9.12.5 Miscellaneous Tools: Screw Driver

9.12.
5 Miscellaneous Tools
Other some miscellaneous carpentry hand tools that are also used in carpentry shop include
screw driver, pincer and fasteners which are discussed as under.
Screw Driver
Screw driver (Fig. 9.33) is used to drive the screws into the wood. The tip of screw driver
should be slightly hollow-ground so that it will fit accurately in the slot in the screw-head.
The blade of a screwdriver is made of hardened tempered tool steel so that its tip can
withstand the great strain put upon it while screwing. The tang of screw driver is not
hardened. It is wide and rectangular in section so that it will restrict the twisting action put
upon it during use. The ferrule is slotted to receive the tang and to hold it firmly in place
in the handle. The handle, if made of wood, is usually pear-shaped or if made of unbreakable
plastic, is generally of a fluted cylindrical shape. Some screwdrivers are fitted with a ratchet
device used for clockwise anti-clockwise turning.
Handle
Farru l
Blade
Tip
Fig. 9.33 Screw driver

Head
Claw
Handle
Face
Fig. 9.32 Claw hammer

Cross Peen
Handle Head
Wedge
Fig. 9.31 Warrington hammer

Carpentry 175
Pincer
Pincers are commonly used for withdrawing nails. They are made of cast steel, the jaws
being hardened. The end of one of the arms is shaped to form a claw for removing nails. The
nail head is firmly gripped between the jaws as the long arms permit considerable pressure
to be exerted by them. The nail is extracted from the wooden body by a leveling action,
using
the curved side of one of the jaws as a fulcrum. A small block of wood placed between the
steel jaw and the work prevents damage to the surface of the wood.
Various types and sizes of screws are available in different sizes from 6 mm to 150 mm
and are sold in market by numbers. A hole is drilled before putting the screw and then same
is driven into former by means of a screw driver.
Bolts and nuts are used only where very heavy components are to be fastened together
viz., wooden roof trusses and folding type furniture etc. The standard B.S.W. mild steel bolts
and nuts are used.
9.13 COMMON WOOD JOINTS
All wooden objects whether doors, windows, furniture, pattern, core boxes, handicrafts, toys,
cots, etc., are all assembled with joints. The various common used wood working joints are
given through Fig. 9.34 to Fig. 9.41.
Groove
Tongue
A
B
A
B
Fig. 9.34 Groove and tongue joint Fig. 9.35 Mortise and tennon joint
AA
B
B
BB
A
A
Fig. 9.36 T-lap joint Fig. 9.37 Open or through dove-tail joint
176 Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology

A
A
B
B
Fig. 9.38 Cross-lap joint Fig. 9.39 Corner-lap joint

A
B
A
B
Dovetail
A
B
Fig. 9.40 Dovetail joint Fig. 9.41 Briddle joint
9.14 CARPENTRY MACHINES
Wood working machines are employed for large production work. These possess the
following
advantages over the hand tools.
1. The carpentry machines help to reduce fatigue of carpenter.
2. The carpentry machines are used for production work.
3. The carpentry machines save time and are used for accuracy work.
4. They are used for variable job variety and more designs are possible.
Different machines are needed to save time and labor in carpentry work for various
quick wood working operations especially for turning and sawing purposes. The general
wood
working machines are wood working lathe, circular saw and band saw. These machines are
discussed as under.
1. Wood Working Lathe
A general wood working lathe is
shown in Fig. 9.42 which resembles
roughly to an engine lathe. It consists
of a cast iron bed, a headstock, tailstock,
tool rest, live and dead centers and
drawing mechanisms. The long wooden
cylindrical jobs are held and rotated
between the two centers. The tool is
then fed against the job and the round
symmetrical shape on the jobs is
produced. Scrapping tool and turning
gauge are generally used as a turning
tool on a woodworking lathe.
Tool
Post
Tool
Rest
Bed
Tool P ost
Clamp
Leg
Face P late
Spur Centre
Speed Change
Pulleys
Hand
Wheel
Tool Rest
Clamp
Fig. 9.42 Wood turning lathe

A
B
A
B
Carpentry 177
2. Circular Saw
A circular saw is shown in Fig. 9.43. It is also
called as table or bench saw which is used to perform
various operations such as grooving, rebating,
chamfering etc. It consists of a cast iron table, a circular
cutting blade, cut off guides, main motor, saw guide,
elevating hand wheel, tilting hand wheel etc. The work
is held on the table and moved against the circular saw
to perform the quick and automatic sawing operation
and other operation on wood as said above. The
principal parts include the frame, arbor, table, blade,
guides for taking cuts, guards and fencing.
3. Band Saw
Band saw is shown in Fig. 9.44 which generally used to cut the heavy logs to required
lengths, cutting fine straight line and curved work. It consists of a heavy cast bed, which
acts
as a support for the whole machine, a column, two wheel pulleys, one at the top and other
at the bottom, an endless saw blade band, a smooth steel table and guide assembly. It is
manufactured in many sizes ranging from little bench saw to a larger band saw mill.
Adjusting
Screw Head
Upper
Pulley
Blade
Table
Bed
Lower
Pulley
Fig. 9.44 Band saw
9.15 COMMON SAFETY IN CARPENTRY SHOP

There are some general safety precautions to be taken care of while working in carpentry
shop. Some of which are discussed as under.
1 Before starting any wood working machine, it should be ensured that all the safety
guards are in proper places and secured well.
2 While working on a circular saw, one should not stand in a line with the plane of
the rotating blade and always keep your fingers always away from the reach of
blade.
3 The wooden pieces should not be fed to the sawing machines faster than the cutting
speed of the machine.
Table
Cutte r
Leg
Fig. 9.43 Circular saw

9.12.5 Miscellaneous Tools: Screw Driver

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9.12.

Fig. 9.33 Screw driver

Fig. 9.32 Claw hammer

Fig. 9.31 Warrington hammer

9.13 COMMON WOOD JOINTS

176 Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Processes and Workshop Technology

Fig. 9.38 Cross-lap joint Fig. 9.39 Corner-lap joint

Fig. 9.40 Dovetail joint Fig. 9.41 Briddle joint

9.14 CARPENTRY MACHINES

Fig. 9.42 Wood turning lathe

Fig. 9.44 Band saw

9.15 COMMON SAFETY IN CARPENTRY SHOP

Fig. 9.43 Circular saw

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