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C - Hazard Scenarios

This document discusses potential hazard and risk scenarios involving the release of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a pipe. It describes scenarios where mechanical failure, defective equipment, or human error could cause a release. If ignited, the gas cloud could result in a flash fire, fireball, jet fire, or pool fire. A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion is also a risk. Secondary fires may be caused by the initial event. Toxicity and smoke inhalation are additional hazards. Thermal radiation and explosion overpressures may damage buildings and infrastructure.

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176 views16 pages

C - Hazard Scenarios

This document discusses potential hazard and risk scenarios involving the release of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a pipe. It describes scenarios where mechanical failure, defective equipment, or human error could cause a release. If ignited, the gas cloud could result in a flash fire, fireball, jet fire, or pool fire. A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion is also a risk. Secondary fires may be caused by the initial event. Toxicity and smoke inhalation are additional hazards. Thermal radiation and explosion overpressures may damage buildings and infrastructure.

Uploaded by

NguyễnTrường
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C Hazard and Risk Scenario Analysis

Hazard and Risk Scenarios

Lets talk about an LPG pipe

Scenario

Failure
Release
Dispersion
Consequence
Impact

Mechanical Failure
Failure occurs when the internal conditions
overcome the Mechanical Integrity of the
system.
Mechanical failure may cause:
Falling loads
Projectiles
Release of hazardous materials

Mechanical failure may contribute directly to


injuries and property damage or it may trigger
a more serious secondary incident.

Machinery Failure

Defective Equipment
Damaged equipment or in a state of
disrepair is not reliable and is subject to
failure.
Defective equipment must be closely
monitored and scheduled for repair or
replacement.
Contingency plan to deal with early
failure.
What is the justification and basis for
decision to continue to operate?

Hydrotest Failure
Hydrostatic pressure
testing is preferred to
pneumatic pressure
testing
Greater energy stored in a
compressed gas

Immediate cause: quality of


materials of construction

Hazardous Material Release (1)

Release may occur due to


Mechanical failure of pressure
envelope.
Seals and Packings, Hoses, Flanges,
Valves
Sample connections, small bore
connections
Corrosion under insulation
Leaks on elbows and return bends

Hazardous Material Release (2)

Release may occur due to


Internal upset causing overpressure or
high temp.
Overpressure lifting pressure relief valves
Internal explosion due to violent chemical
reaction.
Rupture of furnace tube or heat exchanger
tube.
Failure of a process vessel due to thermal
shock.

Hazardous Material Release (3)

Human Error resulting in the direct


release of material to environment.
Operator inadvertently leaving a valve
open
Overfilling a vessel or KO drum.
Opening a maintenance connection
during operation.

Hazardous Material Release (4)


Release influenced by:
System pressure
Hole size
Ratio of liquid to vapor

Modeling is used to understand effects of


a release.
Experience and knowledge of models is
required

Atmospheric Dispersion

Dispersion Effects

Consequences
Ignition at X

Wind to Y

Ignition at Y

Explosion on
Ignition

Yes

Explosion at X

No

Fire at X

Yes

Explosion at Y

No

Fire at Y

Yes

Flammable
Release

Yes

at X
Yes

No

No

No

Disperses

Disperses

Event Tree describes the possible scenario consequences

Consequence Modelling
Used to determine
Distances to Lower Flammable Limit
Extent of vapor cloud
Distance to toxic concentration level

Consequences: Types of Fires

Flash fire The combustion of a


flammable gas or vapor and air
mixture in which the flame
propagates through that mixture in
a manner such that negligible or no
damaging overpressure is generated.

Consequences: Types of Fires


Fireball - A
fuel rich cloud
burns from the
outside in.
Moderate
overpressure.
High radiation
heat release.
Typically 10
seconds
duration.

Consequences: Types of Fires


Jet fire - Combustion of gaseous fuel
under pressure at point of release.

Hickson & Welsh New Office

Consequences: Types of Fires


Pool Fire - A flammable liquid surface
burning with a stationary flame.

Consequences: Types of Fires


BLEVE - Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor
Explosion.
Failure of containment due to high localized heat
flux. Vapour Cloud Explosion with shrapnel!

Offshore Platform Fire

Consequences

Case History - CH2

Feyzin - 1966

Case History 2-Feyzin


1966 Elf Oil Refinery at Feyzin, France.
Located close to residential community.
160 meters (525ft) from public highway
LPG Tank farm contained 8 spheres.

The Incident

What Happened
While attempting to drain the water a massive
hydrocarbon release occurred through open drain
circuit.
Several minutes later a local vehicle entered
roadway adjacent to refinery. (ignition source)
Vapor cloud explosion occurred.
Ground pool fire beneath leaking sphere caused it
to BLEVE 90 minutes after the initial leakage.
The other 5 spheres subsequently BLEVEd

Incident Details
Schematic

3. Upstream valve
Massive
Massive vapour
vapour cloud
cloud

unable to close
after ice plug
passing
passing vehicle
vehicle
removed
4. Unable to close
1. Downstream valve
downstream valve
OPENED FULLY
due to freezing

2. Upstream valve forms ignited by


forms ignited by
CRACKED OPEN

Incident Details Contd


Valves could only be operated by special
valve wrench. (security feature)
Valve manifold was not freeze protected.
Shutoff valve was inaccessible during
emergency.
Operator was not adequately trained.

Major Lessons Learned

Design must recognize extreme Engin


ee
rin
weather exposures and
gS
yst
potential for human failure. Tr
em
ain
s
ing
Personnel must be trained to
/C
om
pe
handle unexpected situations in
ten
ce
the field.
As the LPG expanded across Proce
ss
the valves it cooled enough to
Sa
fe
ty
freeze the water.
I
nfo

rm
ati
o

10

Explosions
Deflagration is combustion wave propagating at
a velocity less than the speed of sound.
Detonation is propagation of a combustiondriven shock wave at or above the speed of
sound.
DEFLAGRATION
IGNITION SOURCE

HEATED
COMPRESSED GAS

FLAME TRAVEL

PRESSURE WAVE

DETONATION
IGNITION SOURCE
FLAME TRAVEL

SHOCK WAVE

Vapour Cloud Explosion


High energy release associated with rapid
burning of a flammable vapor/ air mixture.
Physical confinement or obstacles required to
produce overpressure.
Only the quantity of material within the cloud in a
confined area is involved in the explosion.

Wind

May cause a vapor cloud to drift into a confined


area.
It also disperses the cloud and reduces the
flammable mass.

Usually causes failures which lead to secondary


fires

Texas City, 2005

11

Texas City, 2005

Internal (Mechanical) Explosions


Failure of containment system due to
overpressure or sudden impulse.
Vessel burst pressure is the mean
between maximum event (explosion)
pressure and the yield stress of the
vessel.
Missiles may be projected several
hundred meters.

Grangemouth 1987

12

Secondary Fires
Caused by initial blast (damage),
prolonged exposure to fire.
Difficult to predict.
Sometimes delayed.
Often causes more damage than initial
incident.
May weaken pressure envelope and
contribute to a subsequent explosion.

Dust Explosions
Dust explosions result from the rapid
combustion of airborne particles.
Conditions required for dust explosion
include:
dust must be within explosible range
dust must be airborne
dust must have small particle size and
distribution
must be in contact with high energy ignition
source

Toxicity

Measure of harm from direct exposure to certain


chemical substances.
Type of exposure includes oral, skin contact and
respiratory.
Several scales used to denote probability of
death for a given exposure.
ERPG typically used for extreme toxic hazards.

Life health risk is a function of type of contact,


toxicity and duration of exposure.
Reaction of individuals to a specific toxin varies.
Toxicity data do not reflect chronic health
effects.

13

Toxicity

Gas Cloud Plume

Toxic Gas Plumes can travel a long way.

Toxicity Limits
IDLH (30 min)

HYDROGEN SULFIDE 100 PPM


AMMONIA 300 PPM
CHLORINE 10 PPM

LC1 (30 min)

HYDROGEN SULFIDE 255 PPM


AMMONIA 6100 PPM
CHLORINE 70 PPM

ERPG (1hr) and TLV are also used.

China, December 23rd 2003, 243 fatalities

14

Smoke
The term smoke is frequently used to mean the
mixture of pyrolysis products and air.
Smoke contains gases, solid particles, and
droplets of liquid.
It is toxic because contains noxious and
hazardous substances.
It interacts with light to obscure vision
About 75% to 80% of fire victims die as a
result of exposure to smoke and toxic gases or
oxygen depletion.

Nitrogen
Commonly used as an inerting gas in cases where
the presence of flammable vapors or explosive
dusts cannot cannot be practically maintained
outside the flammable limits.
In enclosed spaces, the displacement of oxygen
can cause suffocation due to oxygen deficiency.
Where inert gas is used and people are exposed,
care must be taken to insure adequate fresh air
ventilation.
Purged electrical enclosures are difficult to
maintain and should be used only as a last resort.

Consequence Impacts
Receptors
People
Environment
Plant

Impacts
Fire - burns
Explosion vulnerability
due to overpressure
Toxic cloud acute health
impacts
Environmental damage
Plant damage, secondary
incidents

15

Scenario Impacts
Thermal radiation
Effects -

BTU/hr/sq.ft. (kW/m2)

12,000 (37.5) - Sufficient to cause damage to process


equipment.
8,000 (25.0) - Minimum energy required to ignite wood at
indefinitely long exposures.
4,000 (12.5) - Minimum energy required for piloted
ignition of wood, melt plastic tubing
1,250 (4.0) - Sufficient to cause pain if duration is longer
than 20 seconds; however, blistering of the
skin is unlikely.
500
(1.6) - Will cause no discomfort for long
exposures.

Scenario Impacts
Explosion overpressure
Direct Impact or
Damage to structure making the people
inside vulnerable

Damage to buildings
Windows broken at less than 0.07 bar (1 psi)
Traditional load bearing construction begins
to fail in the 0.07 0.2 bar (1 to 3 psi) range
Blast resistant construction is often
designed for 0.3 0.5 bar (5 to 7 psi)

Environmental Impacts

16

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