Number Systems Arithmetic

Objectives
¾ In this lesson, we will study basic arithmetic operations in various
number systems with a particular stress on the binary system.

Approach
¾ Arithmetic in the Binary number system (addition, subtraction and
multiplication).
¾ Arithmetic in other number systems
Binary Addition

0+0=0

1+0=1
0+1=1

2 is not an allowed
1+1=2 digit in binary
t

1 + 1 = (10)2

(3)10 + (7) 10 = (ten)10

(3)10 + (7) 10 = (10)10

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Example
Show the result of adding:
(27)10 + (43) 10

Carry 1

1st Number 2 7
2nd Number 4 3 +
Result 7 0

Position i+1 i
weight r(i+1) w= r i
Digit 1 D1
Digit 2 D2 +
Result DCarry DSum

Position 1 i=0
weight w= 101 =10 w= 100 =1
Digit 1 5
Digit 2 7 +
Result 1 2

1x10 2x1

¾ Likewise, in case of the binary system, if the weight of the sum bit
is 2i, then the weight of the carry bit is 2i+1.

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 ¾ Thus, adding 1 + 1 in the binary system results in a Sum bit of 0 and
a carry bit of 1.
¾ The shown table summarizes the Sum and Carry results for binary
addition

Binary Addition Table

Carry Sum

Weight 21 20

0+0 0 0

0+1 0 1

1+0 0 1
1+1 1 0

≡1x21 ≡ 0x20

≡ +2

Example Carries
5 4 3 2 1 0

+ 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 +
1 0 1 0 1 0 0
Result of Binary
Addition (SUM)

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Binary Subtraction

1-0=1

1-1=0
0-0=0

0-1=?
Position 1 0

weight 10 1
1st Number 7 5
2nd Number 8 -
Result ? ?

Position 1 0

weight 10 1
1st Number 6 7 5 15
2nd Number 8 -
Result 6 7

(5)10 – (8)10 = (7)10 Borrow 1

¾ For Binary subtraction

0 - 1 = 1 Borrow 1
¾ In general, the result of subtracting two digits each of weight w is
two digits. One is the “Difference” digit and the other is the
“Borrow” digit.

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 ¾ The difference digit has the same weight w as the operand digits.
¾ The borrow digit is considered negative and has the weight of the
next higher digit (wr).

Borrow Difference

Weight -21 +20

0-0 0 0

1-1 0 0

1-0 0 1
0-1 1 1

≡ 1x(-21) ≡ +1x20

≡ -1

Q. What is 1 – 1 – 1 = ?
A. The answer is 1 borrow 1.
Explanation: We perform the operation in 2 steps:
• 1–1=0
• We then subtract 1 from the above result, i.e. 0 – 1 which is 1
borrow 1.
_______________________________________
Q. What is 0 – 1 – 1 = ?
A. The answer is 0 borrow 1.

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 Explanation: We perform the operation in 2 steps:
• 0 - 1= 1 borrow 1
• We then subtract 1 from the above result, which yields 0
borrow 1.
_______________________________________
Subtraction Example
Col #
Borrows
5 4 3 2 1 0

- 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 -
Result of Binary
0 0 0 1 0 1
Subtraction (Difference)

Binary Multiplication (example)

Multiplicand 1 0 1 1
Multiplier 1 0 1 x
1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 +
1 0 1 1 +
1 1 0 1 1 1

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Arith. With Bases Other Than 10

Example: Base 5 Æ Digit Set= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

+ 0 1 2 3 4
=5= 0x50 + 1x51
0 0
1 1 2 =6= 1x50 + 1x51

2 2 3 4
3 3 4 10 11
=8= 3x50 + 1x51
4 4 10 11 12 13

Multiplication Table

* 0 1 2 3 4
=6= 1x50 + 1x51
0 0
1 0 1 =9= 4x50 + 1x51
2 0 2 4
3 0 3 11 14
=16= 1x50 + 3x51
4 0 4 13 22 31