MATH2019 Problems

1.
1

Partial Differentiation

Verify that wxy = wyx if a. w = ln(2x + 3y) b. w = ex sinh y + cos(2x 3y).

2
2
2
2 Find f , f , f .
x2 y 2 yx
a. f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 );
b. f (x, y) = x2 y + cos y + y sin x;
y
c. f (x, y) = tan1 .
x
2
2
2
3 Show that the following functions satisfy the Laplace equation: f + f + f = 0.
x2
y 2
z 2
3
2
2
a. f (x, y, z) = 2z

3(x
+
y
)z;
p
b. f (x, y) = ln x2 + y 2 ;
c. f (x, y, z) = e3x+4y cos 5z.

Show that the following functions are solutions of the wave equation
2w
2w
= c2 2 .
2
t
x
a. w = cos(2x + 2ct);
b. w = ln(3x + 3ct).

df
df
in terms of t. Then evaluate
at the given value of t
dt
dt
2
2
a. f (x, y, z) = ln(x + y + z), x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t; t = ;
b. f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 , x = cos t, y = sin t; t = .
6 If u = x2 + ey2 , x = sin 2t, and y = cos t2 find du .
dt
5

Use the chain rule to express

Find

z
if z = x2 + 2xy, x = u cos v, y = u sin v. (Express your answer in terms of x and y.)
v

8 Find z when u = 0, v = 1 if
u
z = sin xy + x sin y, x = u2 + v 2 , y = uv.
9

Find

w
when u = 0, v = 0 if
v
w = (x2 + y 2)4 + (x y + 2)3 , x = u 2v + 1, y = 2u + v 2.

10 Find w at the point (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1) if

x
w = cos uv, u = xyz, v =

11 If z = f (t) and t = (x + y) , show that

xy
x2

Session 2, 2002

.
(4(x2 + y 2 ))

z
z
= y2 .
x
y
1

MATH2019

problems

12 If a and b are constants, w = f (u), and u = ax + by, show that

a

w
w
=b
.
y
x

13 If w = f (u, v), u = x + y, and v = x y, show that

w w
=
x y
14

f
u

f
v

2
.

If we substitute polar coordinates x = r cos and y = r sin in a continuous function w = f (x, y) that has
continuous partial derivatives, show that
w
= fx cos + fy sin ,
r
The Taylor series expansion of function f (x, y) of two independent variables about a point (a, b) is
f (x, y) = f (a, b) +
1
2!

f
f
(a, b)(x a) +
(a, b)(y b)+
x
y

2f
2f
2f
(a, b)(x a)2 + 2
(a, b)(x a)(y b) + 2 (a, b)(y b)2
2
x
xy
y

15 Determine the Taylor series expansion of f (x) = sin x about

a. x = 0;
b. x = , including the first two non-zero terms in each case. Sketch f (x) and the two truncated expansions
for 0 x .
16 Determine the Taylor series expansion of f (x, y) = x2 y about (1, 2), including terms to 27th order.
17 Using a Taylor series in two variables, show that for small x and y we may make the following approximations
a. ex sin y y + xy;
y2
b. ex ln(1 + y) y + xy .
2
18 Expand cos(2x y) in a Taylor series in two variables, including quadratic terms, about
a. (0, 0);

b. (0, ).
2
19 Determine the Taylor expansion of ex+y cos y about the point (1, 0), up to and including quadratic terms.

20 Expand cos(2x y) about
,
up to and including second order terms using Taylors series for functions
4 4
of two variables.
21 Expand ln(x2 + y 2 ) about (1, 0) up to and including second order terms, using Taylor series for functions of
two variables. Then use your result to find an approximate value for ln(1.12 + 0.12 ).
22 Calculate the Taylor expansion up to and including second order terms of the function
z = F (x, y) = ex sin y

about the point 2, 2 . Use your result to estimate F 1.92, 2 .

23 Using an appropriate Taylor series approximtion, find an approximate value for

(1.02)3 + (1.97)3 .

24

Suppose T is to be found from the formula T = x cosh y, where x and y are found to be 2 and ln 2 with
maximum possible errors of |dx| = 0.04 and |dy| = 0.02. Estimate the maximum possible error in the
computed value of T.

25

If r = 5.0 cm and h = 12.0 cm to the nearest millimetre, what should we expect the maximum percentage
error in calculating V = r2 h to be?
Session 2, 2002

MATH2019

problems

26

When an x-ohm and a y-ohm resistor are in parallel, the resistance R they produce will be calculated from
the formula R1 = x1 + y1 . By what percentage will R change if x increases from 20 to 20.1 ohms and y decreases
from 25 to 24.9 ohms?

27 The specific gravity of a solid heavier than water is given by

=

W
W W1

where W and W1 are its weight in air and water respectively. W and W1 are observed to by 17.2 and 9.7 gm.
Find the maximum possible error in the calculated value of due to an error of 0.05 gm in each observation.
28 The pressure P, volume V and temperature T of a gas are related by the formula
P V = RT
where R is a constant. If V is increased by 10% and T decreased by 6%, find the percentage change in the
pressure.
29 When two resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel, the total resistance R (measured in ohms) is given
by:
1
1
1
=
+ .
R
r1
r2
If r1 = 6 0.1 ohms and r2 = 9 0.03 ohms
a. Calculate R;
R
R2
b. Show that
= 2;
r1
r1
c. Estimate the maximum possible error in the calculated value of R.
30 Show that
Z x
d
a.
t2 dt = x2 ;
dx 1
Z
d 2
ln(1 + x2 )dx = 3t2 ln(1 + t6 );
b.
dt t3
Z /(2u)
d
c.
u sin(ux)dx = 0.
du 0
31 Given that

eax sin(kx)dx =

k
,
a2 + k 2

deduce
R results for
a. 0 xeax sin(kx)dx;
R
b. 0 xeax cos(kx)dx.
32 Evaluate

(2 + x2 )1 dx,

and hence use Leibniz theorem to deduce that

Z
0

33 Given that

(2

dx

=
.
2
2
+x )
43

1
d =
,
2
cos
1

for

> 1.

Use this result and Leibnizs Rule (for differentiating integrals) to evaluate
Z
1
d for > 1.
2
0 ( cos )

Session 2, 2002

MATH2019

problems

34 Let I(t) =

cos tx dx. Show by simple integration that

I(t) =

sin t
t

and then by differentiation that

dI(t)
cos t sin t
=
2 .
dt
t
t
Then use this result, together with Leibnizs rule for the differentiation of an integral, to evaluate
Z
x sin tx dx.
0

35 Calculate d
dt

cos tx
dx by using Leibniz rule.
x

2.

Extreme Values

36 Test the following functions for maxima, minima and saddle points. Find the function values at these points.
a. f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 + 3x 3y + 4.
b. f (x, y) = x2 + xy + 3x + 2y + 5.
c. f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 + 3y + 3.
d. f (x, y) = 2x2 + 3xy + 4y 2 5x + 2y.
e. f (x, y) = 6x2 2x3 + 3y 2 + 6xy.
f. f (x, y) = 4xy x4 y 4 .
37 Find all critical points of the function
f (x, y) = x3 + y 3 3xy + 15,
and classify each one as a relative maximum, relative minimum, or saddle point.
38 Determine and classify the critical points (extrema) of the following function
g(x, y) = x2 Axy + y 2 + 7,
where A is a positive constant.
Discuss separately the cases 0 < A < 2, A > 2 and A = 2.
39 Find the points on the ellipse x2 + 2y 2 = 1 where f (x, y) = xy has its extreme values.
40 Find the extreme values of f (x, y) = x2 y on the line x + y = 3.
41 Use the method of Lagrange multipliers to find
a. the minimum value of x + y subject to the constraints xy = 16, x > 0, y > 0.
b. the maximum value of xy subject to the constraint x + y = 16.
42 Find the dimensions of the closed circular can of smallest surface area whose volume is 16cm3 .
43 The temperature at the point (x, y) on a metal plate is T (x, y) = 4x2 4xy + y 2 . An ant on the plate
walks around the circle of radius 5 centred at the origin. What are the highest and lowest temperatures
encountered by the ant?
44 Find the point on the plane x + 2y + 3z = 13 closest to the point (1, 1, 1).
45 Find points on the surface z 2 = xy + 4 closest to the origin.
46 The temperature at any point (x, y, z) in space is T = 400xyz 2 . Find the highest temperature on the unit
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

Session 2, 2002

MATH2019

problems

47 Find the maximum value of f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2y z 2 subject to the constraints 2x y = 0 and y + z = 0.

3.

Vector Field Theory

48 Let u = 2i 2j + k, v = i + 3j k and w = 2j + 3k. Find

a. (u v)w;
b. u(v w);
d. u (v w);
e. (u v) w;

c. (u v) w;
f. u (v w).

49 Find the equations of the straight lines that satisfy each of the following sets of conditions.
a. The line L passes through the points P (3, 3, 5) and Q(2, 6, 1);
b. The line L passes through the point P (1, 1, 1) and is perpendicular to the plane 2x + 3y z = 4.
50 Find the volume of the parallelepiped with one corner at P and sides P Q, P R and P S where P, Q, R, S are:
a. P (0, 1, 6), Q(3, 1, 4), R(1, 7, 2), S(3, 0, 4);
b. P (1, 1, 1), Q(2, 1, 6), R(3, 5, 7), S(0, 1, 6).
51 For any vectors u, v and w in R3 , show that
a. u (v w) = (u w)v (u v)w;
b. u (v w) + v (w u) + w (u v) = 0.
52 For each of the following, determine (F G)0 and (F G)0 :
a. F = (cos 2t)i + (sin t)j et k, G = 2t2 i 3tk;
b. F = 5t2 i + tj t3 k, G = (sin t)i (cos t)j.
53 A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are
x(t) = et , y(t) = 2 cos 3t, z(t) = 2 sin 3t,
where t is the time.
a. Determine its velocity vector and acceleration vector.
b. Find the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at t = 0.
54 Compute and (P0 ) for the given point P0 for
a. = exy + z 2 x, P0 (0, 0, 4);
b. = x2 y sin(zx), P0 (1, 1, /4).
55 Find the tangent plane and normal
line to the surface S at the point P0 :
a. S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, P0 (1, 1, 2);
b. S : x2 2y 2 + z 4 = 0, P0 (1, 1, 1).
56 The atmosphere pressure in a certain region of space is P = xy 2 + yz 2 + zyx. Find the rate of change of the
pressure with respect to distance at the point (1, 1, 4) in the region, in the direction of the vector v = j 3k.
57 Consider the scalar field
(x, y, z) = 2xy + x ln(y + z)
determine:
a. the direction and magnitude of the maximum rate of change of at (1, 3, 2);
b. the directional derivative of in the (1, 3, 2) direction at (1, 1, 0).
58 Given a scalar field
(x, y, z) = 2x2 + 3y 2 + z 2
a.
b.
c.
d.

Calculate ;
Using a. calculate at the point P (2, 1, 3);
Find a unit normal to (x, y, z) = 20 at the point P (2, 1, 3);
Calculate the directional derivative of at P (2, 1, 3) parallel to the vector a = i 2k.

59 Compute F and F and verify that ( F) = 0 for

a. F = x2 zi yj + z 3 k;
b. F = (sinh x)i + (cosh y)j xyzk.
Session 2, 2002

MATH2019

problems

60 Compute and verify that () = 0 for

a. = sin(xz) + cos(yz);
b. = 4xy 3 + z 2 x.
R (4,2)
61 Evaluate (1,1) (x + y)dx + (y x)dy along:
a. the parabola y 2 = x;
b. the straight line segments from (1, 1) to (1, 2) and then to (4, 2).
H
62 Evaluate (2x y + 4)dx + (5y + 3x 6)dy around
a. a triangle in the xy-plane with vertices at (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2) traversed in the counterclockwise direction;
b. a circle of radius 4 with centre at (0, 0) traversed counterclockwise.
63 Calculate the work done by the force field F along the curve C if

a. F = 3xyi 2j and C is the piece of the hyperbola x2 y 2 = 1, z = 0 from (1, 0, 0) to (2, 3, 0);
b. F = x3 i zj + 2xyk and C is given by

x = t2 , y = z = t, 2 t 4.

4.

Double Integrals

64 Evaluate the following double integrals:

Z 2Z 3
a.
x3 y 2 dy dx;
0

b.

(x2 2xy + 2y 2 ) dy dx.

65 Use double integration to find the area of the following regions:

a. the region bounded by y =
x3 and y = x2 ;
b. the region bounded by y = x, y = x and y = x/2.
66 Integrate the following functions f over the given regions :
a. f (x, y) = xy, bounded by y = 0, x = 2a, and x2 = 4ay;
b. f (x, y) = x2 y + y 3 , = {(x, y) | x2 + y 2 1, x 0, y 0}.
67 Evaluate the following integrals by first changing the order of integration:
Z 1Z 1
Z 1Z 1
Z
x2
x2
a.
2 xe dx dy;
b.
e dx dy;
c.
0

y2
1 Z 2x2

d.

Z
dy dx;

x2

0
2x

e.
0

sin(x2 ) dx dy;

x2 ex dy dx.

68 Evaluate
using polar co-ordinates:
Z 2 Z (4x2 )
a.
x2 y 2 dy dx;

Z 2 Z (2yy2 ) p
b.
(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy.

(4x2 )

(2yy 2 )

69 a. Find the volume lying between the paraboloids z = x + y and 3z = 4 x2 y 2 .

b. Find the volume lying inside both the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2a2 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = a2 , with
a > 0.
70 Given the integral

12

sin(y 2 )dy dx

3x

a. make a sketch of the region of integration;

b. express the integral with the reverse order of integration;
c. hence evaluate it.
71 Given

1
0

1 + y 3 dy dx

a. make a sketch of the region of integration;

b. express the integral with the reverse order of integration;
c. hence evaluate it (leaving your answer in surd form).
Session 2, 2002

MATH2019

problems

72

Find the centroid of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the x-axis, the parabola y 2 = 2x, and the
line x + y = 4.

73 Find the centroid of the region cut from the first quadrant by the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 .
74

Find the centre of mass of a thin triangular plate bounded by the y-axis and the lines y = x and y = 2 x
if (x, y) = 6x + 3y + 3.

75

Find the centre of mass and the moment of inertia about the x-axis of a thin plate bounded by the curves
x = y 2 and x = 2y y 2 if the density at the point (x, y) is given by (x, y) = y + 1.

76 Find the centre of mass of a thin plate bounded by the semi-circle y = a2 x2 , the lines x = a and the
line y = a if the density (x, y) is given by
a. k (some constant),
b. y + a,
c. x + a.
77 Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinate planes and the plane z = 2 2x y.
78 Find the volume inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16, cut off above by the plane z = 5 and below by the surface
(x2 + y 2 )
z=
.
8
p
p
79 The solid S is bounded above by the sphere z = 2a2 x2 y 2 and below by the cone z = x2 + y 2 .
Sketch the solid and find its volume.

5.

Ordinary differential equations.

80 Find the general solution to the following 1st order differential equations.
dy
a. 2ex +
(1 ex ) tan y = 0;
dx
dy
b. sec2 x tan y +
sec2 y tan x = 0;
dx
dy
c. (x2 + 1)
+ 2xy 4x2 = 0;
dx
dy
= 0;
d. x3 2y + 3x2 y x3
dx
y
81 Use the substitution v = to:
x
yx
dy
a. find the general solution to
=
.
dx
y+x
b. solve the initial value problem
y2
yy 0 = x3 + ; y(2) = 6.
x
82 Use the substitution v = y + x to find the general solution of dy = (y + x)2 .
dx
83 Solve the following differential equations;
xy + 2
a. y 0 =
, y(0) = 1;
1 x2
0
2
b. yy = x + sech2 x, y(0) = 4.
84 Give the general solution to the following 2nd order differential equations.
a. 2y 00 (x) + y 0 (x) 6y = 0;
b. y 00 (x) + 4y 0 (x) + 53y = 0;
c. y 00 (x) 4y 0 (x) + 4y = 0.
85 Solve
a. y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 30e4x ;
b. y 00 4y 0 + 4y = xe3x ;
c. y 00 (x) 4y 0 (x) + 3y = 9x2 + 2e3x .
Session 2, 2002

MATH2019

problems

86 A forced vibrating system is represented by

y 00 + 3y 0 + 2y = 5 cos t
where r(t) = 5 cos t is the driving force and y(t) is the displacement from the equilibrium position. Find the
motion of the system corresponding to the following initial displacement and velocity
y(0) =

1
,
2

y 0 (0) = 1.

Then find the steady-state oscillations (that is, the response of the system after a sufficiently long time).
87 Solve

d2 x
dx
+ 9x = 12 sin 3t, x(0) = 5,
(0) = 4.
dt2
dt

6.

Matrices

88 Let

1
1
0

1 1
2
A = 3
2
1

1
B = 2
1

2
4
2

3
6.
3

Find AB and BA.

89 Find the characteristic equation, the eigenvalues and the associated eigenvectors for the matrices

0 1 3
6
2 1
a. A = 2
3
3
b. B = 2 1
2.
2
1
1
1
2
2
90 A curve has equation x2 + 8xy + 7y 2 = 36. Find an orthogonal matrix P so that


x
X
=P
y
Y
will refer the equation to the principal axes of the curve and hence write down the equation in terms of X
and Y . Give the x, y co-ordinates of the points on the curve closest to the origin.
91 a. Show that the eigenvalues of the matrix

1
A = 3
0

3
2
1

0
1
1

are 1, 4 and 3 and then find the associated eigenvectors.

b. Hence
i) express the equation of the surface
x2 2y 2 + z 2 + 6xy 2yz = 16
in terms of its principal axes X, Y and Z and
ii) write out an orthogonal matrix P such that


x
X
y = P Y .
z
Z
c. Deduce from your results the shortest distance from the origin to the surface described in (b).
Session 2, 2002

MATH2019

problems

92 Use eigenvalue methods to find the general solution to the system of differential equations
dx
= 7x + y + z
dt
dy
= 3x + y + 2z
dt
dz
= x + 3y + 2z
dt
93 a. By solving for the zeros of the characteristic polynomial show that the eigenvalues of the matrix

3 2
A = 2 2
2 0

2
0
4

are 0, 3 and 6.
b. Find the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalues found in a.
c. Find an orthogonal matrix P such that
D = P 1 AP
is a diagonal matrix.
d. Using the results of a), b), c) find the solution to the system of differential equations
dx1
= 3x1 + 2x2 + 2x3
dt
dx2
= 2x1 + 2x2
dt
dx3
= 2x1 + 4x3
dt
subject to the initial conditions x1 (0) = 3, x2 (0) = 1, x3 (0) = 4.

7.

The Laplace Transform

94 Find, by direct integration, the Laplace transforms of

a. 5t + 3
b. cos(wt).
95 Use
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

tables to find the Laplace transforms of

t2 + 2t + 3
sin 5t
e3t4
te2t
t6 e4t
et sin t
t cos wt
4t2 et .

96 a. Sketch the function g(t) = 2t 2u(t 1)

b. Find L(g(t)).
97 Find the Laplace transform of
a. (t 5)3 u(t 5)
b. cos 3(t 4)u(t 4)

Session 2, 2002

MATH2019

problems

98 Use tables
to find

1
s
1
a. L
+ 2
25s2
s + 25

1
1
b. L
s2 + (/2)2

s2
c. L1
s2 4s + 5

d. L1
(s + )2

1
1
e. L
(s + 3)(s + 2)

12s
1
f. L
s2 + 5s + 4
3s
e
g. L1
s2
2s
e s
h. L1
s2 + 9

3es
1
i. L
(s 2)2
99 Using Laplace transforms solve
y 00 + 4y = 0,

y(0) = 2,

y 0 (0) = 8.

100 Use the method of Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation
d2 x
dx
5
+ 6x = 24et
2
dt
dt
when x = 3 and

dx
= 2 at t = 0.
dt

101 Solve y 00 4y 0 + 5y = 0,

y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 2

102 Use the Laplace transform method to find a solution to the system
dx
+ 2y x = 0
dt
dy
2x y = 0
dt
satisfying the initial conditions x = 1 and y = 0 when t = 0.
103 Use the Laplace transform method to solve the initial value problem
y 00 3y 0 + 2y = r(t),

y(0) = 1, y 0 (0) = 3,

where r(t) is as shown below.

Session 2, 2002

10

MATH2019

problems

104 A particle of mass m moves along the x axis. At time t = 0 it is at the origin and moving with velocity V,
when a constant force amplitude F is applied for a time of a, after which it is removed.
Find the position of the particle at any time, using the Laplace transform method. That is, solve the
following problem:
d2 x
for t > 0,
m 2 = (1 u(t a))F
dt
where u is the Heaviside step function, and
x(0) = 0

dx
(0) = V.
dt

and

8.

Fourier Series

105 State which of the following functions are odd, even, both or neither.
a. |x|
b. x cos(nx)
c. sin(x) + cos(x)
d. c, where c is a constant
e. ln(1 + ex ) x/2
f. sin2 (x).
106 The following functions f are assumed to be periodic with period 2. Sketch for 4 x 4. Are they
odd, even or neither?
a. f (x) = x|x|; < x <
b. f (x) = e|x| : < x <
x; /2 < x < /2
c. f (x) =
0; /2 < x < 3/2
107 Find the Fourier series for

n
f (x) =

108 For the function g given by

n
g(x) =

5
3

< x 0
0 < x .

1
0<x<1
4 2x 1 x 2.

i) Sketch over (10, 10) the function represented by the half-range Fourier sine series.
ii) Make a separate sketch over (10, 10) of the function represented by the half-range Fourier cosine series.
109 Find the Fourier series of L(x) = 3(x + 1) for 2 < x < 2. Find a result on an infinite series by considering
your answer at x = 5.
110 Periodically extend the function

f (t) = et ,

0 < t < 1,

in an odd manner over (1 < t < 0) and find its Fourier series. Plot f (t) for (2 < t < 2) and state the
value of the Fourier series representation at t = 0.
111 Let

f (x) = ex

for 0 x 1,

and suppose that f is extended to an even function with period 2; thus

f (x) = f (x),

f (x + 2) = f (x)

for all x.
a. Sketch the graph of f (x) for 2 x 2
b. Find the coefficients in the cosine half-range expansion
f (x) = a0 +

an cos(nx).

n=1

Session 2, 2002

11

MATH2019

problems

You may assume that

Z
ex cos(bx)dx =

ex [b sin(bx) cos(bx)]
+ constant.
1 + b2

c. Compute the numerical values of a0 and a1 , and use these to sketch the graph of
S1 (x) = a0 + a1 cos(x)
for 2 x 2. (If you dont have a calculator, then use the approximations e1 0.4 and 2 10.) Are
your graphs of f (x) and S1 (x) roughly similar in shape?
112 A vibrating system is governed by the differential equation
d2 x
+ 50x = F (t),
dt2

(1)

where t is the time, x(t) is the displacement from equilibrium and F (t) is the applied force function.
a. When the function F (t) is represented by the series
F (t) = b0 +

bn sin nt

(2)

n=1

find a series which is a particular integral of the differential equation (1) given above.
b. For the case of the following periodic force
n
F (t) =

2 for 0 < t <

0 for < t < 0

with F (t + 2) = F (t) for all t, write down an integral formula for the bn in the Fourier series (2) and
evaluate the integral.
Hence find an infinite series which is a particular integral of the differential equation (1).
c. By tabulating the amplitudes of the various components of the input forcing function and the output
displacement of the system, or otherwise, determine which component of the forcing function gives the largest
contribution to the observed output displacement. What is this phenomenon called?

9.

Partial Differential Equations

113 a. Use DAlemberts method to find a solution in terms of arbitrary functions for
2u
2u
4 2 = 0.
2
x
y
b. Determine the particular solution satisfying
u(x, 0) = 0

and

uy (x, 0) = 8 sin 2x.

114 a. By finding the values of for which u = F (x y) is a solution of the p.d.e., find a solution in terms of
two arbitrary functions for
2u
2u
2u
7 2 8
+ 2 = 0.
x
xy
y
b. Determine the particular solution satisfying
u(x, 0) = 0

Session 2, 2002

and

12

uy (x, 0) = 9ex .

MATH2019

problems

115 a. The temperature u(x, t) in a bar of unit length obeys the equation
u
1 2u
.
=
t
4 x2
The bar has its ends maintained at zero temperature, that is,
u(0, t) = 0

for all t 0

u(1, t) = 0

for all

u(x, 0) = sin 2x

1
sin 4x
3

and
t 0.

The initial temperature distribution is

for

0 x 1.

Obtain the solution u(x, t) by using the method of separation of variables.

116 Solve

2u
1 2y
=
x2
c2 t2

for 0 < x < L, t > 0,

subject to
i. u = 0 when x = 0 t
ii. u = 0 when x = L t
4x
iii. u = k sin
when t = 0.
L
u
iv.
= 0 when t = 0.
t
117 The temperature in a bar of unit length obeys the heat equation
v
1 2v
=
,
t
4 x2
where v(x, t) is the temperature. The bar has an initial temperature distribution

v(x, 0) =

0 x < 1/2
1/2 x 1

and is insulated so that the flux of heat at each end is zero;

v
=0
x

at

x=0

and

x=1

for all t. Using the method of separation of variables, obtain the solution v(x, t). Plot the temperature
distribution at t = 0 and as t , and explain why v is non-zero in the t case.
118 The steady-state distribution of heat in a slab of height h is given by
2u 2u
+ 2 =0
x2
y

for x > 0, 0 < y < h,

with boundary conditions

i. u = 0 when y = 0, all x > 0;
ii. u = 0 when y = h, all x > 0;
iii. u 0 when x , for 0 < y < h;
iv. u = 1 when x = 0, for 0 < y < h.
Use the method of separation of variables to find a solution for u(x, y).

Session 2, 2002

13

MATH2019

problems

SOME ANSWERS
2

2(x2 y 2 )
(x2 +y 2 )2 ; fxy
2xy
y 2 x2
(x2 +y 2 )2 , (x2 +y 2 )2 .

a. fxx = fyy =
c.

2xy
(x2 +y 2 )2 ,

a. 1/(1 + ).

2.

b. 0.

9 99.

4xy
(x2 +y 2 )2 .

b. fxx = 2y y sin x, fyy = cos y, fxy = 2x + cos x.

2

4x cos 2t 4ytey sin t2 .

10 0.

15

a. x

x3
6 ,

2xy 2y 2 + 2x2 .

b. 1 (x /2)2 /2.

18 a. 1 2x2 + 2xy y2 + ,
b. 2x + (y + /2) + .
1
2
19 e{1 + (x 1) + y + 2 (x 1) + (x 1)y + }.

2
1
y 4
20 12 2 x 4 + 12 y 4 2 x 4 + 2 x 4 y 4 2
2
i
h
2
2
(y
2)

, 0.14659.
21 2(x 1) (x 1)2 + y 2 , 0.2.
22 e2 1 (x 2) + (x2)
2
2
23 2.95.
27 0.024.
31 a.

24 |dT |
28 16%.

2ka
(a2 +k2 )2 .
2

b.

8
100 .

25 |100dv/v| 2.42%.
29 a. 3.6, c. .0408.

a2 k2
(a2 +k2 )2 .

33

.
(2 1)3/2

34

26 0.1%.
sin t
t2

cos tx
.
t

t
t2
3 cos
.
35 2 cos
t
2t
36 a. Minimum of 5 at (3, 3). b. Saddle point at (2, 1). c. Minimum of 0 at (1, 2). d. Minimum of
6 at (2, 1). e. Saddle point at (1, 1); minimum of 0 at (0, 0). f. Saddle point at (0, 0); maximum of 2
at (1, 1) and (1, 1).
37 Saddle point at (0, 0). Minimum of 14 at (1, 1).
38 0 < A < 2 local minimum at (0, 0, 7); A > 2 saddle point at (0, 0, 7); A = 2 local minimum on line x = y.

39 Maximum at (1/ 2, 1/2), minimum at (1/ 2, 1/2) and (1/ 2, 1/2).

40 Local minimum of 0 at (0, 3), local maximum of 4 at (2, 1).
41 a. Minimum of 8 at (4, 4)
b. maximum of 64 at (8, 8).
42 r = 2cm, h = 4cm.

43 T = 0 at ( 5, 2 5) or ( 5, 2 5), T = 125 at (2 5, 5) or (2 5, 5).
44 (3/2, 2, 5/2).
45 (0, 0, 2) are each closest to the origin.
46 50.
47 x = 2/3, y = 4/3, z = 4/3.
48 a. 10j 15k,
b. 6i 6j + 3k,
c. 30.
d. 30.
e. 7i + 3j 2k,
f. i + 7j + 16k.
49 a. x = 3 t, y = 3 9t, z = 5 + 6t.
b. r = (1 + 2t)i + (1 + 3t)j + (1 t)k.
50 a. 34.
b. 40.
52 a. (3 sin t 3t cos t)i + (3 cos 2t 6t sin 2t 4tet + 2t2 et )j + (4t sin t 2t2 cos t)k.
b. (3t2 cos t + t3 sin t)i (3t2 sin t + t3 cos t)j + (5t2 sin t sin t 11t cos t)k.

53 a. v = et i 6 sin 3tj + 6 cos 3tk.
a = et i 18 cos 3tj 18 sin 3tk.
b. 37, 325.

55
56
62
65
67
68
71
75

2
8 )i

+ j 22 k.

a. x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 2 + 2 2t.

510 .
57 a.
38.
b. 714 .

3.
a. 12.
b. 64.
63 a.
1
4
66 a. a /3 b.
a. 12 b. 7/6.
a. (e 1) b. (e 1)/2 c. (1 cos 1)/2
a. 4/3 b. 32/9.
69 a. 2
3 .

64 5
2
72
73
9 (2 2 1)
35 , 7
8 8
1
78 64.
15 , 15 , Ix = 6 .

54 a. 16i

b. (2

b. x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 4t, z = 1 + 4t.

61 a. 11 13 .
b. 14.
b. 49013
64 a. 104/3.
3 .
1/5.
d. 8/3 e. e2 /4 e + 7/4.

b. 4a3 2 2 1 /3.
70
4a 4a
3 17
74
3 , 3
8 , 16 .

b. 14.

1
6 (1

cos 144).

4 3
x +c
2
x3
80 a. sec y = C(ex 1)2
b. tan x tan y = C.
c. y = 3 2
.
d. y =
+ Cx3 e1/x .
x +1
2

83 a. y 1 x2 = 2 sin1 x + 1.
b. 3y 2 = 2x3 + 6tanhx + 48.
3x
84 a. y = Ae 2 + Be2x .
b. y = e2x (A cos 7x + B sin 7x).
c. y = (C1 + C2 x)e2x .
85 a. y = Aex +Be2x +e4x .
b. y = (A+Bx)e2x +(x2)e3x .
y = Aex +(x+B)e3x +3x2 +8x+ 26
3 .

Session 2, 2002

14

MATH2019

problems

86
88

89

90

91

92

93
94
95
96
98
99
102
103

y = 12 (cos t + 3 sin t).

87 x = (5 2t) cos 3t + 2 sin 3t.

11
6
1
AB = 0
BA = 22 12 2 .
11 6 1

1
1
1
5
1
0
a. 4, 1 ; 2, 1 ; 2, 1 b. 7, 2 ; 1, 2 ; 3, 1 .
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
!

5
Y2
2
X2
4
5
,

= 1, , .
2
1
4
36
5
5
5
5

314 335
10
4

5
b. i) X 2 + 3Y 2 4Z 2 = 16. ii) P = 0 214
c.
35
3
3
1
1
10
14
35

9
0
4
x
y = a 1 et + b 5 e3t + c 5 e8t
4
11
1
z

1
2
2
2
1 2
1
10
1
1
2
c.
b. 0, 2 , 3, 2 , 6, 1
d. X = 2 e3t + 5 e6t
2 1
3
3
2
1
2
10
1 2 2
2
5
3
s
a. 2 + , b.
.
s
s
w 2 + s2
2
2
3
5
e4
1
6!
1
s2 w2
8
a. 3 + 2 + . b.
c.
d. (s2)
2 e.
(s4)7 f. 1+(s1)2 g. (s2 +w2 )2 h. (s1)3
s
s
s
w2 + 25
s3
2
es
3!e5s
se4s

97 a.
b. 2
2
4
s
s
s
s +9
t
2t
a. 25
+ cos 5t b. 2 sin t
c.
e
cos
t
d. et t e. e3t + e2t f. 16e4t 4et g. (t 3)u(t 3)
2
2(t1)
h. cos 3(t 2)u(t 2) i. 3e
(t 1)u(t 1)
y = 2 cos 2t 4 sin 2t
100 x = 2et + 2e3t e2t
101 y = e2t cos t
x = et cos 2t;
y = et sin 2t.
y = u(t 1)[1/2 + e2(t1) /2 et1 ] u(t 2)[1/2 + e2(t2) /2 et2 ] + [2e2t et ].

104 x =
107 4 +
110 et

F t2
2m

+ V t,

t < a;

x=

F t2
2m

2
(cos n 1) sin nx.
n
n=1

X
2n e (1)n
=
sin nt
e
1 + n2 2
n=1

112 a.

b0 X bn
+
sin nt
50 n=1 50 n2

F
2m (t

a)2 + V t,
t > a.

X 12
nx
1 1 1
109 3 +
cos n sin
,
= 1 + .
n
2
4
3 5 7
n=1

1
2
(1)n
111 a0 = 1 , an =
1
e
1 + n2 2
e

b.

113 u = 4 cos(2x + y) + 4 cos(2x y)

2

X
1
4
+
sin (2k 1)t
50
(2k 1)(50 (2k 1)2 )

c. k = 4

k=1

114

u = 23 e(x+7y) + 23 e(x+y)

115 u = e t sin 2x 31 e4 t sin 4x.

116 iii. u = k sin 4x
L cos

X
(2k + 1) (2k+1)2 2 t/4
2
1
sin
e
cos (2k + 1)x.
117 v = +
2

2k + 1
2
k=0

X
4
1
(2k + 1)y (2k+1)x/h
118 u =
sin
e
2k + 1
h

4ct
L

k=0

Session 2, 2002

15

MATH2019

problems