessary
words
and
a
paragraph
no
unnecessary
sentences
for
the
same
reason
that
a
machine
should
have
no
unnecessary
parts.
Omit
needless
words.
Every
word
should
tell.
Each
paragraph
should
deal
with
a
separate
topic.
Keep
it
simple
and
your
writing
will
be
more
effective.
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
should
be
duly
conferred
and
copied
material
should
be
duly
credited.
References
The
reference
list
should
be
explicit
with
the
authors
name,
title,
publisher
and
date.
References
should
be
correctly
cited
in
the
text
by
giving
the
authors
name
and
date
of
publication.
Bear,
J.,
Hydraulics
of
Groundwater,
Academic
Press,
N.Y.,
1979
Ego,
A.
X.,
The
art
of
writing
stories
of
passion
and
betrayals,
Cut&Paste
Books,
Beirut,
Lebanon,
2010.
Hantush,
M.
S.,
Hydraulics
of
wells,
in
Advances
in
Hydroscience,
Academic
Press,
N.Y.,
1,
281-442,
1964.
Holzbecher,
E.,
Modeling
density-driven
flow
in
porous
media:
principles,
numerics,
software,
Springer-Verlag,
Berlin,
1998.
Polubarinova-Kochina,
P.
Ya.,
Theory
of
Ground
Water
Movement,
Princeton
Univ.
Press,
Princeton,
N.J.,
1962
Strack,
O.
D.
L.,
Groundwater
Mechanics,
Prentice-Hall,
Englewoods
Cliffs,
N.J.,
1989.
10
Appendix
The
binder
must
be
very
strong.
It
must
hold
and
protect
the
report
through
its
rough
trip
of
many
readings
and
should
be
flexible
enough
to
be
easily
read.
11