Final Workshop Report On Value Addition and Agroprocessing

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop
Participatory Ecological Land Use Management Association
Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop Report

Chester Hotel Nakuru
16th-18th March 2011
www.pelum.net
Contents
page
Background
Day 1
1.0 Introduction
1.1
1.2
1.3
Welcome remarks
Members Introduction and house keeping
Keynote speech
2.0
Programme overview and objectives
2.1
2.2
Theme
Objectives
3.0
About PELUM Kenya
3.1
3.2
What is PELUM Association?

What does PELUM Association do?
A.
Session 1
Introduction to Healthy Nutritional Dietary Guidelines
7
7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Exercise 1
Plenary session;
Exercise 2
Exercise 3:
4.6
Lessons learnt
B.
5.0
Session 2
Nutritional Value of Milk and Fruits
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Sources of milk
Importance of milk in the body
Milk products
Plenary Sessions
To prepare milkshakes15;
To prepare Ice cream;
Yoghurt preparation
Plenary Sessions
Flow chart for yoghurt manufacturer
Nutritional values of yoghurt milk.
Butter preparation
Ghee preparation
4.0
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
Plenary Sessions;
9
9
9
10
11
12
14
15
DAY 2:
15
Recap of day1
C.
6.0
Session 1
Nutritional value of different fruits
6.1
6.2
Table showing fruit nutrients and their nutritional value

A summary of participants facilitation of fruit juice preparation
7.0
Root crops and Pulses
7.1
7.2
7.3
Sweet potatoes;
Cassava;
Arrow roots
16
16
17
18
19
Day 3:
20
D.
8.0
E.
Session 1
Introduction to Edible Insects
Session 2
Nutritional value of Termites and Grasshoppers
20
Plenary session
Value addition of termites
Uses of Termite oil how to harvest termites
Participants presentations on various food processing
22
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
10.0 Workshop Evaluation and recommendations

10.1 Workshop Content Chart
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
21
21
22
25
Workshop Facilitation Chart

Time keeping Chart
Workshop Prior information
26
Other general comments about the workshop;
27
Appendix 1 Delegates contacts

Appendix 2 More about the facilitators
28
31
Report by:
Job Mainye & L. Ambiche
Thinkomm Communication
Background
Participatory Ecological1 Land Use Management Association, PELUM, has a mission to work
towards sustainable local community empowerment, food security and prosperity by
facilitating networking and advocacy. Based on this backdrop, food security takes centre
stage in the associations interweaved values of promoting seed security and the use of
indigenous food programmes among small-scale farmers.
With many PELUM Kenyan farmers at community level, agricultural production has
substantially improved. Even where production is low, there is a need to extend the storage
of certain foods hence lengthen the shelf life when the foods are in their bounty season in
order to prevent wastage due to excess production.
The legendary case of vegetables is a good example. Farmers continue selling vegetables at
throw-away farm gate prices during the wet season causing shortages during the drier
months when they are needed most.
Its therefore necessary for community group trainers to acquire skills and knowledge for
diverse methods of food preservation, value addition and agro processing that is practical
and possible at household level.
This training workshop will be an important step in strategising for Agribusiness2 and Value
Chain3 engagements in marketing agricultural produce, for group marketing as well as
individual marketing.
Participants proposed a list of crops that they were interested in. Even though PELUM
Kenya may not address all the proposed food crops due to the time limitation, participants
are challenged to continue building skills with other crops once they go back to their
respective areas of work.
Ecological - Ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings
Agribusiness - In agriculture, agribusiness is a generic term for the various businesses involved in food production,
including farming and contract farming, and retail sales.
3
Value Chain - An industry value chain is a physical representation of the various processes that are involved in producing
goods (and services), starting with raw materials and ending with the delivered product.
2
Participants listening to J. Cooney PELUM Kenya
Day 1
1.0 Introduction
1.1
Welcome remarks
Maryleen Michieni who works with PELUM Kenya as the Programme Officer in Research and
Information Management was the key coordinator of the 3 days workshop that started on
the 16th of March 2011 at Chester Hotel in Nakuru County. Maryleen conducted the welcome
remarks by encouraging members to be free and active as they participate and ask
questions during the workshop.
1.2
Members Introduction and house keeping
Participants introduced themselves and conducted a participatory and voluntary
housekeeping session, selecting their welfare representatives and time keeper as part of
team building and participatory learning during successive sessions.
The number of participants, occupation and organizational representation are appended in
this report (See appendix I)
1.3
Keynote speech
The workshop was officially started at 8:45 am with devotion and prayers, followed by a
keynote speech by Mr. Stanely Bii from the Catholic Diocese of Nakuru; Mr. Stanely is one of
the PELUM Association founders.
Stanley underscored the main purpose of the workshop in his keynote speech indicating
that;
It was important for farmers to be taught on preservation of various foods like Vegetable,
Mangoes and Pumpkins especially when they are in their bounty season to avoid wastage.
Stanley continued to say that most farmers waste their harvests in excess and when the
season is over, people starve to death due to food shortage. Through the workshop,
farmers would be encouraged how to eat different types of foods especially edible insects,
hence getting practical skills on methods of adding value and processing of various foods.
Stanley thanked the PELUM team for organizing the workshop which would inform the
entire community on foods, value addition, nutritional value and how to get them locally.
2.0
Programme overview and objectives
2.1
Theme
While focusing on the main theme of Agro Processing4 and Value Addition5, the key
objective of the workshop was to impact practical skills and capabilities in the methods of
value addition and agro processing to participants on selected food and edible insects. The
overall aim of the workshop was to increase food security through diversification of
agricultural food products.
2.2
Objectives
The participants were expected to;
1. Gain a deeper understanding of the importance of food preservation and the methods
that retains the nutritional value of the foods.
2. Discuss the Phytosanitary6 (hygiene standards) conditions requirements during agro
processing and food handling.
3. Engage in practical sessions of value addition and agro processing of pulses and cereals,
root crops, legumes, dairy, vegetables and edible insects.
4. Compare the market value of finished, labelled products in the food stores and the
importance attached to the same foods (plants) at farm gates markets.
Maryleen facilitated the workshop objectives outline and discussed with participants their
expectation based on the programme and expounded in brief the workshop objectives. At
the end of the workshop;
2.2.1 They participants expected to learn;
1. How to preserve milk and vegetables in arid areas
2. Nutritional value of milk and meat for pastoralists
3. Preservation of cereals like millet and maize. Participants complained that maize weevils
are very destructive; they expected to learn local ways of controlling these pests.
4. More about the value addition of cassava, sweet potatoes and how to market them.
5. Processing of mangoes, avocados and bananas.
6. The nutritional value of wild fruits.
7. Economic value of insects.
8. Application of hygiene standards when handling foods.
9. Approaches to employ when teaching community members on the on the importance of
edible insects like grasshoppers and others.
4
Agro Processing- turning primary agricultural products into other commodities for market
Value Addition - Refers to "extra" features of an item, product or service that go beyond the standard expectations
and provide something "more" while adding little or nothing to its cost. 6Phytosanitary- These are regulations that
restrict the importation and marketing of certain plant species, or products of these plants, so as to prevent the
introduction or spread of plant pests or pathogens.
5
10. Alternative equipments or local techniques to use in rural areas when processing
different foods.
11. Food preparation traditionally and locally.
12. About nutritional needs of the community.
3.0
About PELUM Kenya
Maryleen introduced PELUM Kenya, stated the objectives of the association, its aim, values
and mission. She elaborated the core functions of PELUM Kenya and its role in advocating
and supporting small scale farmers initiatives all over Africa and the world at large.
3.1
What is PELUM Association?
Participatory Ecological Land Use Management, PELUM, Association is a network of Civil
Society Organizations / NGOs working with small-scale farmers in East, Central and Southern
Africa. The Association membership has grown from 25 pioneer members from 1995 to over
210 members in 2009. PELUM- Kenya is the Kenyan country chapter of the PELUM
Association and currently has a membership of 37 member organizations.
3.2
What does PELUM Association do?
With focus on this workshop, PELUM;
1. Promotes participatory ecological land use and management practices in the East,
Central and Southern region.
2. Increases the visibility of the small-scale farmers.
3. Promotes the use of indigenous food Programme
A.
SESSION 1
4.0
Introduction to Healthy Nutritional Dietary Guidelines

The session was facilitated by
Jill Cooney; Jill is an Applied
Nutritionist working with Real
Impact, an NGO based in
Thika town.
Jill Cooney Facilitating Healthy Dietary Session PELUM Kenya
Jill started by asking the

participants why people
within the society make
wrong food choices;
Participants underscored;
poverty, ignorance,
Availability of the particular type of food, hunger needs, income level, and lack of
knowledge, cultural/social attachment, education and family dynamics as some of the
factors contributing to poor choice of food consumed.
7
Participants were then engaged in an exercise to show the quantity of a particular type of
food consumed over a certain period of time.
4.1
Exercise 1
Participants were to write on a piece of paper, what they had consumed in the last 2 days
and categorize in food groups i.e. Proteins, Carbohydrates vitamins and check where they
concentrated most.
4.2
Plenary session;
The members discussed some of the benefits of taking nutritional food in a balanced diet.
1. Increased lifespan.
2. Improved immunity to fight against diseases
3. Good health
4. Increased energy level.
4.3
Exercise 2
Participants were asked to write all the methods of preserving foods.
They named drying, smoking, salting and refrigeration as the main methods.
4.4
Exercise 3:
Discussion on causes of food poisoning
Explain the presence of microorganisms/ bacteria in the body
Due to poor hygiene i.e. improper handling of food during preparation.
Keeping food for too long until it spoils
Results; Diarrhoea, Vomiting, Hallucinations, Coma, Death
Explanation on how one can get 7bacteria from improper food handling
Prevention measures and Personal hygiene
4.5
Plenary Sessions;
Participants wanted to know why pastoralists communities consume raw meat and milk but
are still very healthy. Jill explained that the art of mixing herbs in milk and meat cleanses
their body systems, though this eating habit was not considered healthy. She cautioned that
they should take a balanced diet or otherwise they will shorten their life expectancy.
Participants inquired if the amount of food consumption between an office worker and field
worker matters. Jill reiterated that it was common sense that anyone who does a lot of
work in the field should take a lot of food especially a lot of carbohydrates as compared to
those seated in the office. Their body requires sufficient energy unlike the office person.
Jill challenged the participants to research online about the amount of calories8 consumed
by household by measuring the amount of calories by grams to determine consumption
rates per meal as an effort to living healthy.
7
Bacteria - A large domain of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms. 8Calories - is a pre-SI metric unit of energy. 9Ugali is an East African dish of maize flour (cornmeal) cooked with water to a porridge- or dough-like consistency.
Participants asked the difference between raw and cooked salt. It was discussed that
sodium level is equal whether cooked or raw otherwise more herbs or natural spices can be
used like the dania and hoho, Ginger since they reduce the urge of taking too much salt.
Lessons learnt
The participants learnt that too much salt can cause high blood pressure, it can dehydrate
the body. The community should be taught on food intake i.e.
a. When to take and who should take a large and small amount of food.
b. One can take a balanced diet in an affordable sense. For example, one can get a plate of
chips, soft drink, chicken at KSh 200 (2.5 $) even though its not a balance diet. This was
compared to serving a plate of beans, vegetables and flour ugali 9 at Ksh 70 (1 $)
4.6
B.
5.0
SESSION 2
Nutritional Value of Milk and Fruits
Ms Tabitha Tene demonstrates how to prepare cheese PELUM-Kenya
This session was facilitated by Ms Tabitha Tene, Tabitha is a free lance trainer on value
addition and cancelling, she consults with RODI Kenya based in Thika Town.
5.1
Sources of milk
Participants were asked to name common sources of milk; Cow, Goat, Donkeys, camel,
sheep, Breast, soya were listed. Tabitha prioritised cow milk for discussions and training.
5.2
Importance of milk in the body
1. Adds calcium which makes body strong
2. Adds iron but in a little quantity
5.2
Milk products
1. Mala (sour milk)10
2. Yoghurt11
3. Butter
4. Ghee
Before preparing any product from milk especially yoghurt one needs to confirm and be sure
that the milk is free from the following
1. Mastitis12
2. Colostrums13
3. High acidity (Not slightly sour before pasteurization)
4. Impure milk (milk that has been diluted with water)
How to test milk for;
1
Test
Mastitis & Acidity
Observations
The milk produces bad
Odour (smell).
2
3
Colostrums
Impure milk
Milk colour is yellow

Milk diluted with water
is visually light in mass
weight.
5.3
Testing Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
14
Get ethanol at 72%

Syringe the milk up to 5cc level.
Put in a glass
Syringe Ethanol up to 5cc level as well.
Mix and shake well
If the milk goes bad then the milk has
either mastitis or High level of acidity and
vice versa.
Mercury lactometer test

Procedures
1. Put milk in a jar
2. Dip in the lactometer
3. If the red mark floats at the level of milk
then the milk is ok if it floats at a different
level then the milk has water in it.
Plenary Sessions
Participants shared other methods used locally to determine impure milk.

Method / Test
Procedure
Matchstick Test (Traditional Way)
1. Put a small portion of milk in a small cup
1
2. Dip in a matchstick get it out and try to light (if it
lights then the milk is pure if it doesnt then the n the
milk has been added water.
This was tried out practically and the results were
positive
10
Ground test
Glass test
Pour little milk on the ground and if it dissolves quickly

then the milk is diluted with water and vice versa.
Pour milk in one glass, dip an empty glass in it. If the milk
is diluted with water then it will separate the water.
During the preparation of the milk products, the facilitator also gave a theoretical procedure
of making Milkshakes and Ice creams.
5.4
To prepare milkshakes15;
a. Mix avocado and milk at your preferred amount then whisk thoroughly.
b. Add ice cream into the mixture then whisk again.
c. Add flavours and sugar successively then continue whisking.
d. Chill
5.5
To prepare Ice cream;
Procedure 1
a. You get cream from cooled milk
b. Dont over process the cream like that of butter
c. Add icing sugar and other flavours and whisk thoroughly
d. Pack well then refrigerate to preserve.
Procedure 2
a. Mix milk with Egg-York to your desirable amount then whisk thoroughly.
b. Add icing sugar and continue to whisk
c. Add preferred flavours then pack and chill to preserve.
Participants also learnt that milk from cows differs; other cows produce milk that is too fatty
others have low fats but both can be used to make milk products.
Yoghurt preparation
Practical sessions
Ingredients used
1. Culture16 tea spoonful.
2. 10.5 table spoons of sugar, 2 drops of strawberry flavour, A pinch of food colour.
3. Four Litres of Milk
5.6.2 Equipment used
1. Thermometer
2. Wooden spoon
3. Sufuria
5.6
5.6.1
10
Mala - sour milk, 11Yoghurt - is a dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. 12Mastitis-means that the breast
is inflamed, and there is swelling, redness, tenderness and pain, 13Colostrums- is a form of milk produced by the mammary
glands of mammals in late pregnancy. 14Ethanol-is a volatile, flammable, colourless liquid, 15Milkshakes-is a sweet, cold
beverage made from milk, ice cream and flavourings such as fruit syrup or chocolate sauce, 16Culture- The bacteria used to
make yoghurt.
11
Ms. Tabitha demonstrates how to measure temperature PELUM-Kenya
5.6.3 Production of yoghurt has two

procedures
1. The Mother culture method
2. The yoghurt culture method
The mother culture method was used
during the session
Procedure1
1. Participants tested the milk to confirm
purity level.
17
2. They pasteurized the milk at 85c for
15-20 minutes. As it boiled, they stirred
the milk with a cooking stick to ensure
18
it boiled thoroughly (The process is homogenization )
3. They then let the milk cool to 40c - 45 c. Tabitha added that for those who had no
thermometers could alternatively use their hands to test if it was cool enough. (The
process was demonstrated)
4. After it had cooled the cream was removed
19
5. Mother culture was inoculated at the rate of 2%
6. The mixture was put in a container, covered with a towel then wrapped in a paper bag to
maintain the temperature for 5 hrs.
7. After 5 hours they added the straw berry flavours, sugar and food colour then mixed it
and refrigerated to cool for preservation purposes.
Procedure 2
This procedure was theoretical due to shortage of time.
1. Boil your preferred amount of milk.
2. Add sugar as it boils and stir
3. Add flavour and food colour as the milk continues boiling.
4. Let the mixture to cool at 40c - 45 c.
5. Inoculate 2% of culture in the mixture and keep it in controlled incubation for 5 hours.
6. Sieve then cool.
5.7
Plenary Sessions
During the session, Tabitha encouraged participants without refrigerating systems to could
cool the yoghurt mixture by dipping it in a bucket full of cold water.
She also added that since the mother culture was too expensive, alternatively before adding
the flavours, one can take a few litres of the mixture, deepfreeze it and reuse in the next
preparation of yoghurt. ( full Glass is enough for 5 litres of milk).
17
pasteurized - is a process of heating a food, usually liquid, to a specific temperature for a definite length of time, and then
cooling it immediately, 18homogenization - is a mechanical treatment of the fat globules in milk brought about by passing
milk under high pressure through a tiny orifice. 19Inoculation - Is to inject a serum or a vaccine in order to create immunity
12
Adding flavours to process yogurt PELUM -Kenya
The participants realized that using

method 1 was economical because
through the procedure one can extract
culture for future use.
They also learnt that in the 1st
procedure, one can extract cream
which can be used to produce butter
and even Ghee.
Tabitha also clarified that when packing
yoghurt, aluminium containers were
preferred but warned participants not
to use aluminium containers to boil milk.
It was also noted that procedure 2 was not quite reliable because during the process no
cream can be extracted. The mixture cannot be preserved for long because sugar was mixed
while boiling.
She reminded the participants that the nutritional value of yoghurt was very high compared
to mala.
Mala can be made traditionally by using lemon or just keeping the milk for long to ferment or
by using culture. She continued to explain that traditional mala was very nutritious than the
mala made using cultures.
A participant later inquired what could make the whole of the process fail i.e. what can
hinder the production of quality yoghurt. The facilitator demonstrated the following
reasons;
1. Doing inoculation when the temperature is too high
2. Use of metal spoons to stir the mixture
3. Interfering with the mixture after inoculation.
The participants also asked the effect of using too much culture; Tabitha explained that too
much culture can turn the yoghurt to be too acidic hence not good for human consumption.
Facilitator adding Culture to preparing yoghurt as participants participate in the session PELUM-Kenya
13
5.8
Flow chart for yoghurt manufacturer

Pasteurize to 80-85c
Cool to 40-45 for room

temperature 30c
Inoculate using 0.5 -3%

starter culture
Good Quality Milk
Incubate at 42c for 5 hours

or incubate at room
temperature overnight
Cool for 12 hours

at 40- 50c
Store at 40c or
dispatch for
consumption
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Stir or whip and incorporate

with flavours swatters and
permitted food colours
Common market costing for Yoghurt

Food colour
Flavours
Milk 5litres
Culture
Sugar
Charcoal
Labour
Colour
TOTAL
KSH
30
60
200
4
25
40
200
1
473
USD $
0.4
0.8
2.5
0.1
0.3
0.5
2.5
7.1
Based on the breakdown on the table above, a 5 Litres mixture of yoghurt costs Ksh 100 (1.3
$) per litre
Participants concluded that it was economical to make a lot of yoghurt using the same
labour and time to increase profit margins. The facilitator added that the Preparation
procedure took only 1 hour hence no time is wasted.
5.9
Nutritional values of yoghurt milk.
Yoghurt helps in digestion process.
A Participant added that yoghurt was not good for children of less than one year, because it
made them uncomfortable. He further explained that a child at that age, already has enough
bacteria in the stomach to aid digestion hence the bacteria levels in yoghurt may collide with
the naturally produced bacteria in the babys stomach. He advised mothers to only
breastfeed babies of that age because the bacterium only digests the mothers milk.
14
5.10 Butter preparation

This was a practical session, where participants were involved in the production process.
1. After the milk used for yoghurt production cooled, cream was extracted from it.
2. The cream was put in a bowl then stirred thoroughly until milk was separated from the
fatty layer.
3. Water was poured in the mixture (to wash the mixture), the process was done
repeatedly until the separate water was very clear.
4. A pinch of salt was added in the washed mixture and butter was ready. (Why was the salt
necessary)
Tabitha explained that if one wanted to make more butter, collect enough cream which
must be refrigerated because if its not well preserved, it survived for 3-4 days. She added
that butter must be refrigerated well to keep it fresh.
5.10.1 Uses of butter; smeared on bread to add flavour
5.11
Ghee preparation
1. When butter was ready, a portion of it was taken extracted.
2. The portion was put in a Sufuria and was left to boil in moderate heat temperatures until
all impurities were settled out.
3. It was then left to cool then ghee was drained into a clean container then preserved.
NB Impurities were kept to be used in prepared vegetables to add flavour.
5.11.1 Uses of ghee
Used to prepare vegetables and chapattis
DAY 2:
Recap of day1
Maryleen facilitating the recap session
Maryleen asked participants to draw a mind

map some of the lessons they learnt the
previous day.
Participants remembered that butter is the
mother of ghee and it was easy to make butter
and ghee using cream and that yoghurt was the
mother of all.
They also learnt alternate ways of checking the
milk temperature without using a thermometer
before employing the two methods of processing milk yogurt. Yoghurt was healthy for
digestion since it compensates the bacteria we may lack in the body.
15
As they underscored Hygiene standards during handling of milk products, participants

recalled that milk should be put in a clear container when storing to monitor contamination.
Participants reiterated the Importance of Sour milk i.e. highly nutritious and good when
fermented raw. Other than that, it was interesting to recall that, in the absence of a
lactometer one can use a lit matchstick to test if milk is diluted with water or to ascertain its
purity before use.
They also learnt the importance of reducing starch intake due to excess sugar in the body to
live longer. That one needs to have a balanced diet based on availability. The daily
requirement of starch for an adult was approximately 300g.
During the production of yoghurt, it was important to remember that it was economical to
use a certain amount of processed yoghurt that is free from preservatives and flavours as
culture.
Participants also learnt that red meat takes 7 days to be completely digested out from our
system. Milk with colostrums should not be used to make yoghurt. That one can spend less
and still have a balanced diet based on nutritional value. Participants also learnt diverse
methods of preserving different foods
C.
6.0
SESSION 1
Nutritional value of different fruits
Participants preparing fruits and processing fruit juice during a practical session PELUM-Kenya
This session was facilitated by Tabitha Tene. She opened the session by selecting Mango,
Pawpaw, passion, avocados, pineapple and carrots as the types of fruits she proffered to
use during the training since they were common and locally available.
Tabitha highlighted the importance of each fruit in the human body system.
16
6.1
Table showing fruit nutrients and their nutritional value

Fruit
Nutrients
Pawpaw
Vitamin A
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Good for eyesight

Good for nervous system
Good for immune system
Other benefits in the body
Its seeds help in prevention of worms when chewed.
The white sap from the raw pawpaw cleans dirty wounds
Papaine enzyme in pawpaw aids digestion
Pawpaw is also used to tenderize meat.
When you pound pawpaw leaves one generates soap
Passion
Vitamin C
Prevents scurvy
Boil passion leaves in water for 10 minutes
(Handful of leaves and 1litre of water) cures sleeping sickness.
Avocado
Pineapples
Vitamin C
Mango
Carrots
Vitamin C
Nutritional value
Good for people suffering from malnutrition

Produces oil that is good for skin care
Can be used to prepare milkshakes
Prevents scurvy
Has bromeline enzyme which prevents inflammation.
500g of unripe pineapple mixed with 0.7 litres of water then boiled
together, the syrup produced cures amenorrhea (absence of
menstrual flow)
Raw boiled pineapples can prevent fever.
pineapples supports the immune system
Helps during constipation
Tender mango leaves when boiled cures sore throats.
Chewed tender leaves helps in inflammation of gum cavity.
Prevents scurvy
Stabilizes the stomach functions
Good for eyesight, diarrhoea and constipation
Reduces level of bad cholesterol in the body
Slightly effective against hookworms, irregular menstruation and
Prostatitis
Later, participants were divided into different groups for practical session where participant
learnt to prepare fruit juice using different
17
6.2
A summary of participants facilitation of fruit juice preparation
NO
Group facilitator
1
Group I
The presentation was done by
Ambros Muthiani
Group II
Presentation was done by
Fatuma Hamisi
Group III
Group IV
Presentation was done by
Ferdinand
Group V
Presentation was done by Ann
Nashipae
Group VI
Presentation was done by Max
Galwal.
Juice prepared
Pawpaw juice preparation process
a) The group washed the pawpaw first
b) Bisected into two
c) They then removed the seeds, scooped the pulp and
smashed it.
d) Water, Lemon and sugar was added into the mixture
and mixed thoroughly.
e) The juice was then packed in clean containers.
The group members later realized the benefit of using
honey instead of sugar for its medicinal value.
Passion juice preparation process
a. The passions were first washed
b. Cut into two and the pulp was scooped into a clean
container.
c. Water was added mixed and then sieved
d. No sugar was added because the juice was to be left
natural.
NB: The ratio of passion pulp to the water was 1:2
respectively
Avocado juice preparation process
a) Participants washed the avocado fruit.
b) It was cut into two and the seed removed.
c) The pulp was removed; lemon was added, mashed
and then sieved.
d) The juice was packed in containers.
Pineapples juice preparation process
1. 3 pineapples were washed and pealed
2. They were then chopped into small pieces.
3. The pulp was put into a bucket then mashed.
4. It was then sieved and packed.
No water and sugar was added.
Carrots juice preparation process
1. The carrots were washed; grated then mixed with
water at a ratio of 1:1
2. It was then blended and mixed with lemon then
finally sieved and packed.
Mango juice preparation process
a. The mango fruit was washed peeled and cut into
small pieces.
b. The pieces were mixed with water then blended at a
ratio of 1:1 until all the pulp was all smashed.
c. Lemon was added into the mixture then sieved and
packed.
18
Participants preparing fruits and processing fruit juice in a practical session PELUM-Kenya
7.0
Root crops and Pulses
The facilitator discussed on the nutritional value attached to Sweet potatoes, Cassava and
Arrowroots that are classified as root crops, as she demonstrated to the participants.
The participants learnt that;
7.1
Sweet potatoes;
When processed well, can produce sweet potato juice and that its leaves can be cooked as
vegetables.
7.2
Cassava;
This type of root crop can be used to produce crisps and that its leaves, in particular those
with few sections, could be used as vegetables.( after plucking the less leaves species are
dried under the sun for 30 minutes and 2hours for the many leaves species respectively)
Cassava can also be grinded to produce nutritious flour while mixed with millet and
sorghum. Plain cassava flour can also be used to make cakes mandazi and even chapati.
7.3
Arrow roots
Just as Cassava, Arrow roots are also good for making crisps. Participants shared some of
their experiences on the nutritional value of Arrow roots, how it should be harvested,
preserved and used to produce other products.
They first confirmed that cassava had cyanide (cyanide is a naturally produced poison that
protects cassava during growth until they matured). Different types of cassavas have
cyanide in different quantities. Participants learnt that, if cassava was harvested before
maturity, it produced a lot of poison that could be harmful to the human body. Therefore, it
was important to note that the more the cassava matured the lesser cyanide it produced.
Participants learnt how to identify a poisonous cassava before cooking. Poisonous leaves
had a visible brown string on the edge and sometimes in the middle.
The process of harvesting cassava was put into consideration, i.e. if one harvested the
cassava vigorously, the cyanide would be activated (cassava will be very bitter) and can be
poisonous to the body. It was concluded that when harvesting cassava all the procedures
MUST be done with care.
19
One participant added that current factories encourage farmers to produce more cassava
for baking bread instead of wheat which was noted to be too expensive. They promised to
encourage farmers in their communities to plant plenty of cassava.
It was concluded that farmers needed
How is cassava planted?
to be too cautious when planting
1. Cutting the cassava stem to at least 6 nodes
cassava because of its poisonous
2. Dig a hole and lay the stem by burying it ( this is
nature.
done if the rains are far, so as to prevent it from
drying)or alternatively if the rains are near
members were encouraged to plant the stem at an
angle of 45 protruding from the hole, since it grew
faster at that time.
It was also important to know the

Varieties of cassava before planting.
Day 3:
D.
8.0
Session 1
Introduction to Edible Insects
This session was facilitated by Mr. John
Kinyuru. Mr. Kinyuru is a Scientist and
Lecturer in the Department of Food
Sciences at Jomo Kenyatta University of
Agriculture and Technology, JKUAT.
Mr. John Kinyuru facilitating on the Edible insects session
He started by introducing the JKUAT,

outlined of what the department of the
food sciences taught and introduced the
researchers of edible insects and other
traditional foods in the University.
Before the session began, John asked the
participants to share their expectations of
the topics he was facilitating:
They expected to learn;

a) Nutritional value of insects especially grasshoppers and how to tame grasshoppers
b) The importance of eating insects.
c) How they can locally produce insects in high mass
d) Preservation and processing of insects.
He continued by saying that the world inventory of activities has realized that there is no
more Land to produce enough food and insects will at the end be available for food in many
parts of the country.
Many people in dry lands suffer from severe malnutrition and yet insects are available for
enough nutrition, he informed the participants to encourage community members to utilise
20
edible insects for food, clarifying that insects lived longer than plants. John gave an example
of insects that were available locally i.e.
Nyoso From Luo land ( a fatty insect good in proteins)
Duck beetle
Sene sene(Grasshopper) - From Luo community
Shiswa (Termites) from the Luhya community
Queen termite that is a good source of proteins
He further demonstrated that the soldiers (male termites), were not supposed to be eaten
and the eggs as well. He gave an example of the Mahwetere from Luhya community which
was a good class of edible termites. Sometimes it depended on taboos and culture from
different communities, Luhyas considered termites that are harvested in the month of
August to be good for consumption.
Participants learnt that termites were a source of livelihood as John gave an example of a
mother in Kakamega namely Monica. Monica sells termites throughout the seasons and
earns a living from them. She currently sells a gorogoro (2kg tin) costs ksh1000 (12.5 $)
E.
Session 2
Nutritional value of Termites and Grasshoppers
9.0
During his second session, John explained that flies found around the Lake areas, especially
those from Luo land in Kenya, were good food while mentioning Crickets to be good in
generating proteins.
John shared a video presentation featuring an Asian native, collecting Grasshoppers for and
processing them for consumption. The documentary emphasised the importance of these
insects as a delicacy in that the community.
After the video presentation, the following concerns were raised and shared by the participants
with the facilitator.
Eating insects should not be considered uncivilized act. John urged the participants to teach
people from other areas of the country on the importance of eating these insects. He
reminded them that even though communities think that eating insects is a taboo, the
workshop sessions educated them to change this mentality by first eating the insects
themselves as part of the orientation.
The Bukusu ethnic group of the Luhya community in Kenya, need to be taught ways of
harvesting termites throughout the year. He further clarified that since 2006, promotions
are underway with partners and stakeholders to educate people in the larger communities.
Participants added that since its not in the culture of some communities to eat termites,
producers in the food industry should start mixing harvested termites with other products
to change their perceptions over the consumption of termites.
21
Local strategies in marketing traditional foods should be developed; design fliers for
presentation and capacity build the community with proper researched information to
improve their livelihood.
The facilitator added that, there is a substitute of zinc mineral in termites commonly found in
Sukuma, Amaranths and Millet.
9.1
Plenary session
Participants inquired if termites were prone to any diseases but the facilitator said there
were no reports on the matter. However he added that, when taking food that is rich in Zinc,
he encouraged them to mix with sources rich in Vitamin C to enhance the absorption of zinc
and iron. (Source of vitamins in lemon)
John noted that in areas growing sugarcane, had plenty of termites, but since they destroy
sugarcane, farmers are forced to use pesticides to eliminate termites. Due to this the
community looses the edible termites species due to ignorance.
Participants deliberated on this issue and concluded that, pesticides manufacturers need to
be advised to introduce replants to be sprayed in sugarcane plantations, hence, prevent
termites from invading the place but maintain the ecosystem between the termites and
sugarcane.
9.2
Value addition of termites
The facilitator demonstrated that dried termites, if mixed with wheat flour can produce
nutritious buns cakes and biscuits (5% termites plus flour). John added that, the flour
mixture was very good for biscuits because when anything with less gluten is added the
dough raised.
Processed Mushroom, mixed with termite produces a nice starter soup and Termites also
produce oil good for food preparation.
9.3
Uses of Termite oil how to harvest termites
In his last presentation on Agro processing, John delegated participants in various groups
for practical sessions on preparing, Tomato and Mango jam, preparing Sweet potato leaves
and Mandazi (Cookies), Soya milk and balls, Pumpkin Chapati and Rabbit meat using termite
oil.
9.4
Participants presentations on various food processing & value addition
Group
Group I
Tomato jam
preparation
Ingredients
The members used 3
cups of finely chopped
tomatoes.
2.3 cups of sugar,
And 3 lemons.
Processing method
Tomato jam preparation:
Members washed the tomatoes and put in warm water
for a few minutes to loosen the cover skin
The skin was removed and tomatoes were cut into small
pieces.
A few lemons were washed, grated and squeezed off
their juice.
22
The lemon mixture was added in the tomatoes then

grinded and cooked for 10 minutes in gentle heat.
2.3 cups of sugar was added while stirring the solution to
dissolve.
Cooking heat was increased for the mixture to boil up to
a certain temperature.
The mixture was left to cool for some time then scum
layer was removed then the tomato jam was poured in
clean containers.
Sweet potato Mandazi preparation
Members mixed the ingredients to form dough.
They then rolled the dough on a surface and cut into
small shapes and deep-fried it.
Group II
Sweet potato
Mandazi
Group III
Mango jam
a) 2 Cups of mashed
sweet potato
b) 2 Cups wheat flour
c) 4 Tablespoons sugar
d) 3 Table spoonssugar
e) 3 Table spoons of
baking powder
f) 1 Cup of water
g) Cooking Oil
6 Mangoes
3 Cups sugar
1/2 Cup of water
lemon
Group IV
Sweet potato
leaves
Group V
Soya milk and
balls
Soya
Onions
Tomatoes
Table Salt
Cooking Oil
Sweet Potatoes
leaves
Mango jam preparation

Members washed 6 Mangoes, peeled and cut into small
pieces.
3 Cups of sugar and 1/2 of water was mixed
They grated the lemon and squeezed juice from it
The juice was poured in a sufuria and boiled under gentle
heat until it was soft,
They added sugar and stirred to dissolved
Members cooked again for ten minutes then left the
mixture to cool, removed scum and poured in containers.
Sweet potato leaves
Members washed the Sweet potato leaves and cut them
into small sizes.
They peeled onions, chopped and fried them with oil until
they turned golden brown.
Washed and chopped tomatoes were added into the
onions.
Salt was added and the mixture left to cook for some
time.
They finally added the Sweet potato leaves, cooked for 5
minutes then served hot with the Pumpkin Chapati.
Soya milk preparation.
Group members boiled water and sprinkled soya in it at a
ratio of 5:1 respectively. The solution boiled for 30
minutes.
After boiling, they drained water and again the soya was
put in hot water.
23
They drained the water then put back again in cold water
again.
The soya beans were gently rubbed to remove the outer
cover(Husk)
The soya was then put in a blender mixed with water at a
ratio of 1:1 and blended thoroughly.
The mixture was sieved until the liquid was free from
residues.
Group VI
Pumpkin
chapati
All Participants
Rabbit meat
Slaughtered Rabbit
meat
Pumpkin
Table Salt
Soya balls preparation

After sieving, the remnants were mixed with flour,
dhania, onions and spices were added for taste.
The mixture was compacted and squeezed until ready.
Mixture was cut into small balls and deep fried until they
were evenly brown.
Pumpkin chapatti preparation
The pumpkin was washed, peeled and cut into small
pieces
It cooked until it was ready and all the water drained.
The pumpkin was smashed and mixed with wheat flour
and water to make dough
The dough was cut into sizable balls and was rolled.
Later it was pan fried and the chapatis were ready.
Rabbit meat processing
The meat was divided into 2, i.e. Rabbit for roasting and for
frying.
The meat was cut into small pieces.
Boiled for some minutes until all the water drained
completely.
Onions were fried until turned to golden brown then
tomatoes were added.
The boiled meat was added in the mixture, and then salt
was added and cooked until ready.
The other section was roasted on the Jiko with a wire
mesh over very low heat for it to cook evenly,
Then cut into small pieces, salt sprinkled QS and served.
The Rabbit skin was processed for preservation.
These steps were followed;
The skin was spread on the table; salt was sprinkled on the
bloody part, scrubbed until all the blood was over.
Uses of rabbit skin
Making shoes
Braziers
Ladies tops
24
Participants display final processed food based on their acquired skills PELUM-Kenya
10.0 Workshop Evaluation and recommendations

The following pie-chart analysis, underscores participants views about the 3 days training
workshop held in Nakurus Chester Hotel.
10.1
Workshop Content Chart

0%
30%
0%
Excellent
Good
Fair
70% of Members said the

workshop was excellent
30% said it was good and
the rest of the
categories were rated 0%
Poor
70%
25
10.2 Workshop Facilitation Chart

0%
0%
27%
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
73% of the participants

said the facilitation was
excellent.
27% said it was good other
73%
10.3 Time keeping Chart

0%
0%
43%
Excellent
Good
Fair
57% of the participants said

time keeping was good
43% said it was fair other
Poor
57%
10.4 Workshop Prior information

13%
43% of the participants said that the

prior information package
(information about the workshop
before the commencement date)
was Excellent
37% said it was good
13% said it was fair
7%
43%
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
37%
2% said it was poor.
26
10.5 Other general comments about the workshop;
Participants thanked PELUM for organising the workshop, even though they requested to do it in a
different venue next time. The group also confirmed that the workshop built their soft and hard skills
in linking food processing technology to value addition for their farm products. They promised the
facilitators that they would implement what was learnt as part of their action points.
Due to time limit, they unanimously suggested for any future workshop of that nature, to be planed
for one week since the 3 days spent were very few. They also recalled that due to time limitation and
lack of adequate preparation on learning aids like; packaging and labelling of processed foods, was a
major setback during their participation.
They credited the organizers since the workshop was very educative and very relevant to Agro
Processing and Value Addition while praising how the facilitators did their work, despite the fact that
they downgraded the learning environment.
There was professional interaction throughout the workshop, between the facilitators and
participants, as underscored in their views while promising to support PELUM in fundraising to
increase such activities.
27
Appendix I Delegates contacts

Participatory Ecological Land Use Management Association
(PELUM-Kenya)
Agro Processing and Value Addition Workshop, PELUM-Kenya
Dates: 16th 18th March, 2011 at Chester Hotel, Nakuru
Participants Contacts
No
Contacts
Collins Othieno
Organization and
Position
CREPP - Staff
Yunia
CREPP
Box 449
0726512926
James Onyango
CREPP
Box 352, Sindindi
0723169960
Chabari Zaverio
RIDEP - Staff
Box 29 60215
0726526524
Name
Postal Address
Telephone
Box 86, Awasi
0722617030
Marimanti, Tharaka
Email
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Johnson Kuntayo
NIA Farmer Leader
Box 366, Kajiado
0720811629
[email protected]
Anne Nashipae
NIA - Staff
BBox 366 01100,

Kajiado
0724843331
[email protected]
Margaret
MHAC - Staff
Private Bag, Kitale
0722908667
[email protected]
m
MHAC Farmer
trainer
Box 250, Kitale
0720737187
Muhando
8
Jemimah Masaya
Musera
Private Bag, Kitale
Jane Karanja
NECOFA - Staff
Box 819, Molo
0715639223
10
Martha Wanjiru
NECOFA Farmer
Trainer
Box 3, Naishi
0713322927
11
Paul Kimani
COSDEP Farmer
Trainer
Box 56, Kagwe
0711460378
[email protected]
28
No
Contacts
12
Hellen waithaka
Organization and
Position
COSDEP - Staff
13
Ambrose Muthiani
BIDII - Staff
Name
Postal Address
Telephone
Email
132-00621, Village
Market
0727504540
[email protected]
Box 1682,
Machakos
0725507686
[email protected]
[email protected]
14
Johnson Mbama
Mutua
BIDII Farmer Trainer
P. O. Box Lita
0726074756
15
Joseph Wachira
KOAN farmer trainer
Box 665-00206,
Kiserian
0727546525
16
Peter Melonyie
KOAN Farmer Group

leader
Box 250, Ongata

Rongai
072261583
17
Andrew Kirui
ARDP Staff
Box 1500, Kericho
0722619270
18
Selina Langat
ARDP - Farmer
Box 243, Sotik
0725754330
[email protected]
19
Samuel Waweru
GBIACK Staff
Box 4171, Madaraka

- Thika
0712774566
[email protected]
20
Joseph Kariuki
GBIACK Farmer
Box 1210
0723592761
21
Ferdinand Wafula
BIOGI Staff
Box 284 - 50301,

Bunyore
0733849072
[email protected]
0711270905
[email protected]
m
[email protected]
22
Rachael Obwina
BIOGI Farmer trainer
Box 65, Bunyore

Western Kenya
0713347863
23
Hellen Wanjiru
SACDEP Staff
Box 1134 01000

Thika
0725648346
[email protected]
24
David Ndimitu
SACDEP - Farmer
Box 82, Baricho
0728668832
[email protected]
25
Mark Galwab
FH Kenya Staff
Box 125 60500,

Marsabit
0727949707
[email protected]
[email protected]
29
No
Contacts
26
Mohammed Roba
Organization and
Position
FH Kenya Farmer
27
Maryleen Micheni
PELUM Kenya
Name
28
Tabitha Tene
Facilitator
29
Jill Cooney
REAL Impact - Staff
30
Roland Mwalugha
PELUM Kenya - Staff
Postal Address
Telephone
Email
Box 38, Sololo
0724543326
[email protected]
Box 6123-01000,
Thika
020-2622674
[email protected]
Box 746, Ruiru
0721262141
[email protected]
Box 6123 01000,

Thika
0735828117
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
31
Job Mainye
Consulting Rappoteur
0721390659
[email protected]
32
John Kinyuru
JKUAT Lecturer,
Dept of food Science
and Technology
0723667432
[email protected]
0722176083
33
Loice Ambiche
Rappoteur
34
Heva-Anne
NECOFA Intern
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Brunelle
35
Fatuma Hamisi
KICIP - Farmer
Box 384, Luanda
0722995053
[email protected]
36
Joshua Owino
KICIP - staff
Box 384, Luanda
0720695706
[email protected]
30
Appendix 2 More about the facilitators

Tabitha Tene Ngunjiri
Tabitha Tene Ngunjiri is a qualified and experienced Appropriate Technology trainer in Value
Addition and Agro-processing working with the youth, women groups. Tabitha has also
extensively interacted during training of the in-mates in Kenyan prisons and Institutional
field extension staff to impart knowledge and skills for the trainers. He has over 20 years
experience.
Qualifications and Professionalism
She is a professional teacher with advanced certification in Value addition and appropriate
technology among other credentials from certified institutions
Engagements
Consultant and Facilitator working with youth groups, women groups, staff of development
agencies and prisons, inmates etc in Value addition while incorporating most of the skills
above in the trainings
John N. Kinyuru,
John is a Lecturer at the Department of Food Science & Technology in Jomo Kenyatta
University of Agriculture and Technology, JKUAT. He has research interests in Agroprocessing and value addition for food & nutrition security especially in development of
foods for children and other vulnerable groups.
Credentials:
John is currently a PhD fellow in Food Science & Nutrition at JKUAT, Kenya & the University
of Copenhagen, Denmark. Other qualifications include B.Sc in Food Science & post harvest
Technology and M.Sc in Food Science & Technology all from JKUAT, Kenya.
Jill Cooney
Jill Cooney is an Applied Nutritionist working with Real Impact, an NGO based in Thika town,
Kichozi Farm as an Applied Nutrition Director
31

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Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Participatory Ecological Land Use Management Association

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop Report

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Programme overview and objectives

About PELUM Kenya

What is PELUM Association?

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Table showing fruit nutrients and their nutritional value

Root crops and Pulses

10.0 Workshop Evaluation and recommendations

Workshop Facilitation Chart

Other general comments about the workshop;

Appendix 1 Delegates contacts

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Participants listening to J. Cooney PELUM Kenya

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Programme overview and objectives

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

About PELUM Kenya

Introduction to Healthy Nutritional Dietary Guidelines

Jill Cooney Facilitating Healthy Dietary Session PELUM Kenya

Jill started by asking the

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Milk colour is yellow

Get ethanol at 72%

Mercury lactometer test

Participants shared other methods used locally to determine impure milk.

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Pour little milk on the ground and if it dissolves quickly

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Ms. Tabitha demonstrates how to measure temperature PELUM-Kenya

5.6.3 Production of yoghurt has two

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Adding flavours to process yogurt PELUM -Kenya

The participants realized that using

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Flow chart for yoghurt manufacturer

Cool to 40-45 for room

Inoculate using 0.5 -3%

Good Quality Milk

Incubate at 42c for 5 hours

Cool for 12 hours

Stir or whip and incorporate

Common market costing for Yoghurt

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

5.10 Butter preparation

Maryleen facilitating the recap session

Maryleen asked participants to draw a mind

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

As they underscored Hygiene standards during handling of milk products, participants

Agro-processing and Value Addition Training Workshop

Table showing fruit nutrients and their nutritional value

Good for eyesight

Good for people suffering from malnutrition