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    Appresoria PDF

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    1. An appressorium is a specialized cell formed by fungal plant pathogens to infect host plants. It is a flattened pressing organ that forms a penetration peg to enter the host using high turgor pressure. 2. Following spore attachment and germination, the germ tube perceives physical and chemical signals from the host surface that trigger appressorium formation. The contents of the spore are transferred into the developing appressorium as it matures. 3. A penetration hypha then emerges from the appressorium through a pore, driven by high internal pressure to enter the plant epidermal cells.

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    Appresoria PDF

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    1. An appressorium is a specialized cell formed by fungal plant pathogens to infect host plants. It is a flattened pressing organ that forms a penetration peg to enter the host using high turgor pressure. 2. Following spore attachment and germination, the germ tube perceives physical and chemical signals from the host surface that trigger appressorium formation. The contents of the spore are transferred into the developing appressorium as it matures. 3. A penetration hypha then emerges from the appressorium through a pore, driven by high internal pressure to enter the plant epidermal cells.

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    1. An appressorium is a specialized cell formed by fungal plant pathogens to infect host plants. It is a flattened pressing organ that forms a penetration peg to enter the host using high turgor pressure. 2. Following spore attachment and germination, the germ tube perceives physical and chemical signals from the host surface that trigger appressorium formation. The contents of the spore are transferred into the developing appressorium as it matures. 3. A penetration hypha then emerges from the appressorium through a pore, driven by high internal pressure to enter the plant epidermal cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    177 views3 pages

    Appresoria PDF

    Uploaded by

    rachnnaa
    1. An appressorium is a specialized cell formed by fungal plant pathogens to infect host plants. It is a flattened pressing organ that forms a penetration peg to enter the host using high turgor pressure. 2. Following spore attachment and germination, the germ tube perceives physical and chemical signals from the host surface that trigger appressorium formation. The contents of the spore are transferred into the developing appressorium as it matures. 3. A penetration hypha then emerges from the appressorium through a pore, driven by high internal pressure to enter the plant epidermal cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Appresoria

    An appressorium is a specialized cell typical of many fungal plant pathogens that is used to infect
    host plants. It is a flattened, hyphal "pressing" organ, from which a minute infection peg grows
    and enters the host, using turgor pressure capable of punching through even Mylar.[1][2]
    Following spore attachment and germination on the host surface, the emerging germ tube perceives
    physical cues such as surface hardness and hydrophobicity, as well as chemical signals including
    wax monomers that trigger appressorium formation. Appressorium formation begins when the tip
    of the germ tube ceases polar growth, hooks, and begins to swell. The contents of the spore are
    then mobilized into the developing appressorium, a septum develops at the neck of the
    appressorium, and the germ tube and spore collapse and die. As the appressorium matures, it
    becomes firmly attached to the plant surface and a dense layer of melanin is laid down in the
    appressorium wall, except across a pore at the plant interface. Turgor pressure increases inside the
    appressorium and a penetration hyphae emerges at the pore, which is driven through the plant
    cuticle into the underlying epidermal cells.

    Formation
    The attachment of a fungal spore on the surface of the host plant is the first critical step of infection.
    Once the spore is hydrated, an adhesive mucilage is released from its tip.[3] During germination,
    mucilaginous substances continue to be extruded at the tips of the germ tube, which are essential
    for germ tube attachment and appressorium formation.[4] Spore adhesion and appressorium
    formation is inhibited by hydrolytic enzymes such as -mannosidase, -glucosidase, and protease,
    suggesting that the adhesive materials are composed of glycoproteins.[4][5] Germination is also
    inhibited at high spore concentrations, which might be due to a lipophilic self inhibitor. Self
    inhibition can be overcome by hydrophobic wax from rice leaf.[6]

    Uromyces appendiculatus, germ tube and appressorium


    In response to surface signals, the germ tube tip undergoes a cell differentiation process to form a
    specialized infection structure, the appressorium. Frank B. (1883), in 'Ueber einige neue und
    weniger bekannte Pflanzenkrankheiten', first named appressorium as the adhesion body which
    was selectively formed by the bean pathogen Gloeosporium lindemuthianum only on the host
    surface.[7]
    Appressorium development involves a number of steps: nuclear division, first septum formation,
    germling emergence, tip swelling and second septum formation. The mitosis first occurs soon after

    surface attachment and a nucleus from the second round of mitosis during tip swelling migrates
    into the hooked cell before septum formation. A mature appressoria normally contains a single
    nucleus.[8][2] The outside plasma membrane of the mature appressorium is covered by a melanin
    layer except for the region in contact with the surface of the substratum, where the penetration peg,
    a specialized hyphae that penetrates the tissue surface develops.[2][9] Cellular glycerol
    concentration sharply increases during spore germination, but it rapidly decreases at the point of
    appressorium initiation, and then gradually increases again during appressorium maturation. This
    glycerol accumulation generates high turgor pressure in the appressorium, and melanin is
    necessary for maintaining the glycerol gradient across the appressorium cell wall.[10]

    Initiation
    Appressoria are induced in response to physical cues including surface hardness and
    hydrophobicity, as well as chemical signals of exogenous cAMP, ethylene, the host's ripening
    hormone and the plant cutin monomer, hexadecanoic acid.[11][12] Long chain fatty acids and the
    tripeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp inhibit appressorium induction.[13][14]
    Rust fungi only form appressoria at stomata, since they can only infect plants through these pores.
    Other fungi tend to form appressoria over anticlinal cell walls and some form them at any
    location.[15][16]

    References
    1.
    Howard RJ, Ferrari MA, Roach DH, Money NP. (1991). "Penetration of hard substrates by a
    fungus employing enormous turgor pressures" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of
    Sciences 88 (24): 1128184. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.24.11281. PMC 53118. PMID 1837147.
    Howard RJ, Valent B. (1996). "Breaking and entering: host penetration by the fungal rice
    blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea". Annual Review of Microbiology 50: 491512.
    doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.491. PMID 8905089.
    Braun EJ, Howard RJ. (1994). "Adhesion of fungal spores and germlings to host-plant
    surfaces". Protoplasma 181 (14): 20212. doi:10.1007/BF01666396.
    Xiao JZ, Ohsima A, Kamakura T, Ishiyama T, Yamaguchi I. (1994). "Extracellular
    glycoprotein(s) associated with cellular differentiation in Magnaporthe grisea" (PDF). Molecular
    Plant-Microbe Interactions 7 (5): 63944. doi:10.1094/MPMI-7-0639.
    Ohtake M, Yamamoto H, Uchiyama T. (1999). "Influences of metabolic inhibitors and
    hydrolytic enzymes on the adhesion of appressoria of Pyricularia oryzae to wax-coated coverglasses" (PDF). Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 63 (6): 97882.
    doi:10.1271/bbb.63.978.
    Hedge Y, Kolattukudy PE. (1997). "Cuticular waxes relieve self-inhibition of germination
    and appressorium formation by the conidia of Magnaporthe grisea". Physiological and Molecular
    Plant Pathology 51 (2): 7584.

    Deising HB, Werner S, Wernitz M. (2000). "The role of fungal appressoria in plant infection".
    Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur 2 (13): 163141. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01319-8.
    PMID 11113382.
    Shaw BD, Kuo KC, Hoch HC. (1998). "Germination and appressorium development of
    Phyllosticta ampelicida pycnidiospores". Mycologia 90 (2): 25868. doi:10.2307/3761301.
    Bourett TM, Howard RJ. (1990). "In vitro development of penetration structures in the rice
    blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea". Canadian Journal of Botany 68 (2): 32942. doi:10.1139/b90044.
    deJong JC, McCormack BJ, Smirnoff N, Talbot NJ. (1997). "Glycerol generates turgor in rice
    blast". Nature 389 (6648): 2445. doi:10.1038/38418.
    Flaishman MA, Kolattukudy PE. (1994). "Timing of fungal invasion using host's ripening
    hormone as a signal". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
    America 91 (14): 657983. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.14.6579. PMC 44246. PMID 11607484.
    Gilbert RD, Johnson AM, Dean RA. (1996). "Chemical signals responsible for appressorium
    formation in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea". Physiology and Molecular Plant
    Pathology 48 (5): 33546.
    Lee YH, Dean RA. (1993). "cAMP regulates infection structure formation in the plantpathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea" (PDF). Plant Cell 5 (6): 693700. doi:10.2307/3869811.
    Correa A, Staples RC, Hoch HC. (1996). "Inhibition of thigmostimulated cell differentiation
    with RGD-peptides in Uromyces germlings" (PDF). Protoplasma 194 (12): 91102.
    doi:10.1007/BF01273171.
    Hoch, H. C.; Staples, R. C. (1987). "Structural and Chemical Changes Among the Rust Fungi
    During Appressorium Development". Annual Review of Phytopathology 25: 231.
    doi:10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001311.

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