GENG5514

Finite Element Methods

Lecture 1: 29 February 2016
1) Introduction (Ali Karrech)
2) Basic Concepts of Numerical Modelling (Adam Wittek)

GENG5514 Teaching Team: May change

Unit Coordinators

Ali Karrech ([email protected])

Co-coordinator: Adam Wittek ([email protected])

Lecturers:

Grand Joldes ([email protected])

Consultations: room ENCM 2.64, Tuesday: 4:00 - 4:45 pm

Ali Karrech ([email protected])

Consultations: room ENCM 1.40, Thursday 10 am - 10:45 am

Adam Wittek ([email protected])

Consultations: room ENCM 2.24, Friday: 5.00-5.45 pm

Tutors

Ben Zwick ([email protected])

Mostafa Attar ([email protected])

REMINDER
We have T1 tutorials tomorrow at 10 am and
11 am (Introduction to a major project)
T2 tutorials commence next week (No
tutorials this Thursday)

Important Announcements
Read the unit outline: http://www.unitoutlines.uwa.edu.au
Three lectures + Two tutorials per week + 1 Workshop
T1 (Tuesday): solving examples using commercial finite
element software package (Abaqus and related) + solving
simple examples by hand (preparation for exam) + help with
the major projects: 1 hour
T2 (Thursday): solving examples using commercial finite
element software package (Abaqus and related): 2 hours
Workshop: Math sessions; Major project progress
Lectures and Tutorials PDFs and recording (ECHO): go to LMS
Read description of the Major Project and Assignment
You need to select the Major Project topic (by signing-up to
the appropriate project group by March, 11 th, WST 5:05 pm

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Understand the basic theory behind the finite element (FE)
and finite volume (FV) method;
Identify whether a problem can be solved using a FE/FV
analysis;
Identify the benefits and limitations of the FE/FV methods;
Use commercial software to generate mesh for a range of
applications and debug a solution;
Interpret and evaluate results for a FE/FV analysis;
Follow the latest advances in finite FE/FV analysis and its
applications, benefits and limitations;
Work effectively in a diverse team to achieve professional
outcomes;
Communicate effectively through concise written technical
reports, using discourse conventions relevant to the
discipline.
5

Assessment (1): GENG5514

Major Project 35%

Examination 50%
(open book)

Inclass Problem Solving (in tutorials)

4 exercises (dates will be announced;
the 1st one is planned on March 29th may change)
(only 3 best marks taken into account: 5% each; in total 15%)
To Pass the Unit Students Must Achieve
a Minimum Overall Mark of 50% AND
a Minimum Mark of 50% for the Exam.
Component marks, or pieces of marked work, from previous
attempts at a unit cannot be (and will not be) carried over6 to
a current sitting of a unit. You must redo the assessment.

Assessment (2): GENG5514

TO PASS THE UNIT STUDENTS MUST ACHIEVE
a minimum overall mark of 50% AND
a minimum mark of 50% for the exam
LATE SUBMISSION PENALTY:
A penalty of 5 per cent of the total mark allocated for the assessment
item is deducted per day for the first 7 days (including weekends
and public holidays) after which the assigned work will attract a zero
mark.
Major Project and Assignment include a peer assessment
component
We have a tutorial T1 this week: information session
about Major Project

Announcements: For GENG5514

Things to do this week

Read the unit outline

Read the Major Project description (by
Wednesday)

Read book section by Bathe, K.-J. (1996) An

introduction to use of finite element procedures in
Finite Element Procedures (available at CMO for
GENG5514)

Start forming the groups for Major Project

(sign-up to a group on LMS by March 11, 5:05 pm)
8

Recommended texts
Logan, D. L. "A First Course in the Finite Element Method",
Thomson-Cengage.
Versteeg, H.,Malalasekera, W. "An Introduction to Computational Fluid
Dynamics: The Finite Volume", Pearson.

Mandatory reading (available through CMO)

Bathe, K.-J. (1996) An introduction to use of finite element procedures in
Finite Element Procedures, Prentice Hall, pp. 1-16.
Oden, J. T., Belytscho, T., Babuska, I., Hughes, T.J.R. (2003)
"Research directions in computational mechanics", Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 192, pp. 913-922.
Babuska, I. and Oden, J. T. (2004) "Verification and validation in
computational engineering and science: basic concept",
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 193,
pp. 4057-4066.
9

Other (selected) useful references

Abaqus online manuals and Abaqus web resources,
for instance:
http://129.97.46.200:2080/v6.13/
Bathe K.-J. (1996) Finite Element Procedures, Prentice Hall
Cook, R. D. et al. (2002) Concepts and Applications of Finite
Element Analysis, 4th Ed., Wiley
Young, W., Budynas, R. and Sadegh, A Roarks Formulas for
Stress and Strain McGrawHill (online access through UWA
library)
Khennane, A. 2013. Introduction to finite element analysis using
Matlab and Abaqus, Hoboken, Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
10

Student Feedback (SURF)

From 2015:
1. It was clear what I was expected to learn in this unit: 3.0.
2. The assessment requirement were clearly stated: 3.1
3. The assessment tasks were clearly linked to the unit
objectives: 3.2
4. The unit was well organised: 2.9
5. The unit resources were adequate for my study in the unit: 2.8
6. Overall the unit was good educational experience: 3.0

11

The unit resources (1)

The lectures are recorded and lecture material is available on
LMS
The text books should be available at the CO-OP bookstore.
They are also available through UWA Library High Demand
Collection.
Course Material Online for GENG5514 has digital copies of the
selected book chapters from texts and other useful references
(online access to books and journal articles)
The tutorials are in ENCM2.07 computer lab. The lab has its
limitations but lab upgrades are beyond the unit coordinator
capabilities.
No recording equipment is available in ENCM 2.07. We will use
Personal Capture system (recording quality/legibility cannot12 be
guaranteed)

The unit resources (1)

Course Material Online for GENG5514

http://onesearch.library.uwa.edu.au/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&ct=search&initialSe...

aus-Jrgen

ject:
ment method
amics
ume method

ery

e to e-Shelf

Article

Research directions in computational mechanics

Raymond J Young, Warren C Budynas, Richard G Sadegh, Ali Roark
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, no:192. iss:7-8. p:913-922. yr:2003
Online access

View Online

Like

Like

Like

Like

Like

Details

An introduction to computational fluid dynamics : the finite volume method

H. K. Versteeg (Henk Kaarle), 1955- W Malalasekera (Weeratunge), 1960- 2007 2nd ed.
Available at Science Library High demand collection (532 2007 INT) and other locations

Like

Book
Check Availability

Article

Article

Virtual Browse

Research directions in computational mechanics

Ivo Babuska, Ted Hughes, Ted Belytschko, Ted Tinsley Oden
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, no:192. iss:7-8. p:913-922. yr:2003
Online access

View Online

Details

Details

Verification and validation in computational engineering and science : basic concepts

Ivo Oden, J. Tinsley Babuska
Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, no:193. iss:36-38. p:4057-4066. yr:2004
Online access

View Online

Details

Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain, Eighth Edition

2012
Online access

8
Book

View Online

Book
extract

Details

An introduction to use of finite element procedures

Bathe, Klaus-Jrgen
Finite element procedures. Bathe, Klaus-Jrgen. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1996. p. 1-15
Online access

13

The unit resources (2)

Course Material Online for GENG5514 has digital copies of the
selected book chapters from texts and other useful references
(online access to books and journal articles)

14

The unit resources (3)

Course Material Online for GENG5514

15

The unit resources (4)

Course Material Online for GENG5514

16

Introduction

AW

Displacement Based FEM

AW

Displacement Based FEM

AW

Displacement Based FEM

AK

Heat Transfer

AW

Stiffness method for a spring/bar element

AK

Heat Transfer

AW

3D stress analysis

AK

Heat Transfer

AW

Plane Stress/Strain Axisymmetric elmts

AK

Thermo-Mechanics

AW

Beam equations - briefly

AK

Thermo-Mechanics

AW

Shell elements

AK

Thermo-Mechanics

GJ

Isoparametric Formulation

AK

Poromechanics

AK

Poromechanics

GJ

Isoparametric Formulation

AW

Practical Consideration in modelling

AK

Poromechanics

AW

Practical Consideration in modelling

AK

Multi-physics

GJ

Geometric nonlinearity, Finite deformations

AK

Multi-physics

GJ

Geometric nonlinearity, Finite deformations

AK

Multi-physics

GJ

Geometric nonlinearity, Finite deformations

AK

Finite Volume Introduction

AW

Intro to dynamics

AK

Finite Volume Introduction

AW

Mass matrix construction

AK

FV for diffusion problems

AW

Natural Frequencies

AK

FV for diffusion-convection problems

AW

Explicit and implicit integration

AK

FV for diffusion-convection problems

AK/AW

Summary

AW

Explicit and implicit integration

Week 12

Week 11

Week 10

Week 9

Week 8

Study Break

Week 13

Plan

Week 14

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7

AK/AW

Slide 17

GENG5514
Finite Element Methods
Lecture 1: 29 February 2015
1) Introduction (Ali Karrech)
2) Basic Concepts of Numerical Modelling (Adam Wittek)

18

 Finite

BASICS (1)

Element Method (FEM)/Finite Volume Method

(FVM) is used to solve physical problems in
engineering analysis and design
Physical

problem structure/structural component

subjected to certain loads/boundary conditions

FEM/FVM

solves mathematical model (i.e.

idealisation of the physical problem under
consideration)
FEM/FVM

is a numerical procedure

FEM/FVM

will not provide any more information about the

structure responses than the information contained in the
mathematical model

FEM/FVM

19

cannot predict the structure responses exactly

10

Integration Method

20
Based on Finite Element Procedures by Bathe (1996)

BASICS (2)
Model

is created/formulated/chosen by an
Analyst/You (not a commercial finite element
code)
You

judge whether the mathematical model has

been solved to a sufficient accuracy and whether
the chosen model was appropriate (reliable) for a
question asked

The

mathematical model must depend on the

analysis question asked

FEM/FVM
Design

in Design

Engineer is responsible for Ensuring

product safety (product liability issue)

21

10

Geometry

Computational Grid
(finite element mesh)+
Boundary Conditions and
Load+
Constitutive Properties and
Constitutive Models

EXAMPLE: CONNECTING LUG

EXAMPLE: CONNECTING LUG

S, Mises
(Avg: 75%)
+4.262e+08
+3.910e+08
+3.558e+08
+3.206e+08
+2.854e+08
EXAMPLE: CONNECTING +2.502e+08
LUG
+2.150e+08
+1.797e+08
+1.445e+08
+1.093e+08
+7.410e+07
+3.888e+07
is
2. Select the surface associated with the bottom half of the hole using the cursor; the region
+3.666e+06

EXAMPLE: CONNECTING LUG

Finite
Element
Algorithms

Meshing
Y
X
Z

Solution and
Results

highlighted in Figure 420. When the appropriate surface is selected, click Done in the prompt
area.
EXAMPLE: CONNECTING LUG

S, Mises
(Avg: 75%)
+4.262e+08
+3.910e+08
+3.558e+08
Figure 421 Suggested mesh of C3D20R elements for the connecting lug model.
Figure 418 Built-in end of the connecting lug.
+3.206e+08
1
Step:
LugLoad,
Apply
uniform pressure to the hole
+2.854e+08
3
Increment
1: Step
Time =
1.000
+2.502e+08
Primary Var: S, Mises+2.150e+08
and drag the cursor over the virtual trackball in the viewport. The view rotates
Y which is what you were asked to determine. The inuence
Deformed
Scale Factor: +2.964e+01
lug trackball
under the
applied
loads,
of Var: U Deformation
+1.797e+08
ely; try dragging the cursor inside and outsidein
thethe
virtual
to see
the
+1.445e+08
X simulation is discussed in Mesh convergence, Section 4.4.
e in behavior. Click mouse button 2 to exit the rotate
view tool before
proceeding.
increasing
the mesh
density usedZin this
+1.093e+08
+7.410e+07
Figure
431
Filled contour plot of Mises stress.
e left end of the lug (indicated in Figure 418) using the
cursor. Click Done
Abaqus/CAE
offersin a variety of meshing techniques to mesh models of different topologies.
+3.888e+07
+3.666e+06
pt area when the appropriate region is highlighted in the viewport, and toggle on
1
3

Fixed

The different meshing techniques provide varying levels of automation and user control. The
range between these values into 12 intervals. You can control the minimum and ma
2
variations within a xed set of bo

TRE in the Edit Boundary Condition dialog box that appears. Click OK to apply

following three types of mesh generation techniques are available:

dary condition.
Abaqus/CAE displays (for example, to examine
1
appear on the face indicating the constrained degrees of freedom. The encastre3
Structured meshing
as the number of intervals.
condition constrains all active structural degrees of freedom in the region specied;
part is meshed and the job is created, this constraint will Structured
be applied to allmeshing
the nodes applies preestablished mesh patterns to particular model topologies.
a customized contour plot:
py the region.
Complex models must generally be partitioned into simpler regions toTo
usegenerate
this technique.

Pressure

22
All figures copied from Abaqus 6.14 Getting Started with Abaqus: Interactive Edition Options
by dialog
box, drag
to nine.
Dassault System

arries a pressure of 50 MPa distributed around the bottom half of the hole. To applyFigure
the
420 Surface to which pressure will be applied.
1. In the Basic tabbed page of the Contour Plot
however, the part must rst be partitioned (i.e., divided)
so that
the hole is composed
Swept
meshing
Intervals slider to change the2 number of intervals
s: a top half and a bottom half.
3. Specify a uniform pressure of 5.0E7 in the Edit Load dialog box, accept the default

Swept meshing extrudes an internally generated mesh along a sweep path or revolves it around

Example: Mathematical Model

Comprehensive model

Many days of tedious work

Joldes et al. (2009), MICCAI 2009, Part II, LNCS 5762, pp. 300-307

BASIC (3)
Safety and Responsibility

Code of Hammurabi, 229 (Babylon, ca 2000

BC):

If a builder build a house for a man and do not

make its construction firm, and the house which

he has built collapse and cause the death of the
owner of the house, that builder shall be put to
death.
From R.F. Harper (1904) The Code of Hammurabi. King of the Babylonia,
The University of Chicago Press; downloaded from Cornell University Library
24

Basics (4)
How do we know that solutions we obtain
using FEM/FVM are accurate?
Validation and Verification in computational
engineering (V&V)
Read
Oden, J. T., Belytscho, T., Babuska, I., Hughes, T.J.R. (2003)
"Research directions in computational mechanics", Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol. 192, pp.
913-922 (available through CMO)
25

Basics (5): Verification

To assess the difference between results
produced by the computational model
(discretisation of the mathematical model) and
the mathematical model (according to Oden et
al. 2003)

Code Verification
The code may not be accurate implementation of
the discretised model

Solution Verification
The discretised model may not be an accurate
representation of the mathematical model.
26

Discretised Models

Copied from Development and Validation of a

Finite Element Simulation of a Vertical Drop
Test of an ATR 42 Regional Transport Airplane,
2008, DOT/FAA/AR-08/19, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration
http://www.tc.faa.gov/its/worldpac/techrpt/
ar0819.pdf

Total Human Model for Safety THUMS

by Toyota Central R&D Labs. Adapted from
http://www.tytlabs.co.jp/tech/thums/thums04.html

27

Basics (6): Code Verification

Against benchmark problems (specific, simplified

model problems for which accurate solutions or
analytical solutions are known).

28

Joldes et al. (2009) Medical Image Analysis, 13: 912919

Basics (7): Validation

The process of determining if a mathematical
model of a physical event represents the actual
physical event with sufficient accuracy.
(according to Oden et al. 2003)

Figures copied from The National Crash Analysis

Center of The George Washington University website
http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/research/infrastructure.html.
The model shown in the figure has been developed by
The National Crash Analysis Center (NCAC) of The
George Washington University under a contract with
the FHWA and NHTSA of the US DOT.

29

Basics (8): Validation

The process of determining if a mathematical
model of a physical event represents the actual
physical event with sufficient accuracy.
(according to Oden et al. 2003)

Wittek, A. et al. (2010)

Progress in Biophysics and
Molecular Biology, 103,
292-303.
30