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SystemResponse Resonance

The three main factors that affect a power system's response to harmonics are the system impedance, presence of capacitor banks, and amount of resistive loads. Parallel resonance occurs when a capacitor bank is in parallel with the system inductance, magnifying voltages at the nonlinear load. Series resonance happens when a capacitor and transformer inductance appear in series to a harmonic source, amplifying voltages elsewhere in the system. The damping from system resistance and resistive loads prevents catastrophic voltage rises during resonance. Improper capacitor sizing without harmonic studies can lead to resonant conditions and equipment damage.

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Eyad A. Feilat
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296 views23 pages

SystemResponse Resonance

The three main factors that affect a power system's response to harmonics are the system impedance, presence of capacitor banks, and amount of resistive loads. Parallel resonance occurs when a capacitor bank is in parallel with the system inductance, magnifying voltages at the nonlinear load. Series resonance happens when a capacitor and transformer inductance appear in series to a harmonic source, amplifying voltages elsewhere in the system. The damping from system resistance and resistive loads prevents catastrophic voltage rises during resonance. Improper capacitor sizing without harmonic studies can lead to resonant conditions and equipment damage.

Uploaded by

Eyad A. Feilat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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System Response Characteristics

AC Resonance

System Response Characteristics


There are three primary variables affecting the
system response characteristics,
the system impedance,
the presence of a capacitor bank,
the amount of resistive loads in the system.

System Impedance
Z

sc

Rsc jX sc

kV 2
kV 1000

MVAsc
3I sc

Where:

Zsc = short-circuit impedance


Rsc = short-circuit resistance
Xsc = short-circuit reactance
kV = Line-Line voltage, kV
MVAsc= 3-Phase short-circuit MVA, MVA
Isc= short-circuit current, A
2

System Impedance
ZSC is a complex quantity, consisting of both resistance and
reactance. For industrial power systems and most utility
systems, the impedance is assumed purely reactive.
The inductive reactance portion of the impedance changes
with frequency. The reactance at the hth harmonic is
determined from the fundamental impedance reactance X1
by: Xh=hX1.
Generally, in most power systems, the resistance does not
change significantly when studying the effects of harmonics
less than the ninth.

System Impedance
At utilization voltages, such as industrial power systems, the
equivalent system reactance is often dominated by the service
transformer impedance. A good approximation for XSC may be
based on the impedance of the service entrance transformer only:
Xsc= XTX
Transformer impedance in ohms can be determined from the
percent impedance Ztx found on the nameplate by:

X TX ( )

kV 2

MVA3 ph

X TX ( pu ) ;

X TX ( pu ) X TX (%) / 100

where MVA3ph is the kVA rating of the transformer. This assumes


that the impedance is predominantly reactive. For example for a
1500-kVA, 6 % transformer, the equivalent impedance on the
480-V side is
kV 2
0.482
X TX ( )

MVA3 ph

X TX ( pu )

1.5

0.06 0.0092
4

Capacitor Impedance
Shunt capacitors, either at the customer location for power factor
correction or on the distribution system for voltage control,
dramatically alter the system impedance variation with
frequency.
Capacitors do not create harmonics, but severe harmonic
distortion can sometimes be attributed to their presence.
While the reactance of inductive components increases
proportionately to frequency, capacitive reactance XC decreases
proportionately: X 1 1

2fC

Power capacitors are rated in terms of kvar or Mvar at a given


voltage. The equivalent line-to-neutral capacitive reactance at
fundamental frequency for a capacitor bank can be determined
by:
kV 2
XC

MVAR

System Response Characteristics


Power System Harmonic Resonance

Parallel Resonance

Series Resonance

Harmonic Resonance
Natural Resonant Frequency fo = 1/2LC
fh = fo Resonance
Voltage and Current will be dominated by the resonant
frequency and can be highly distorted.
The true impact of the nonlinear load on harmonic voltage
distortion can be determined from the response of the power
system at each harmonic.

Parallel Resonance

Parallel Resonance
Parallel combination of power system inductance and
power factor correction capacitor at the nonlinear load
The highest voltage distortion is at the nonlinear load
7

Parallel Resonance

At the resonant frequency, the apparent impedance of the


parallel combination of the equivalent inductance XL and and
capacitance XC and as seen from the harmonic current source
becomes very large, i.e.,
Z p j X C h //( R jhX L )
Qp

X L XC

;
R
R

jR X C h X C X L X C X L

Qp X C Qp X L
R j (hX L X C h)
R

R X L

Parallel Resonance
Qp: is the quality factor of a resonant

circuit that determines the sharpness of


the frequency response.
During parallel resonance, a small
harmonic current Ih can cause a large
voltage drop across the apparent
impedance, Vp=QpIhXL=QpIhXC and
IC=QpIh=IL
The voltage near the capacitor bank will
be magnified and heavily distorted.
Currents flowing in the capacitor bank
and through the transformer will also be
magnified Q times. This phenomenon
will likely cause capacitor failure, fuse
blowing, or transformer overheating.,
9

Parallel Resonance
Power systems analysts typically do not have L and C readily
available and prefer to use other forms of this relationship.
They commonly compute the resonant harmonic hr based on
fundamental frequency impedances and ratings using one of the
following:
hr

where

XC

XL

MVAsc
kVATX 100

MVARcap
kVARcap Z TX (%)

hr: resonant harmonic order


XC: Capacitor reactance
Xsc: System short-circuit reactance
MVAsc: System short-circuit MVA
MVARcap(kVARcap) : MVAR (kVAR) rating of capacitor bank
kVATX: kVA rating of step-down transformer
ZTX: step-down transformer impedance
10

Parallel Resonance
Example

An industrial load bus where the transformer impedance is


dominant, the resonant harmonic for a 1500-kVA, 6 %
transformer and a 500-kvar capacitor bank is approximately
kVATX 100
1500 100
hr

kVARcap Z TX (%)
500 6
7.07 7 th harmonic

11

Parallel Resonance

Effect of Capacitor Size on the Impedance seen by the


Harmonic Source
12

Series Resonance
There are certain instances when a shunt capacitor and the
inductance of a transformer or distribution line may appear as
a series LC circuit to a source of harmonic currents.
If the resonant frequency fr corresponds to a characteristic
harmonic frequency hf1 of the nonlinear load, the LC circuit
will attract a large portion of the harmonic current that is
generated in the distribution system.
A customer having no nonlinear load, but utilizing power
factor correction capacitors, may in this way experience high
harmonic voltage distortion due to neighboring harmonic
sources.

13

Series Resonance

Series Resonance
The system inductance and capacitors are in series with
respect to the nonlinear load
The highest voltage distortion is at a remote point or on an
adjacent feeder served by the same substation transformer.
14

Series Resonance
During resonance, the power factor correction capacitor forms a

series circuit with the transformer and harmonic sources. The


harmonic source represents the harmonics produced by a nonlinear
load. The series combination of the transformer inductance and the
capacitor bank is very small (theoretically zero) and only limited by
its resistance.
Thus the harmonic current corresponding to the resonant frequency
will flow freely in this circuit. The voltage at the power factor
correction capacitor is magnified and highly distorted. This is
apparent from the following equation
Vc

j Xc h
X h
Vh c Vh
R j (hX L X c h)
R

Vc QsVh
Qs

X c h hX L X r

;
R
R
R

X r hX L X c h

15

Series Resonance
where Vh and Vc are the harmonic voltage corresponding to the

harmonic current Ih, and the voltage at the power factor


capacitor bank, respectively. The resistance R of the series
resonant circuit is small compared to the reactance.

The negligible impedance of the series resonant circuit can be

exploited to absorb desired harmonic currents. This is indeed


the principle in designing a notch filter.

16

Series Resonance
In many systems with potential series resonance problems
parallel resonance also arises due to the circuit topology.
One of these is shown, where the parallel resonance is formed
by the parallel combination between Xsource and a series
between XT and XC. The resulting parallel resonant frequency
is always smaller than its series resonant frequency due to the
source inductance contribution.
The parallel resonant frequency can be represented by the
following equation:

hr

X TX

XC
X source
17

Series Resonance

Frequency response of a circuit with series resonance


18

Frequency Impedance Scan

Peaks Parallel Resonance


Valleys Series Resonance

19

Effect of Resistance & Resistive Load


The damping provided by resistance in the system is often
sufficient to prevent catastrophic voltages and currents.
Variation of the parallel resonant circuit impedance
characteristic for various amounts of resistive load in parallel
with the capacitance is shown below. As little as 10 percent
resistive loading can have a significant beneficial impact on
peak impedance.

Effect of resistive loads on parallel resonance

20

Effect of Resistance & Resistive Load

Likewise, if there is a significant length of lines or cables


between the capacitor bus and the nearest upline transformer, the
resonance will be suppressed.

Lines and cables can add a significant amount of the resistance to


the equivalent circuit.
Loads and line resistances are the reasons why catastrophic
harmonic problems from capacitors on utility distribution feeders
are seldom seen.

The most troublesome resonant conditions occur when capacitors


are installed on substation buses, either utility substations or in
industrial facilities.
21

Effect of Resistance & Resistive Load


In these cases, where the transformer dominates the system impedance
and has a high X/R ratio, the relative resistance is low and the
corresponding parallel resonant impedance peak is very sharp and high.
This is a common cause of capacitor, transformer, or load equipment
failure.
While utility distribution engineers may be able to place feeder banks
with little concern about resonance, studies should always be performed
for industrial capacitor applications and for utility substation
applications.
Utility engineers familiar with the problems indicate that about 20
percent of industrial installations for which no studies are performed
have major operating disruptions or equipment failure due to resonance.
In fact, selecting capacitor sizes from manufacturers tables to correct the
power factor based on average monthly billing data tends to result in a
combination that tunes the system near the fifth harmonic. This is one of
the worst harmonics to which to be tuned because it is frequently the
largest component in the system.
22

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