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MONITORING OF WATER FLOW USING FLUID SENSOR

A
MINI PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD (T.S)
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
K.MOUNIKA
(12641A0214)
A.SRIKAR
(12641A0211)
GHULAM RASOOL (12641A0258)
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mrs. M. Smitha, Associate Professor, EEE Dept.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
BOLLIKUNTA, WARANGAL-506005
2014-15

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
BOLLIKUNTA, WARANGAL-506005
2014-15

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled MONITORING OF WATER FLOW
USING FLUID SENSOR

a bonafide record carried out by

K.Mounika (12641A0214),

A.Srikar (12641A0211), Ghulam.Rasool (12641A0258) of prefinal year B.Tech (EEE),

academic year (2014-15) in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
bachelor degree from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, T.S.

Mrs. M.SMITHA
Associate Professor
Guide

Mr. S. SRIDHAR
Assistant Professor
Co-Ordinator

Mr. P.SADANANDAM
Associate Professor
Head of Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project has been carried out in the department of Electrical Engineering of
Vaagdevi College of Engineering, Bollikunta Warangal. Many people have helped me in the
realization of this work and I would like this opportunity to express my gratitude to all of them.
I am deeply grateful to Mr. P.SADANANDAM, Head of the department, for his
constant support. I also express my sincere thanks to Guide Mrs. M.SMITHA, for giving me
the opportunity to go further in studying my work and Project Co-Ordinator Mr. S.SRIDHAR,
for broadening my knowledge about Monitoring Of Water Flow Using Fluid Sensor.
I wish to express my gratitude to staff of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
department, for their valuable corrections and comments.
I am grateful to the management of Vaagdevi Engineering College for providing all the
facilities required for completing this project work.
Special thanks to my family and friends for supporting and encouraging me during the
conduction of the project work.

K.Mounika (12641A0214)
A.Srikar (12641A0211)
Ghulam Rasool (12641A0258)

CANDIDATES DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this project titled MONITORING OF
WATER FLOW USING FLUID SENSOR submitted towards completion of mini-project in

sixth Semester of B.Tech (EEE) at the VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Bollikunta, Warangal. It is an authentic record of my original work pursued under the guidance
of Mrs. M.SMITHA, Associate Professor, EEE Dept..
I have not submitted the matter embodied in this project for the award of any other degree.

Place: Warangal
Date:

K.Mounika
A.Srikar
Ghulam Rasool

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the above declaration made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief.

Place:
M.SMITHA)
Date:

(Mrs.
Associate Professor

CONTENTS
Title

Page No.

Abstract

vi

List of Figures

vii

Nomenclature

viii

CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1 Objectives of projects

CHAPTER 2: Circuit Operation and working

2.1 Circuit Diagram
2.2 Circuit Explanation

2
3

CHAPTER 3: Components Required and Details

3.1. Battery
3.2. Capacitor
3.3 IC 555
3.4 Transistor BC547
3.5 Led light
3.6 Loud Speaker
3.7 ON/OFF Switch
3.8 Resistor
3.9 Sensor

4-12
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

CHAPTER 4: ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

13

CHAPTER 5: BREADBOARD CONNECTION

14

CHAPTER 6: RESULTS

15-17

Project Expenditure

18

Conclusion

19

Reference

20

MONITORING OF WATER FLOW USING FLUID SENSOR

ABSTRACT
Water Sensor Circuit is very sensitive to trigger and activate the audio visual alarm
when wetness is sensed at its probes. This project is useful at homes to detect the water supply
in the situations when the timing of water supply is not fixed. This circuit uses the 555 timer
along with some sensor element which can detect moisture.

In this water sensor circuit based project, 555 timer works in astable mode. It is driven
by the emitter current which is coming from BC548 transistor as this transistor has high gain.
In astable mode IC 555 functions as an oscillator. So for 555 to work in full oscillator mode a
high current is required so as to trigger it. As the probes sense the moisture on it, the transistor
gets switched ON and small current starts flowing between the base and the emitter. When no
moisture is detected i.e. in dry state it remains OFF.

Submitted by:
K. Mounika
A. Srikar
Ghulam Rasool

Mrs. M. Smitha
Asst. Professor
Guide

Mr. S. Sridhar
Associate Professor
Co-Ordinator

(12641A0214)
(12641A0211)
(12641A0258)

Mr. P. Sadanandam
Associate Professor
Head of Department

LIST OF FIGURES
Figures:

Page No

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.1 BATTERY

3.2 CAPACITOR

3.3 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (NE 555) TIMER

3.4 TRANSISTOR

3.5 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

3.6 LOUD SPEAKER

3.7 RESISTOR

10

3.8 SWITCH ON/OFF

11

3.9 SENSOR

12

14

BREADBOARD CONNECTION

NOMENCLATURE

BATTERY

CAPACITOR

IC

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (NE 555) TIMER

TRANSISTOR

LED

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

LS

LOUD SPEAKER

RESISTOR

SW

SWITCH ON/OFF

SE

SENSOR

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives of the project:
MONITORING OF WATER FLOW USING FLUID SENSOR
Water flow sensor can be used to measure the flow of liquids, i.e. the consumption of
liquids in industrial or domestic usage.

For example you can make a robotic cocktail

dispensing machine, and can use this sensors to accurately measure components like Soda,
Water, etc. Water flow sensor consists of a plastic valve body, a water rotor, and a hall-effect
sensor. When water flows through the rotor, rotor rolls. Its speed changes with different rate of
flow. The hall-effect sensor outputs the corresponding pulse Signal.
When the supply is switched ON, the voltage at output pin of 555 timer is 0V. At this
stage transistor will not conduct as the emitter current is LOW. Pin8 i.e. Vcc of 555 timer is
connected to the collector of the transistor. As the transistor is switched OFF there will be no
supply to 555 timer. As the water is sensed at the probes, transistor gets into its saturation
region and starts conducting. As a result 555 gets supply for its operation. Its operation starts
very soon as it is in astable mode. Sound is produced because of output pulses at pin3, which
drives the loud speaker.
An ON/OFF state switch is used to control the conduction. The probes should be made
up of non reactive metal so that there will be no inductance or capacitance present. An
alternative can also be there i.e. use of alternate copper wires. No base resistor is required in
this circuit because the transistor is in switch mode. The impedance at the emitter or the
oscillator circuit acts as current limit.

1
CHAPTER 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT EXPLANATION

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.1 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION:

MONITORING OF WATER FLOW USING FLIUD SENSOR
Initially as the supply is switched ON, the voltage at output pin of 555 timer is 0V. At
this stage transistor will not conduct as the emitter current is LOW. Pin8 i.e. Vcc of 555
timer is connected to the collector of the transistor. As the transistor is switched OFF there
will be no supply to 555 timer. As the water is sensed at the probes, transistor gets into its
saturation region and starts conducting. As a result 555 gets supply for its operation. Its
operation starts very soon as it is in astable mode. Sound is produced because of output
pulses at pin3 which drives the loud speaker.

An ON/OFF state switch is used to control the conduction. The probes should be made
up of non reactive metal so that there will be no inductance or capacitance present. An
alternative can also be there i.e. use of alternate copper wires. No base resistor is required
in this circuit because the transistor is in switch mode. The impedance at the emitter or the
oscillator circuit acts as current limit.

3
CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS REQUIRED AND DETAILS

3.1 BATTERY:

Fig: 3.1 Battery

The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, in its most common form was introduced for the
early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. This type is commonly used in pocket radios, paintball guns, and small
electronic devices. They are also used as backup power to keep the time in certain electronic
clocks. This format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry, in
primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal
hydride and lithium-ion. Mercury oxide batteries in this form have not been manufactured in
many years due to their mercury content. This type is designated NEDA 1604, IEC 6F22 and
"Ever Ready" type PP3 (zinc-carbon) or MN1604[1] 6LR61 (alkaline).
Most nine-volt alkaline batteries are constructed of six individual 1.5V LR61 cells
enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than LR8D425 AAAA cells and can be
used in their place for some devices, even though they are 3.5 mm shorter. Carbon-zinc types
are made with six flat cells in a stack, enclosed in a moisture-resistant wrapper to prevent
drying.
4

3.2 CAPACITOR:

Fig: 3.2 Electrolytic Capacitor

Capacitor is a passive component used to store charge. The charge (q) stored in a
capacitor is the product of its capacitance (C) value and the voltage (V) applied to it.
Capacitors offer infinite reactance to zero frequency so they are used for blocking DC
components or bypassing the AC signals. The capacitor undergoes through a recursive cycle of
charging and discharging in AC circuits where the voltage and current across it depends on the
RC time constant. For this reason, capacitors are used for smoothing power supply variations.
Other uses include, coupling the various stages of audio system, tuning in radio circuits etc.
These are used to store energy like in a camera flash.
Capacitors may be non-polarized/polarized and fixed/variable. Electrolytic capacitors
are polarized while ceramic and paper capacitors are examples of non polarized capacitors.
Since capacitors store charge, they must be carefully discharged before troubleshooting the
circuits. The maximum voltage rating of the capacitors used must always be greater than the
supply voltage.

Click to learn more about working of a Capacitor along with its internal

structure.

3.3 Transistor BC548:

BC548
Fig. 3.3 Transistor BC548

BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for
amplification and switching purposes. The current gain may vary between 110 and 800. The
maximum DC current gain is 800.

Its equivalent transistors are 2N3904 and 2SC1815. These equivalent transistors
however have different lead assignments. The variants of BC548 are 548A, 548B and 548C
which vary in range of current gain and other characteristics.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves.

This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the

transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is
amplified and taken at the emitter. BC548 is used in common emitter configuration for
amplifiers.

The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode.

For switching

applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the
absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

3.4 IC 555 TIMER:

Fig. 3.4 IC 555 TIMER

555 is a very commonly used IC for generating accurate timing pulses. It is an 8-pin
timer IC and has mainly two modes of operation: monostable and astable. In monostable mode
time delay of the pulses can be precisely controlled by an external resistor and a capacitor
whereas in astable mode the frequency & duty cycle are controlled by two external resistors
and a capacitor. 555 is very commonly used for generating time delays and pulses.
Pin Diagram:

Pin description:
Pin No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Function
Ground (0V)
Voltage below 1/3 Vcc to trigger the pulse
Pulsating output
Active low; interrupts the timing interval at Output
Provides access to the internal voltage divider; default 2/3 Vcc
The pulse ends when the voltage is greater than Control
Open collector output; to discharge the capacitor
Supply voltage; 5V (4.5V - 16 V)

Name
Ground
Trigger
Output
Reset
Control Voltage
Threshold
Discharge
Vcc

3.5 LED:

Fig 3.5 LED

Pin Diagram

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from
LEDs varies from visible to infrared and ultraviolet regions. They operate on low voltage and
power. LEDs are one of the most common electronic components and are mostly used as
indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance and optoelectronic applications.
Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons when electrons recombine with
holes on forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be
identified by their size. The longer leg is the positive terminal or anode and shorter one is
negative terminal.
The forward voltage of LED (1.7V-2.2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to
drive it in a circuit. Using an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy
its p-n gate. Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this
resistor, either low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation)
is used to drive the LED. Get details about internal structure of a LED.

3.6. LOUD SPEAKER:

Fig 3.6 Loud Speaker

Pin Diagram

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is a transducer that converts electrical energy into

acoustical energy. When an electric signal is applied to the input pin of speaker, it generates
sound waves. The other pin is connected to ground. A speaker is commonly used to produce
sound in response to a sensor output. For example, in an intruder alarm, the speaker goes on
whenever an intrusion takes place.
The speaker diaphragm moves in accordance with the variations of applied electrical
signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air. In a speaker, the
driver produces sound waves by vibrating a flexible cone or diaphragm made out of paper,
plastic or metal which is attached to wide end of suspension. The suspension is attached to a
metal frame called Basket and is made up of some flexible material allowing the cone to move.
The narrow end of the cone is connected to voice coil, which is then connected to Spider (a ring
of flexible material) allowing coil to move back and forth and producing sound waves. Click to
read more about internal structure of speaker with its images.

3.7 SWITCH ON/OFF:

Fig 3.7 Switch

A switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the
current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch may be
operated directly by a human operator to control a circuit (for example, a light switch or a
keyboard button), may be operated by a moving object such as a door-operated switch, or may
be operated by some sensing element for pressure, temperature or flow. A relay is a switch that
is operated by electricity. Switches are made to handle a wide range of voltages and currents;
very large switches may be used to isolate high-voltage circuits in electrical substation.

10

3.8. RESISTOR:

Fig:3.8 RESISTOR

Pin Diagram

Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit. Its resistance is

given by the ratio of voltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through it. Thus
a particular value of resistor, for fixed voltage, limits the current through it.

They are

omnipresent in electronic circuits.

The different value of resistances are used to limit the currents or get the desired voltage drop
according to the current-voltage rating of the device to be connected in the circuit. For example, if an
LED of rating 2.3V and 6mA is to be connected with a supply of 5V, a voltage drop of 2.7V (5V-2.3V)
and limiting current of 6mA is required. This can be achieved by providing a resistor of 450
connected in series with the LED.

Resistors can be either fixed or variable. The low power resistors are comparatively smaller in
size than high power resistors. The resistance of a resistor can be estimated by their colour codes or can
be measured by a multimeter. There are some non linear resistors also whose resistance changes with
temperature or light. Negative temperature coefficient (NTC), positive temperature coefficient (PTC)
and light dependent resistor (LDR) are some such resistors. These special resistors are commonly used
as sensors. Read and learn about internal structure and working of a resistor.

11

3.9. SENSOR:

Fig 3.9 SENSOR

System for controlling the flow of water to a faucet head and drinking fountain with
controls for an on-off switch responsive to an individual activation or approach and including a
control for preventing the continuous flow of water, and readying the faucet head and drinking
fountain to supply water on a future demand, and material to isolate the water from the controls
and employing separate filters to operate in circuit with the controls for rendering the switch
responsive to individual activation.
A sensor activated unit, e.g., a drinking fountain or a wash basin, for preventing
unwanted operation. The sensor has a power on reset circuit that makes use of a resistor
capacitor network and a voltage threshold comparing device to create a time delay that will
inhibit the operation of the unit for a nominal predetermined time period when current is first
supplied to the sensor. The sensor does not activate until a user steps up to the unit and is
within a preset range or distance from the unit.
controlling the operation of the unit.

Use is made of an infrared sensor for

Circuitry is provided to control the time of

commencement of the operation of the unit, the time period duration of operation, and down
time of the unit before it is readied for operation again.

12

CHAPTER-4
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES:

Battery operated

Compact Design

Use for drinking machine

APPLICATIONS:

Home applicance

Water use

13
BREADBOARD CONNECTION

Step 1.

Step 2.

14
CHAPTER-5
RESULT CONCLUSION AND REFERENCE

15

16

17
PROJECT EXPENDITURE

S.NO

COMPONENTS

RANGE

QUANTITY

COST

BATTERY

9V

CAPACITOR

1u, 0.1u

TRANSISTOR

BC547

20

INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT

555

LED

RED COLOR

20

LOUD SPEAKER

SWITCH

SENSOR

CONNECTING
WIRES

25

10

PCB

80

11

IC BASE

16 PINS & 8
PINS

24

12

RESISTORS

8.2 K

1
ON/OFF

TOTAL

18

10

350

CONCLUSION:

19

REFERENCE:

Books referred:

1.

Semi Conductors by Nag choudhary

2.

Power Electronics by PS Bhimra

3.

Principles of Electronics by V. K. Mehta

4.

Integrated Circuits by D. Roy Choudhary

The sites which were used while doing this project:

1.

www.engineersgarage.com

2.

www.wikipedia.com

3.

www.allaboutcircuits.com

4.

www.howstuffworks.com

5.

www.electronicsforu.com

20