CHAPTER - 01

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
In calculus and in many applications of mathematics, we need the trigonometric functions of real
numbers rather than angles. By making a small but crucial change in our viewpoint, we can define
trigonometric functions of real numbers.
The radian measure of an angle is given by the equation =
Here s and r have same linear units and therefore the ratio

.
is a real number with no units.

We measure arc length (or radian of an angle) from the point A and take positive in anti-clockwise
direction and negative in the clockwise direction.

Relation between Trigonometric Functions and Right-angle Triangle

sin

; cosec

cos

; sec

tan

; cot

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CHAPTER - 01

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Relation of Trigonometric Functions

Reciprocal relations
sin =
cos =
tan =

and

Multiply relations

cosec =

and

sec =

and

cot =

Quotient relations

sin . cosec = 1
cos . sec = 1
tan . cot = 1

tan =
cot =

Identity of Trigonometric Functions

Fundamental Identity

Opposite Identities

(i) sin2 + cos2 = 1

(i) sin ( - ) = - sin

(iv) cot ( - ) = - cot

(ii) sec2 - tan2 = 1

(ii) cos ( - ) = cos

(v) sec ( - ) = sec

(iii) cosec2 - cot2 = 1

(iii) tan ( - ) = - tan

(vi) cosec ( - ) = - cosec

Values of Trigonometric Functions

1
0
n.d.
1
n.d.

1
1

n.d. stands for not defined

Page 2

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

CHAPTER - 01

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Signs of Trigonometric Functions

Quadrant

+ ve
functions

All

II

III

IV

sin

tan
cot

cos
sec

II quadrant
sin , cosec + ve
(-,+)

Domain of Trigonometric Functions

Function

Domain

sin , cos

all real numbers

cot , cosec

(2 + 1)

All real numbers other than

,

X
III quadrant
tan , cot + ve
(-,-)

IV quadrant
Cos , sec + ve
(+,-)

all real numbers other than

tan , sec

I quadrant
all + ve
(+,+)

Function
sin , cos

Range
[-1,1]

tan , cot

any real value

sec, cosec

any real value except ( - 1 , 1 )

Allied angles (or numbers) :

Two angles (or numbers) are called allied iff their sum or difference is a multiple of
Example,

are allied.

Aid to memory (large number of formulae for allied angles) :

Instead of memorising all of them, use the following rules :
Step I : Any trigonometric function of a real number
(
0 < < ) is numerically
equal to the same function of , with sign depending upon the quadrant in which the arc length (on
the unite circle) terminates. The proper sign can be ascertained by All, sin, tan, cos rule.
Example, sin( + ) = sin

third quadrant.

sign was chosen because ( + ) lies in the third quadrant and sin is

in the

Step II : Any trigonometric function of a real number (2 + 1) (

0 < < ) is
numerically equal to co-function of , with sign depending upon the quadrant in which the arc length
(on the unite circle) terminates.
Example, sec( +

) = cosec

sign was chosen because ( + ) lies in the second quadrant and sec is
the second quadrant.
Page 3

in

CHAPTER - 01

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

NOTE :
Co-function
sin and cos are co-functions of each other,
tan and cot are co-functions of each other,
sec and cosec are co-functions of each other,
For memorising use the following table :

sin
cos

tan

PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
A function f is said to be periodic iff there exists a constant real quantity p such that
(

)=

There may exist more than one value of p satisfying the above relation. The least positive value of p
satisfying above relation is called the period of f .
Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions
( ) sin( + 2 ) = sin
( ) tan( + 2 ) = tan
( ) sec( + 2 ) = sec

;
;
;

( ) cos( + 2 ) = cos
( ) cot( + 2 ) = cot
( ) cosec( + 2 ) = cosec

GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Graph of sine Function
= sin

Let

Plot the points given by the table and join them by a

free hand drawing.

Construct the table of values as under :

X

2
1

3
2
-1

2
0

Page 4

CHAPTER - 01

Trigonometry

Graph of cosine Function

= cos

Let

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Plot the points given by the table and join them by a

free hand drawing.

Construct the table of values as under :

X

2
0

-1

3
2
0

2
1

Graph of tangent Function

= tan

Let

Plot the points given by the table and join them by a

free hand drawing.

except at odd multiples of

Construct the table of values as under :

X

4
1

3
4
-1

+ 0

Graph of cotangent Function

Let

= cot

Plot the points given by the table and join them by a

free hand drawing.

except at even multiples of

Construct the table of values as under :

X

0+0

4
1

2
0

3
4
-1

Graph of secant Function

Let

= sec

Plot the points given by the table and join them by a

free hand drawing.

except at odd multiples of

Construct the table of values as under :

2
X 0
0
+0
3 2
2
3
y 1 2

-2 -1
4 3
5
3
2
0
+0
2
2
3
3
-2
2
1

Page 5

CHAPTER - 01

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Graph of cosecant Function

Let

= cosec

Plot the points given by the table and join them by a

free hand drawing.

except at even multiples of

cosec x

Construct the table of values as under :

5
X 0+0
0
6
2
6
y
2

1
2

7 3
11
+0
2 0
6 2
6
-2
-2 -1

Graph of

Graph of

( )=

Functions

& ( )=

Graph of

( ) = | | & ( ) = | |Functions

Graph of

Page 6

( )=( + )

Functions

CHAPTER - 01

Trigonometry

Graph of

( )

Graph of

( ) Functions

Graph of

Functions

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

( ) Functions

( )

Graph of

Graph of

= ;

=2

=2

Functions

= log

Page 7

Graph of

Functions

CHAPTER - 02

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Trigonometric Ratios
of Compound Angles
The algebraic sum / difference of two or more angles is called compound angle.
For example, if A, B, C are three given angles, then + , , +
angles.

Angles 2 , 2 , 3
Angles

etc. are compound

etc. are called multiple angles.

etc. are called sub-multiple angles.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SUM AND DIFFERENCE

If , ,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

>

sin( + ) = sin cos

sin( ) = sin cos
sin( +

+ cos sin
cos sin

+ ) = sin cos

cos

= cos cos
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

cos( + ) = cos cos

cos( ) = cos cos
cos ( +

[addition formula]
[subtraction formula]

+ sin cos cos

cos

( tan

+ tan

+ ) = cos cos

cos

cos

( 1 tan tan

(viii) tan( ) =
+ )=

(x) cot( + ) =
(xi) cot( ) =
+ )=

(xiii) sin( + ) sin( ) =

=
(xiv) cos( + ) cos( ) =
=

+ tan

cos sin sin

(vii) tan( + ) =

(xii) cot( +

+ sin cos cos

sin sin
+ sin sin

= cos cos

(ix) tan( +

, then

Page 1

sin sin sin

tan tan

tan

[addition formula]
[subtraction formula]
cos sin sin cos sin sin

tan

tan tan

CHAPTER - 03

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Transformation of
Sums and Products
TRANSFORMATIONS SUMES/DIFFRENCES
(i)

=2

(ii)

=2

(iii)

=2

(iv)

TRANSFORMATIONS PRODUCTS

PRODUCTS

SUMS / DIFFERENCES

(i) 2 sin cos

(ii) 2 cos sin

= sin( + ) + sin( )
= sin( + ) sin( )

(iii) 2 cos cos

(iv)

= cos( + ) + cos( )
( )
=
( + )

Page 1

CHAPTER - 04

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Multiple Angles and

Sub-multiple Angles
Formula for sine

Multiples

Sub-multiples

(i)

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

(ii)

sin 2 =

(iii)

sin 3 = 3 sin

sin

2 tan
1 +

= 2 sin cos
2
2
2 tan 2
=
1 +
2

sin

sin

= 3 sin

Formula for cosin

Multiples
(i)

Sub-multiples

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)
(vii)

=
=

Formula for tangent

Multiples
(i)

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

tan 2 =

Sub-multiples

2 tan
1

tan

sin 2
1 2
1 cos 2
tan A =
1 + cos 2

tan

tan 2 =

tan 3 =

=
=

2 tan 2
1
sin

1 2
2
1 cos
tan
=
2
1 + cos

3 tan
13

tan

3 tan 3
13

Page 1

3
3

CHAPTER - 04

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Formula for cotangent

Multiples
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Sub-multiples

1 sin

(ii)

cos = 1 + sin

1 sin

(i)

sin =

(1 cos )

(ii)

cos =

(1 + cos )

(iii)

tan =

Value of
2

sin = 1 + sin

(i)

tan

Values of

Values of

1 1+
tan

Values of some special angles

(i)

sin 18 = cos 72 =

(ii)

cos 18 = sin 72 =

(iii)

sin 36 = cos 54 =

(iv)

cos 36 = sin 54 =

(v)

tan(22 ) = cot(67 ) = 2 1

Page 2

CHAPTER - 05

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

Trigonometric Equations

An equation involving trigonometric functions of an unknown real number or angle is called a

Trigonometric Equation.

Example : cos

, cos = sin 2

etc. A solution of trigonometric is a value of unknown that

satisfies the equation.

All trigonometric functions are periodic, usually the trigonometric equations have unlimited
number of solutions. The solutions lying between 0 to 2 (or between 0 360 ) are called
Principal Solutions.
A solution generalised by means of periodicity is called a General Solution.

Trigonometric Equation
=0

sin

=1

= (4 + 1)

sin

= 1

= (4 1)

sin

= sin

=0

= (2 + 1)

cos

=1

=2

= 1

= (2 + 1)

cos

cos

= cos

=2

tan
tan
tan

cos

cos

cos

(iv)

+ ( 1)
=

=0
=

=2 +
where
+ ; cos =

| |=

cos

Here n I ( 1, 2, 3, ... ),

= sin

sin

General solution
of cos

(ii)

for sin ,
Page 1

General
solution of
tan

sin

=
General solution
of sin

sin

(i)

(iii)

General Solution

; cos

0
0

for cos ,

<

<

2
2

for tan .

CHAPTER - 05

Trigonometry

S. Jana M.Sc (Math)

Cont.: 98006630 11

NOTE :
If | | >

, then the given equation has no solution.

Remarks :
(i)

General solution of sin = c , where - 1 c 1 .

First find the smallest number or angle ( 0 2 ) such that sin = c , then the general
value of satisfying the equation sin = sin is given by
=
+ ( )
,
.

(ii)

General solution of cos = c , where - 1 c 1 .

First find the smallest number or angle ( 0 2 ) such that cos = c , then the general
value of satisfying the equation cos = cos is given by
=
,
.

(iii)

General solution of tan = c , where c R .

First find the smallest number or angle ( 0 2 ) such that sin = c , then the general
value of satisfying the equation sin = sin is given by
=
+ , .

Page 2

Name - .
Class -

Section - .

Year 20.. - 20..

School name - ..
Phone No. -
Email Id. - ..

TRIGONOMETRy
By

Susanta Jana
Ex-teacher D.B.T.(Govt. Regd.) Associate Midnapore
Town School (H.S.), Medinipur, West Medinipur, W.B.

Contact :
Mob. 9800663011
Email Id : [email protected]

WB JEE
West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination (WBJEE) is a state-government controlled
centralized test, conducted by the West Bengal Joint Entrance Examinations Board.
WBJEE is for admission to many private and governmental medical and engineering
institutions in West Bengal. The test is taken after the 12th grade for admission
to graduation (also known as Bachelors) courses. The exam can be taken by those who
studied Pure Science stream in plus two levels with the specific subjects tested in the
examination, which are Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology. There are actually two
separate tests for medical (also called WBJEE Medical) and engineering (also called WBJEE),
the difference being that the medical test has the Biology paper while the engineering test
has the Mathematics paper.
Students of both West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education (WBCHSE) and the
central Indian School Certificate (ISC) board take the test, though it is dominated by the
former.

AIEEE / JEEM
All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE) or Joint Entrance Main (JEEM) is a
centralized test conduct by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
AIEEE or JEEM is for admission to Indian Institutes of Information
Technology (IIIT), National Institutes of Technology (NIT), Centrally Funded Technical
Institutes (CFTI). The exam can be taken by those who studied Pure Science stream in plus
two levels with the specific subjects which are Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics.

IIT JEE / JEEA

Indian Institute of Technology Joint entrance Examination (IIT JEE) or Joint Entrance
Advance (JEEA) is an all India common engineering entrance examination conduct by the
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT).
IIT JEE or JEE-Advance is for admission to Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), and Indian
School of Mines (ISM), Dhanbad, an institute that will be converted to IIT.
There are some institutes like the Indian Institute of Science Education and
Research (IISER), Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), and the Indian
Institute of Science (IIS) which use the score obtained in JEE-Advanced as the basis for
admission. These are not participating institutes of central IIT JEE-Advanced counselling of
which all IITs and ISM are members. Any student who takes admission to IIT or ISM cannot
appear for JEE-Advanced exam the next year, but the same is not the case with IIS, IISER,
RGIPT and other institutes as these institutes only use JEE-Advanced score for admission.

NOTE : This information was modified by Mr. Susanta Jana (Mob.- 98-00-66-30-11 ) on 01-FEB-2016. If any
information is found wrong you can call me.