IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 08 | February 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Performance Analysis of Multi-Channel Phased

Array Based on Noise Figure
K. Divya
PG Scholar
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India

Dr. R. M. S. Parvathi
Dean(PG Studies)
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India

Abstract
Sensitivity of the receiver is one of the important parameter of communication system. System noise figure contributes more
roles in receiver sensitivity. In single channel receiver very low noise device is used at the RF front end section to improve the
system noise figure. In this research work multi-channel receiver noise figure is analysed with different configuration. In each
configuration theoretical noise figure calculated for multi-channel receiver and it compared with measured results. The
theoretical calculation and Simulation in Advanced Design System (ADS) is done.
Keywords: Advanced Design System (ADS), Multichannel receiver, Noise Figure (NF), RF, system noise figure, Signal to
Noise Ratio (SNR)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I.

INTRODUCTION

In antenna theory, a phased array is an array of antennas in which the relative phases of the respective signals feeding the
antennas are set in such a way that the effective radiation pattern of the array is reinforced in a desired direction and suppressed
in undesired directions. The phase relationships among the antennas may be fixed, as is usual in a tower array, or may be
adjustable, as for beam steering. Phased array systems can be used to control missiles during the mid-course phase of the
missile's flight. During the terminal portion of the flight, continuous-wave fire control directors provide the final guidance to the
target.
Noise figure (NF) and Noise factor (F) are measures of degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), caused by components
in a radio frequency (RF) signal chain. It is a number by which the performance of an amplifier or a radio receiver can be
specified, with lower values indicating better performance and contributes to the receiver sensitivity.
Noise Figure (NF) is sometimes referred to as Noise Factor (F). The relationship is mentioned as below:
NF = 10 * log10 (F)
The noise figure is the difference in decibels (dB) between the noise output of the actual receiver to the noise output of an
ideal receiver with the same overall gain and bandwidth when the receivers are connected to matched sources at the standard
noise temperature T0 (usually 290 K). The noise power from a simple load is equal to k T B, where k is Boltzmann's constant, T
is the absolute temperature of the load (for example a resistor), and B is the measurement bandwidth. There are three types of
noise figure methods are used. In that Y-Factor method is giving most accurate results.
II. Y-FACTOR METHOD
The Y-factor method is the basis of modern automatic noise figure measurement systems. The technique involves measuring the
noise power at the output of a Device under Test (DUT) when two different noise sources are attached to the input of the DUT.
The manual form of the Y-factor method is commonly used at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies above the
Intermediate frequency (IF) of automatic systems and also for spot noise figure measurements. The method is dependent on the
accuracy of gain measurement, the ability to generate precise levels of excess noise power, and the sensitivity of noise power
measurement.
The impact of noise on system performance is quantified by the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) where SNR = S / N , S is the
signal power, and N is the noise power. Consequently the contribution to noise of a DUT is captured by the noise factor F which
is the ratio of the input to the output SNR's:
S

F=

(N)in
S
(N
)out

.(1)

where the subscripts IN and OUT denote the input and output of the DUT respectively. Under matched conditions the available
gain of the DUT is
(S/N)out
G=
..(2)
(S/N)in

So signal power can be eliminated from the expression for noise factor by combining (1) and (2):
N
F = out ..
(3)
Nin G

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Performance Analysis of Multi-Channel Phased Array Based on Noise Figure

(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 043)

room temperature To (specifically the input noise temperature i s To) and so

N D = kT0BG( F 1).(4)
In the Y-factor method two noise sources with noise temperatures and T2 are applied to the DUT This leads to the Y-factor,
which is defined as Y = N2 / N1 . For one of these noise states an off-condition is generally used where T, = To and so the off
power is
N1 =kT,BG+N, =kT,BG+kT,B(F-l).(5)
The second noise source, with noise temperature q, produces calibrated excess noise and the power under these conditions is
called the on power:
N2 =kT,BG+N, =kT,BG+kT,B(F-l)..(6)
Combining (4), (5) and (6) yields
T1T0
F=
..(7)
T0(Y1)

Expressing (8) in decibels and integrating (or measuring) over the system bandwidth yields the Noise Figure
NF=10 log(F)=ENRdB-10 log(Y-1).(8)
III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Noise is the disturbance that interferes with the transmission or information from the sender to receiver. Noise can be divided
into two general categories: Correlated and Uncorrelated. These types of noise fall into general categories namely External noise
and internal noise. The three primary types of external noises are atmospheric, extraterrestrial, and industrial or manmade. The
internal noises are of thermal noise, Shot noise, flicker noise, Burst noise.
In this reach work receiver antenna is used to receive the signal and pass the signals to low noise amplifier that minimizes the
noise, present in the system and without disturbing the gain and other parameters. Amplifiers are described according to their
input and output properties. They exhibit the property of gain, or multiplication factor that relates the magnitude of the output
signal to the input signal. They couple a defined amount of the electromagnetic power in a transmission line to a port enabling
the signal to be used in another circuit.
A Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is a key component, at the front-end of a radio receiver circuit. Low-noise amplifier (LNA) is
an electronic amplifier used to amplify very weak signals. An LNA amplifies signals that are barely recognizable without adding
a lot of noise, as the name implies. An LNA is usually located close to the signal source in order to reduce losses in the feed-line
or minimize interference. LNAs are used in various applications like ISM Radios, Cellular/PCS Handsets, GPS Receivers,
CordlessPhones, Wireless ANs, Wireless Data, Automotive RKE, and satellite communications. The power combiner is used to
combine the outputs from low noise amplifier.
IV. RESULTS
The relationship between the system noise figure and the channel noise figure. The simulation model set up is given the similar
results of the theoretical calculations. The system S parameter, Gain and Noise Figure values are shown in following figures.

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of S2p parameters

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Performance Analysis of Multi-Channel Phased Array Based on Noise Figure

(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 043)

Fig. 2: Noise Figure and Gain

Fig. 3: Schematic Diagram of three LNAs

Fig. 4: Gain and Noise Figure

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Performance Analysis of Multi-Channel Phased Array Based on Noise Figure

(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 043)

Fig. 5: Circuit model diagram

Fig. 6: Gain and Noise Figure

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Performance Analysis of Multi-Channel Phased Array Based on Noise Figure

(IJSTE/ Volume 2 / Issue 08 / 043)

In this figure 6 m1 indicates the Noise Figure and m2 indicate the gain.
K.Divya during M.E.(Communication Systems) in Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore. She received her
B.E in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Tejaa Shakthi Institute of Technology for Women.
Dr.R.M.S.Parvathi has obtained her doctoral degree in Computer Science and Engineering in the year 2005. She received her
B.E in Electronics and Communication Engineering and M.E degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Government
College of Technology, Coimbatore. She is having a total teaching experience of 26 years including her service as Principal of in
Engineering college for 8 years as founder principal. She has published 64 technical papers in referred journals. So far 14 Reach
Scholars got awarded with Ph.D degree under her guidance in Anna University, Chennai. Currently she is working as Professor
and Dean PG Studies at Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology,Coimbatore.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr.C.Jaganathan.
Scientist-B, SAMEER-CEM, Chennai and having granted all
the facility to do the reach work at SAMEER-CEM, Chennai.
V. CONCLUSION
In this reach work, multi-channel receiver Noise Figure is analyzed with different configuration. In each configuration theoretical
Noise Figure will be calculated for multi channel receiver and it will be compared with measured results. The theoretical
calculation and Simulation in ADS will be done. The general formula for the computation of Noise Figures of the system and
channel Noise Figure were derived. The relationship between the system Noise Figure and channel Noise Figure is shown in the
figure.
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[1]

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