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This document provides 23 exercises involving metric spaces and concepts such as open balls, closed balls, diameter, interior, closure, boundary, connectedness, and distance between sets. The exercises cover properties of metrics on various sets including Rn, sets of functions, and product spaces. They involve showing certain subsets and functions are metrics, identifying open, closed, and interior points of subsets, and determining if subsets are compact, connected, or separated.

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102 views3 pages

Document

This document provides 23 exercises involving metric spaces and concepts such as open balls, closed balls, diameter, interior, closure, boundary, connectedness, and distance between sets. The exercises cover properties of metrics on various sets including Rn, sets of functions, and product spaces. They involve showing certain subsets and functions are metrics, identifying open, closed, and interior points of subsets, and determining if subsets are compact, connected, or separated.

Uploaded by

mtheoro
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METRIC SPACES

Problems 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16 on pages 43 and 44 of the text book Principles of


Mathematical Analysis by Walter Rudin. Also:
1. Let X = R2 and for p = (x1 , x2 ), q = (y1 , y2 ),

|x2 | + |y2 | + |x1 y1 | if x1 6= y1
d(p, q) =
|x2 y2 |
if x1 = y1 .
Show that d is a metric on X. Illustrate by diagrams in the plane what the open balls
are.
2. Let X be any set and d be the discrete metric. What are the open sets, what are the
closed sets?
3. Let X be the set of all continuous functions f : [0, 1] R. For f, g X, define
Z 1
d(f, g) =
|f (t) g(t)| dt.
0

Prove that d is a metric on X.


4. Let X be a non-empty set. Assume for every pair of points x, y X there is a unique
real number d(x, y) with the following properties:
(i) d(x, y) = 0 x = y, and
(ii) d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(z, y) for all x, y, z X.
Show that d is a metric on X.
5. Let (X1 , d1 ) and (X2 , d2 ) be two metric spaces. Let X = X1 X2 , i.e., X is the set of
all ordered pairs x = (x1 , x2 ) where x1 X1 and x2 X2 . Define d and d as follows: let
x = (x1 , x2 ), y = (y1 , y2 ) X.
d(x, y) = max{d1 (x1 , y1 ), d2 (x2 , y2 )} and d(x, y) = d1 (x1 , y1 ) + d2 (x2 , y2 ).
Show that d and d are metrics on X.
6. Let (X, d) be a metric space. Show that all subsets of X are open if and only if every
subset of X which consists of a single point is open.
7. Let X = X1 X2 , and d and d be as in Exercise 5. Show that a subset E X is open
in (X, d) if and only if it is open in (X, d).
8. Let X = R2 , d = d2 , and E = {(x1 , x2 ) : x1 > x2 }. Show that E is open in X.
9. Let E be a subset of a metric space. We define the boundary of E as E = E E c .
Show that

a) Show that X = int(E) int(E c ) E and the three sets on the right hand side are
pairwise disjoint.
b) E is closed E E.
c) E is open E E = .
10. For the following sets E R, find E 0 , E, int(E) and E.
(a) E = N,
(b) E = Q,
(c) E = R \ Q,
(d) E = (0, 1),
(e) E = [0, 1],
(f) E = [0, 1) {2, 3},
(g) E = (1, 0) (0, 1).
11. For the following sets E R2 , find E 0 , E, int(E) and E.
(a) E = {(x, y) : 1 < x2 + y 2 4},
(b) E = {(x, y) : x > 0, xy = 1},
(c) E = {(x, y) : x, y Q},
(d) E = {(x, y) : y = 0},
(e) E = {(x, y) : p
x Q},
(f) E = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 is rational},
(g) E = {(x, y) : 1/x is an integer},
(h) E = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 < 1, and y < 0}.
12. Let X = R and E be as below. Decide whether E is open, closed, or neither. If E is
not open, find a point of E which is not an interior point. If E is not closed, find a limit
point of E which is not in E.
a) E = Q,
b) E = N,
c) E = {x : x > 0},
d) E = {x : 0 < x 1},
e) E = {1 + 1/4 + 1/9 + + 1/n2 : n N}.
13. For a bounded nonempty set E X we define the diameter of E as
diam(E) = sup{d(p, q) : p, q E}.
Show that diam(E) = diam(E).
14. Let (X, d) be a metric space, Br (x) be a fixed open ball and E be a subset of X such
that diam(E) < r. Prove that E B2r (x).
15. Show that
(i) int(A B) = int(A) int(B),
(ii) int(A B) int(A) int(B). Give an example which shows that this inclusion may
be proper.

16. Let (X, d) be a metric space, let x be a point of X, and let r be a positive real
number. One is inclined to believe that the closure of the open ball Br (x) is the closed
ball Br [x]. Give an example to show that this is not necessarily true.
17. Identify which of the following sets are compact and which are not. If E is not
compact, find an open cover of E which does not have any finite subcover.
a) E = {(x, y) R2 : 4 x2 + y 2 9},
b) E = {(x, y) R2 : 4 x2 + y 2 < 9},
c) E = {(x, y) R2 : 0 < x 1 and y = sin(1/x)},
d) E = {(x, y) R2 : |xy| 1}.
18. Given two non-empty subsets A and B of a metric space, we define the distance
between them as
dist(A, B) = inf{d(x, y) : x A, y B}.
Assume further that B is compact. Show the following:
dist(A, B) = 0 A B 6= .
19. Let A and B two nonempty, compact subsets of a metric space such that A B = .
a) Show that dist(A, B) > 0.
b) Show that there are two open sets U and V such that A U , B V and U V = .
20. Identify which of the following sets are connected and which are not. If E is not
connected, find two nonempty separated sets A and B such that E = A B.
a) In X = R, E = Q,
b) In X = R2 , E = B1 (p1 )B1 (p2 ){(x, 0) : 1 < x < 1}, where p1 = (2, 0), p2 = (2, 0),
c) In X = R2 , E = {(x, y) : 0 < y x2 , x 6= 0} {(0, 0)},
d) In X = R2 , E = {(x, y) : y = sin(1/x), x 6= 0} {(0, y) : 1 y 1}.
21. Show that the intersection of two connected sets in R is connected. Show that this
is false if R is replaced by R2 .
22. Show that if E R is connected, then int(E) is also connected. Show that this is
false if R is replaced by R2 .
23. Let E be a connected subset of a metric space X, and let A be any subset of X such
that E A E. Show that A is also connected.

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