Fascinating Triangular Numbers

The numbers which can be arranged in a compact triangular pattern are termed as triangular numbers.
The triangular numbers are formed by partial sum of the series 1+2+3+4+5+6+7......+n. So
T1 = 1
T2 = 1 + 2 = 3
T3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
T4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
So the nth triangular number can be obtained as Tn = n*(n+1)/2, where n is any natural number.In other
words triangular numbers form the series 1,3,6,10,15,21,28.....
Flocks of birds often fly in this triangular formation. Even several airplanes when flying together
constitute this formation. The properties of such numbers were first studied by ancient Greek
mathematicians, particularly the Pythagoreans.
Have you heard of the following famous story about the famous mathematician Carl F. Gauss.
" The teacher asked everyone in the class to find the sum of all the numbers from 1 to 100. To
everybody's surprise, Gauss stood up with the answer 5050 immediately. The teacher asked him as to
how it was done. Gauss explained that instead of adding all the numbers from 1 to 100, add first and
last term i.e. 1 + 100 =101, then add second and second last term i.e. 2 + 99 =101 and so on. Every
pair sum is 101 and their will be 50 such pairs ( total 100 numbers in all to be added), so 101 * 50 =
5050 is the answer. So the sum of numbers from 1 to N is (N/2)*(N+1), where N/2 are the number of
pairs and N+1 is sum of each pair. This the famous formula for n th triangular number."

Some of the interesting properties of triangular numbers published in [5] are:

Curious properties of Triangular Numbers:

The sum of two consecutive triangular numbers is always a square:
T1 + T2 = 1 + 3 = 4 = 22
T2 + T3 = 3 + 6 = 9 = 32
If T is a Triangular number than 9*T + 1 is also a Triangular number:
9*T1 + 1 = 9 * 1 + 1 = 10 = T4
9*T2 + 1 = 9 * 3 + 1 = 28 = T7
A Triangular number can never end in 2, 4, 7 or 9:
If T is a Triangular number than 8*T + 1 is always a perfect square:
8*T1 + 1 = 8 * 1 + 1 = 9 = 32
8*T2 + 1 = 8 * 3 + 1 = 25 = 52
The digital root (i.e. ultimate sum of digits until a single digit is obtained) of triangular
numbers is always 1,3,6 or 9.
The sum of n consecutive cubes starting from 1 is equal to the square of n th triangular number
i.e. Tn2 = 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3
T42 = 102 = 100 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43
T52 = 152 = 225 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53
A triangular number greater than 1, can never be a Cube, a Fourth Power or a Fifth power.
The sum of the squares of two consecutive triangular numbers is also a triangular number.
T12 + T22 = 1 2 + 3 2= 10 = T4
T22 + T32 = 3 2 + 6 2= 45 = T9
T32 + T42 = 6 2 + 10 2= 136 = T16
Tn-12 + Tn2 = Tn2
(Dr. Diego Marques, University of Brasilia, Brazil submitted vide his email dated 20 Apr 2011 that "this is also
valid for the amazing Fibonacci sequence i.e. The sum of the squares of two consecutive fibonacci numbers is also
a fibonacci number).

All perfect numbers are triangular numbers

The square of triangular numbers 1 and 6 produce triangular numbers 1 and 36.
T12 = 1 * 1 = 1 = T1
T32 = 6 * 6 = 36 = T8
Can anybody find the third triangular number whose square is also a triangular number ?.

(AMRIK S NIMBRAN from Patna, Bihar submitted vide his email dated 21 Dec 2011 that "It took me some time
to locate the proof of the impossibility of any other square triangular number beside 1 and 36 which is square of a
triangular number, The source of proof is: L. J. Mordel, Diophantine Equations, 1969, Academic Press, London,
Theorem 7, pp. 268-269).

The numbers in the sequence 1, 11, 111, 1111, 11111,...etc. are all triangular numbers in base 9.
The only triangular number which is also a prime is 3.
Palindromic Triangular Numbers: Some of the many triangular numbers, which are also
palindromic ( i.e. reading the same forward as well as backward) are 1, 3, 6, 55, 66, 171, 595,
666, 3003, 5995, 8778, 15051, 66066, 617716, 828828, 1269621, 1680861, 3544453, 5073705,
5676765, 6295926, 351335153, 61477416, 178727871, 1264114621, 1634004361 etc. These
can be termed as palindromic triangular numbers. There are 28 Palindromic Triangular
numbers below 1010. For more on these numbers visit Patrick De Geest
Reversible Triangular Numbers: Some of the many triangular numbers, whose reversals are
also triangular numbers are
1,3,6,10,55,66,120,153,171,190,300,351,595,630,666,820,3003,5995,8778,15051,
17578,66066,87571,156520,180300,185745,547581,557040,617716,678030,828828,
1269621,1461195,1680861,1851850,3544453,5073705,5676765,5911641,6056940,
6295926,12145056,12517506,16678200,35133153,56440000,60571521,61477416,
65054121,157433640,178727871,188267310,304119453,354911403,1261250200,
1264114621,1382301910,1634004361,1775275491,1945725771 etc. These can be termed
as Reversible triangular numbers. Note that all palindromic triangular numbers mentioned
above are special case of reversible triangular numbers.
Square Triangular Numbers: There are infinitely many triangular numbers, which are also
squares as given by the series 1, 36, 1225, 41616, 1413721, 48024900, 1631432881,
55420693056 etc. These can be termed as Square triangular(ST) numbers. The nth Square
Triangular number Kn can easily be obtained from the recursive formula
Kn = 34 * Kn-1 - Kn-2 + 2.
So knowing the first two ST numbers i.e. K1 = 1 and K2 = 36 , all other successive Square
Triangular numbers can be obtained , e.g.
K3 = 34 * K2 - K1 + 2 = 34 * 36 -1 + 2 = 1225
K4 = 34 * K3 - K2 + 2 = 34 * 1225 - 36 + 2 = 41616
The following non- recursive formula also gives n th Square Triangular number in terms of
variable n.
Kn = [{(1 + 2)2n - (1 - 2)2n}/(4*2)]2
It is interesting to note that digital root of all EVEN Square Triangular Numbers i.e. 36,
41616, 48024900, 55420693056 .. etc is always 9 and digital root of all ODD Square
Triangular Numbers i.e. 1, 1225, 1413721, 1631432881, ... etc is always 1. Also Square
Triangular Numbers can never end in 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 or 9.

 There are pairs of triangular numbers such that the sum and difference of numbers in each pair
are also triangular numbers e.g. (15, 21), (105, 171), (378, 703), (780, 990), (1485, 4186),
(2145, 3741), (5460, 6786), (7875, 8778)... etc.:
21 + 15 = 36 = T8 : 21 - 15 = 6 = T3
171 + 105 = 276 = T23 : 171 - 105 = 66 = T11
703 + 378 = 1081 = T46 : 703 - 378 = 325 = T25
and so on.

Some New Observations on Triangular Numbers :

There are some triangular numbers which are product of three consecutive numbers. For
example 120 is a triangular number which is product of three consecutive numbers 5, 6 and
7.There are only 6 such triangular numbers, largest of which is 258474216, as shown below:
1 * 2 * 3 = 6 = T3
4 * 5 * 6 = 120 = T15
5 * 6 * 7 = 210 = T20
9 * 10 * 11 = 990 = T44
56 * 57 * 58 = 185136 = T608
636 * 637 * 638 = 258474216 = T22736
The triangular number 120 is the product of three, four and five consecutive numbers.
4 * 5 * 6 = 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 120
No other triangular number is known to be the product of four or more consecutive numbers.
There are infinite triangular numbers which are product of two consecutive numbers. For
example 6 is a triangular number which is product of two consecutive numbers 2 and 3. Some
others are as shown below:
2 * 3 = 6 = T3
14 * 15 = 210 = T20
84 * 85 = 7140 = T119
492 * 493 = 242556 = T696
2870 * 2871 = 8239770 = T4059

16730 * 16731 = 279909630 = T23660

97512 * 97513 = 9508687656 = T137903
568344 * 568345 = 323015470680 = T803760
3312554 * 3312555 = 10973017315470 = T4684659
19306982 * 19306983 = 372759573255306 = T27304196 etc.
The triangular numbers which are product of two prime numbers can be termed as Triangular
Semiprimes . For example 6 is a Triangular Semiprimes . Some other examples of Triangular
Semiprimes are:
10,15,21,55,91,253,703,1081,1711,1891,2701,3403,5671,12403,13861,15931,
18721,25651,34453,38503,49141,60031,64261,73153,79003,88831,104653,108811,
114481,126253,146611,158203,171991,188191,218791,226801,258121,269011,286903,
351541,371953,385003,392941,482653,497503 etc as shown below:
2 * 3 = 6 = T3
3 * 5 = 15 = T5
3 * 7 = 21 = T6
5 * 11 = 55 = T10
7 * 13 = 91 = T13
11 * 23 = 253 = T22
19 * 37 = 703 = T37
Harshad Triangular Numbers:
Harshad (or Niven ) numbers are those numbers which are divisible by their sum of the
digits. For example 1729 ( 19*91) is divisible by 1+7+2+9 =19, so 1729 is a Harshad
number.
Harshad Triangular Number can be defined as the Triangular numbers which are
divisible by the sum of their digits. For example, Triangular number 1128 is divisible by
1+1+2+8 = 12 (i.e. 1128/12 = 94). So 1128 is a Harshad Triangular Number. Other
examples are:
1, 3, 6, 10, 21, 36, 45, 120, 153, 171, 190, 210, 300, 351, 378, 465, 630, 666, 780, 820, 990,
1035, 1128, 1275, 1431, 1540, 1596, 1770, 2016, 2080, 2556, 2628, 2850, 2926, 3160, 3240,
3321, 3486, 3570, 4005, 4465, 4560, 4950, 5050, 5460, 5565, 5778, 5886, 7140, 7260, 8001,
8911, 9180, 10011, 10296, 10440, 11175, 11476, 11628, 12720, 13041, 13203, 14196, 14706,
15225, 15400, 15576, 16110, 16290, 16653, 17020, 17205, 17766, 17955, 18145, 18528,
20100, 21321, 21528, 21736, 21945, 22155, 23220, 23436, 24090, 24310, 24976, 25200,
28680, 29646, 30628, 31626, 32640, 33930, 35245, 36585, 37128, 39060, 40470, 41328,
41616, 43365, 43956, 45150, 46360, 51040, 51360, 51681, 52326, 52650, 53956, 56280,
56616, 61776, 63903, 64620, 65341, 67896, 69006, 70125, 70500, 72010, 73536, 73920,

76636, 78210, 79401, 79800, 80200,81810, 88410, 89676, 90100, 93096, 93528, 97020,
100128, 101025, 103740, 105111, 105570 etc.
Happy Triangular Numbers:
If you iterate the process of summing the squares of the decimal digits of a number and if
the process terminates in 1, then the original number is called a Happy number. For
example 7 -> 49 -> 97 -> 130 -> 10 -> 1.
A Happy Triangular Number is defined as a Triangular number which is also a Happy
number. For example, consider a triangular number 946, where 946 -> 133 -> 19 -> 82 ->
68 -> 100 -> 1. So 946 is a Happy triangular Number. Other examples of Happy
Triangular Numbers are :
1, 10, 28, 91, 190, 496, 820, 946, 1128, 1275, 2080, 2211, 2485, 3321, 4278, 8128, 8256, 8778,
9591, 9730, 11476, 12090, 12880, 13203, 13366, 13530, 15753, 16471, 17205, 17578, 20910,
21115, 21321, 22791, 24753, 25651, 27261, 29890, 30135, 31626, 33670, 35245, 36046,
41328, 43660, 43956, 44253, 46360, 47586, 48205, 50721, 53301, 53956, 54615, 55278,
56280, 56953, 58311, 61425, 62128, 66430, 69378, 69751, 70125, 75855, 76245, 77815,
79003, 80200, 81810, 82621, 84666, 87571, 90100, 90951, 93961, 99681, 100128, 101025,
102831, 103285, 105570, 107416, 110215, 117370, 119316, 122760, 123256, 123753, 126253,
127260, 129286, 130305 etc.
The only Fibonacci Numbers that are also triangular are 1, 3, 21 and 55.
The only triangular Numbers that are also repdigit are 55, 66 and 666.
3 is the only triangular Number that is also a Fermat Number.
Every Hexagonal number is a triangular number.
Every pentagonal number is one-third of a triangular number.
If M is a Mersenne prime then Mth triangular number is a perfect number.
The sum of reciprocals of triangular numbers converges to 2:
1 + 1/3 + 1/6 + 1/10 + 1/15 + 1/21 + 1/28 + 1/36 + 1/45 + ....= 2
There are many pairs of triangular numbers Ta and Tb (where Ta > 1 and Tb > and Ta is
not equal to Tb) such that their product Ta*Tb is a Perfect Square. For example:
T2 * T24 = 3 * 300 = 900 = 302
T2 * T242 = 3 * 29403 = 88209 = 2972
T3 * T48 = 6 * 1176 = 7056 = 842
T6 * T168 = 21 * 14196 = 298116 = 5462
T11 * T528 = 66 * 139656 = 9217296 = 30362

T12 * T624 = 78 * 195000 = 15210000 = 39002

Every positive integer can be written as a sum of atmost three triangular numbers.
Every 4th power greater than 1, is the sum of two triangular numbers.
24 = 16 = T3 + T4 = T1 + T5
34 = 81 = T8 + T9 = T5 + T11
44 = 256 = T15 + T16 = T11 + T19
54 = 625 = T24 + T25 = T19 + T29
64 = 1296 = T35 + T36 = T29 + T41
74 = 2401 = T48 + T49 = T41 + T55
Observe the patterns formed above.
For any natural number n, the number 1 + 9 + 92 + 93 + ... + 9n is a triangular number.
1 = T1
1 + 9 = T4
1 + 9 + 92 = T13
1 + 9 + 92 + 93 = T40
1 + 9 + 92 + 93 + 94 = T121
A curious pattern :
T1 + T2 + T3= T4
T5 + T6 + T7 + T8 = T9 + T10
T11 + T12 + T13 + T14 + T15= T16 + T17 + T18
T19 + T20 + T21 + T22 + T23 + T24 = T25 + T26 + T27 + T28
Some identities :
Tn2 = Tn + Tn-1 * Tn+1
Tn2-1 = 2*Tn * Tn-1
For more on such identities visit Terry Trotter
Triangular numbers appear in Pascal's Triangle. In fact 3rd diagonal of Pascal's Triangle,
gives all triangular numbers as shown below:

1
11
121
1331
14641
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
One example of a Pythagorean triangle (a,b,c) where a, b, c are triangular numbers is
(8778, 10296, 13530)
87782 + 102962 = 135302
(T132)2 + (T143)2 = (T164)2
Can you find other examples ? For more visit Carlos Rivera.
T8 + T35 + T23 = T9 + T21 + T36
8 + 35 + 23 = 9 + 21 + 36
Sum of Consecutive Triangular Numbers:
T28 + T29 + T30 + ... + T34 = T83
T118 + T119 + T120 + ... + T128 = T322
T16 + T17 + T18 + T19 = 2*T25
T103 + T104 + T105 + T106 = 2*T148
Observe this pattern of infinite triangular numbers.
T10 = T5+5 = 55
T100 = T50+50 = 5050
T1000 = T500+500 = 500500
T10000 = T5000+5000 = 50005000
T100000 = T50000+50000 = 5000050000

T1000000 = T500000+500000 = 500000500000

and so on.

TT5 + TT6 = T26

TT12 + TT14 = T61
TT77 + TT89 = T376
TT174 + TT201 = T871
TT1079 + TT1249 = T5396
TT2430 + TT2806 = T12151

and so on.

Highly Composite Triangular Numbers:

Numbers such that d(n), the number of divisors of n, is greater than for any smaller n are
called highly composite numbers. If n is a triangular number then it can be termed
asHighly Composite Triangular Number . For example 28 is a triangular number and
d(28) = 6 . Number of divisors of all triangular numbers less than 28 is less than 6. So 28
is aHighly Composite Triangular number.
All Highly Composite Triangular numbers below 5*1013 are:
1, 3, 6, 28, 36, 120, 300, 528, 630, 2016, 3240, 5460, 25200, 73920, 157080, 437580, 749700,
1385280, 1493856, 2031120, 2162160, 17907120, 76576500, 103672800, 236215980,
842161320, 3090906000, 4819214400, 7589181600, 7966312200, 13674528000,
20366564400, 49172323200, 78091322400, 102774672000, 557736444720, 666365279580,
876785263200, 1787835551040, 2427046221600, 3798207594720, 24287658595200 and
26571463158240.
Abundant and Deficient Triangular Numbers:
Numbers such that s(n), the sum of aliquot divisors of n, is greater than n are called
Abundant numbers. If n is a triangular number then it can be termed as Abundant
Triangular Number . For example 36 is a triangular number and s(36) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6
+ 9 + 12 + 18 = 55, which is greater than 36. So 36 is a Abundant Triangular number.
All Abundant Triangular numbers below 105 are:
36,66,78,120,210,276,300,378,528,630,666,780,820,990,1128,1176,1326,1540,1596,
1770,1830,2016,2080,2346,2556,2628,2850,3160,3240,3486,3570,3828,4095,4278,
4560,4656,4950,5460,5778,5886,6216,6328,6786,7140,7260,7626,7875,8256,8646,
8778,9180,9730,9870,10296,10440,10878,11628,12090,12246,12720,12880,13530,
14028,14196,14706,15400,15576,16110,16290,16836,17020,17766,17955,18336,18528,
19110,19900,20100,20706,20910,21528,21736,21945,22578,23220,23436,24090,24310,
24976,25200,25878,26106,26565,26796,27966,28680,28920,29646,29890,30628,30876,
31626,31878,32640,33670,33930,34716,34980,35778,37128,37950,38226,39060,39340,
40470,41328,41616,42486,43660,43956,44850,45150,46056,46360,47586,48516,48828,
49770,51040,51360,52326,52650,53628,53956,54285,55278,56280,56616,57630,57970,
58996,59340,60378,60726,61425,61776,62128,63546,64620,64980,66066,66430,67896,
69006,69378,70500,72390,73536,73920,75078,76636,77028,78210,78606,79800,80200,

81810,82215,83028,83436,84666,86320,86736,87990,88410,89676,90100,91806,93096,
93528,94830,96580,97020,98346 and 98790.
Numbers such that s(n), the sum of aliquot divisors of n, is less than n are called Deficient
numbers. If n is a triangular number then it can be termed as Deficient Triangular
Number . For example 21 is a triangular number and s(21) = 1 + 3 + 7 = 11, which is less
than 21. So 21 is a Deficient Triangular number.
All Deficient Triangular numbers below 105 are:
1,3,10,15,21,45,55,91,105,136,153,171,190,231,253,325,351,406,435,465,
561,595,703,741,861,903,946,1035,1081,1225,1275,1378,1431,1485,1653,1711,
1891,1953,2145,2211,2278,2415,2485,2701,2775,2926,3003,3081,3321,3403,3655,
3741,3916,4005,4186,4371,4465,4753,4851,5050,5151,5253,5356,5565,5671,5995,
6105,6441,6555,6670,6903,7021,7381,7503,7750,8001,8385,8515,8911,9045,
9316,9453,9591,10011,10153,10585,10731,11026,11175,11325,11476,11781,11935,
12403,12561,13041,13203,13366,13695,13861,14365,14535,14878,15051,15225,15753,
15931,16471,16653,17205,17391,17578,18145,18721,18915,19306,19503,19701,20301,
20503,21115,21321,22155,22366,22791,23005,23653,23871,24531,24753,25425,25651,
26335,27028,27261,27495,27730,28203,28441,29161,29403,30135,30381,31125,31375,
32131,32385,32896,33153,33411,34191,34453,35245,35511,36046,36315,36585,36856,
37401,37675,38503,38781,39621,39903,40186,40755,41041,41905,42195,42778,43071,
43365,44253,44551,45451,45753,46665,46971,47278,47895,48205,49141,49455,50086,
50403,50721,51681,52003,52975,53301,54615,54946,55611,55945,56953,57291,58311,
58653,59685,60031,61075,62481,62835,63190,63903,64261,65341,65703,66795,67161,
67528,68265,68635,69751,70125,70876,71253,71631,72010,72771,73153,74305,74691,
75466,75855,76245,77421,77815,79003,79401,80601,81003,81406,82621,83845,84255,
85078,85491,85905,87153,87571,88831,89253,90525,90951,91378,92235,92665,93961,
94395,95266,95703,96141,97461,97903,99235 and 99681.
Curious Sum of Two Triangular Numbers.
Take an example of a 10-digit Triangular number 1061444835. It can be seen that this
triangular number is the sum of the 10614th and 44835th triangular numbers. So the sum
of two triangular numbers is equal to the number formed from concatenation of index of
these two triangular numbers.
T10614 + T44835 = 1061444835
Other examples are:
T90 + T415 = 90415
T585 + T910 = 585910
T120 + T1545 = 1201545
T150 + T1726 = 1501726
T244 + T2196 = 2442196
T700 + T3676 = 7003676

T769 + T3846 = 7693846

T1474 + T5226 = 14745226
T2829 + T6970 = 28296970
T3030 + T7171 = 30307171

and so on.

Can you observe beautiful pattern in last two examples.

Sequence of sqrt(T) which are whole numbers is:
T1, T8, T49, T288, T1681, T9800, T57121,..
The product of any two consecutive numbers in above sequence is a triangular number,
which is the product of two consecutive numbers:
T1 * T8 = 6 = T3 = 2 * 3
T8 * T49 = 210 = T20 = 14 * 15
T49 * T288 = 7140 = T119 = 84 * 85
T288 * T1681 = 242556 = T696 = 492 * 493
T1681 * T9800 = 8239770 = T4059 = 2870 * 2871
T9800 * T57121 = 279909630 = T23660= 16730 * 16731 etc.
(submitted by Dr. N Mander (Mr) from Denmark vide his email dated 22 Oct 2011).

There are infinite number of pairs (a,b) of positive integers such that 2 * Ta=Tb where a
and b are integers and Tn is the nth triangular number.
2 * T2 = T3 = 6
2 * T14 = T20 = 210
2 * T84 = T119 = 7140
2 * T492 = T696 = 242556
2 * T2870 = T4059 = 8239770
2 * T16730 = T23660 = 279909630
2 * T97512 = T137903 = 9508687656
2 * T568344 = T803760 = 323015470680
2 * T3312554 = T4684659 = 10973017315470
2 * T19306982 = T27304196 = 372759573255306 etc.

With a0 = 0 and b0 = 0 , the following recursive equations can give further values of a and
b:
an=3 * an-1 + 2 * bn-1 + 2
bn=4 * an-1 + 3 * bn-1 + 3
(submitted by Mr Roy Blatchford vide his email dated 17 Mar 2011).

Can anybody find similar recursive equations for pairs (a,b) of positive integers such that 3 *
Ta=Tb ?.
Cubes from Triangular Numbers :
6 * ( T1 + T2 + T3) + 4 = 43
6 * ( T1 + T2 + T3 + T4) + 5 = 53
6 * ( T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5) + 6 = 63
6 * ( T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6) + 7 = 73
6 * ( T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + ...... + Tn-1) + n = n3
(submitted by Don Davis vide his email dated 20 June 2013).

Relation Between and Triangular Numbers.

The sum of reciprocals of squares of all the triangular numbers converges to 4*(2 - 9)/3:
1 + 1/32 + 1/62 + 1/102 + 1/152 + 1/212 + 1/282 + 1/362 + 1/452 + ....= 4*(2 - 9)/3
The sum of reciprocals of cubes of all the triangular numbers converges to 8*(10 - 2):
1 + 1/33 + 1/63 + 1/103 + 1/153 + 1/213 + 1/283 + 1/363 + 1/453 + ....= 8*(10 - 2)
(submitted by Okoh Ufuoma Cyrus from Nigeria vide his email dated 26 April 2013).

If you find any new and interesting observation about triangular numbers,
please email me.
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References:
[1] Ball, W. W. R. and Coxeter, H. S. M. Mathematical Recreations and Essays, 13th ed. New York: Dover,
p. 59, 1987.
[2] Beiler, Albert H. Recreations in the Theory of Numbers. New York: Dover, 1966.
[3] Conway, J. H. and Guy, R. K. The Book of Numbers. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 33-38, 1996.

[4] Dudeney, H. E. Amusements in Mathematics. New York: Dover, pp. 67 and 167, 1970.
[5] Gupta, Shyam Sunder "Curious Properties of triangular numbers." Science Reporter , September 1987,
India.
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[13] Wells, David. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry. London: Penguin Books,
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