DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.

Almekinders LC, Almekinders SV. Outcome in the treatment of chronic overuse sports injuries: a retrospective
study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;19:157-61.
James SL, Bates BT, Osternig LR. Injuries to runners. Am J Sports Med. 1978; 6:40-50.
Gruchow HW, Pelletier D. An epidemiologic study of tennis elbow. Incidence, recurrence, and effectiveness of
prevention strategies. Am J Sports Med. 1979; 7:234-8.
Benjamin M, Ralphs J. Functional and developmental anatomy of tendons and ligaments. In: Gordon SL, Blair
SJ, Fine LJ, editors. Repetitive motion disorders of the upper extremity. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1995. p 185-203.
Kannus P, Jozsa L, Jarvinnen M. Basic science of tendons. In: Garrett WE Jr, Speer KP, Kirkendall DT, editors.
Principles and practice of orthopaedic sports medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. p
21-37.
OBrien M. Structure and metabolism of tendons. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7:55-61.
Jozsa L, Balint JB, Reffy A, Demel Z. Histochemical and ultrastructural study of adult human tendon. Acta
Histochem. 1979;65:250-7.
Kvist M, Jozsa L, Jarvinen MJ, Kvist H. Chronic Achilles paratenonitis in athletes: a histological and
histochemical study. Pathology. 1987;19:1-11.
Kvist M, Jozsa L, Jarvinen M, Kvist H. Fine structural alterations in chronic Achilles paratenonitis in athletes.
Pathol Res Pract. 1985;180:416-23.
Kannus P, Jozsa L. Histopathological changes preceding spontaneous rupture of a tendon. A controlled study of
891 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1991; 73:1507-25.
Vailas AC, Tipton CM, Laughlin HL, Tcheng TK, Matthes RD. Physical activity and hypophysectomy on the
aerobic capacity of ligaments and tendons. J Appl Physiol. 1978;44:542-6.
Williams JG. Achilles tendon lesions in sport. Sports Med. 1986;3:114-35.
Hess GP, Cappiello WL, Poole RM, Hunter SC. Prevention and treatment of overuse tendon injuries. Sports
Med. 1989;8:371-84.
14. Jozsa L, Lehto M, Kannus P, Kvist M, Reffy A, Vieno T, Jarvinen M, Demel S, Elek E. Fibronectin and
laminin in Achilles tendon. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989; 60:469-71.
15. Tipton CM, Matthes RD, Maynard JA, Carey RA. The influence of physical activity on ligaments and
tendons. Med Sci Sports. 1975;7:165-75.
Kirkendall DT, Garrett WE. Function and biomechanics of tendons. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7:62-6.
Astrom M. On the nature and etiology of chronic achilles tendinopathy [thesis]. Lund, Sweden: University of
Lund; 1997.
Jozsa LG, Kannus P. Human tendons: anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics;
1997.
Movin T, Kristoffersen-Wiberg M, Shalabi A, Gad A, Aspelin P, Rolf C. Intratendinous alterations as imaged by
ultrasound and contrast medium-enhanced magnetic resonance in chronic achillodynia. Foot Ankle Int.
1998;19:311-7.
Jozsa L, Kannus P, Balint JB, Reffy A. Three-dimensional ultrastructure of human tendons. Acta Anat (Basel).
1991;142:306-12.
Balint BJ, Jozsa L. [Investigation on the construction and spacial structure of human tendons (authors transl)].
Magy Traumatol Orthop Helyreallito Seb. 1978;21:293-9. Hungarian.
Hueston JT, Wilson WF. The aetiology of trigger finger explained on the basis of intratendinous architecture.
Hand. 1972;4:257-60.
Lawler J. The structural and functional properties of thrombospondin. Blood. 1986;67:1197-209.
Miller RR, McDevitt CA. Thrombospondin in ligament, meniscus and intervertebral disc. Biochim Biophys
Acta. 1991;1115:85-8.
Riley GP, Harrall RL, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL, Mackie EJ. Tenascin-C and human tendon degeneration. Am
J Pathol. 1996;149:933-43.
Kannus P, Jozsa L, Jarvinen TA, Jarvinen TL, Kvist M, Natri A, Jarvinen M. Location and distribution of noncollagenous matrix proteins in musculoskeletal tissues of rat. Histochem J. 1998;30:799-810.
Oberhauser AF, Marszalek PE, Erickson HP, Fernandez JM. The molecular elasticity of the extracellular matrix
protein tenascin. Nature. 1998;393:181-5.
Mehr D, Pardubsky PD, Martin JA, Buckwalter JA. Tenascin-C in tendon regions subjected to compression. J
Orthop Res. 2000;18:537-45.
Jarvinen TA, Jozsa L, Kannus P, Jarvinen TL, Kvist M, Hurme T, Isola J, Kalimo H, Jarvinen M. Mechanical
loading regulates tenascin-C expression in the osteotendinous junction. J Cell Sci. 1999;112:3157-66.
Mackie EJ, Ramsey S. Expression of tenascin in joint-associated tissues during development and postnatal
growth. J Anat. 1996;188:157-65.
Elliott DH. Structure and function of mammalian tendon. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1965;40:392-421.
Kastelic J, Galeski A, Baer E. The multicomposite structure of tendon. Connect Tissue Res. 1978;6:11-23.

33.
34.
35.

36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.

53.
54.

55.
56.
57.

58.

59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.

Lundborg G, Myrhage R. The vascularization and structure of the human digital tendon sheath as related to
flexor tendon function. An angiographic and histological study. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1977;11:195-203.
Doyle JR. Anatomy of the finger flexor tendon sheath and pulley system. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1988;13:473-84.
Kvist M, Jozsa L, Kannus P, Isola J, Vieno T, Jarvinen M, Lehto M. Morphology and histochemistry of the
myotendineal junction of the rat calf muscles. Histochemical, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic
study. Acta Anat (Basel). 1991;141:199-205.
Michna H. A peculiar myofibrillar pattern in the murine muscle-tendon junction. Cell Tissue Res.1983;233:22731.
Trotter JA, Baca JM. A stereological comparison of the muscle-tendon junctions of fast and slow fibers in the
chicken. Anat Rec. 1987;218:256-66.
Tidball JG, Daniel TL. Myotendinous junctions of tonic muscle cells: structure and loading. Cell Tissue Res.
1986;245:315-22.
Tidball JG. Myotendinous junction injury in relation to junction structure and molecular composition. Exerc
Sport Sci Rev. 1991;19:419-45.
Nikolaou PK, Macdonald BL, Glisson RR, Seaber AV, Garrett WE Jr. Biomechanical and histological evaluation
of muscle after controlled strain injury. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:9-14.
Garrett WE Jr. Muscle strain injuries: clinical and basic aspects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22:436-43.
Jarvinen M, Kannus P, Kvist M, Isola J, Lehto M, Jozsa L. Macromolecular composition of the myotendinous
junction. Exp Mol Pathol. 1991;55:230-7.
Benjamin M, Ralphs JR. Fibrocartilage in tendons and ligamentsan adaptation to compressive load. J Anat.
1998;193:481-94.
Benjamin M, Qin S, Ralphs JR. Fibrocartilage associated with human tendons and their pulleys. J Anat.
1995;187:625-33.
Evans EJ, Benjamin M, Pemberton DJ. Fibrocartilage in the attachment zones of the quadriceps tendon and
patellar ligament of man. J Anat. 1990;171:155-62.
Ruptur Tendon. Available from: http://deltoidea.com/2011/06/07, diakses tanggal 30 Januari 2016 pukul 19.30.
James Edwin Lyle, MD; Chief, Carlos J Lavernia, MD, FAAOS, Quardiceps Tendon Rupture. Available from:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1249621-overview, diakses tanggal 31 Januari 2016, pukul 17.00.
Brian A Jacobs, MD, FACSM; Sherwin SW Ho, M, Tendon Achilles Rupture. Available from:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/85024-overview, diakses tanggal 31 Januari 2016, pukul 17.00.
G.B. Ha'eri, Md, M Ch Orth, Frcs (Edin), Frcs[C], Fics; Ruptures Of The Rotator Cuff, CMA Journal, 4 Oktober
1980, vol 123.
Gary L Branch, DO; Chief Editor: Robert H Meier III, MD, Biceps Ruptered. Available from:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/327119-overview#showall, diakses tanggal 31 Januari 2016, pukul 20.00.
Ted S Stashak,DVM,MS,DACVS, Tendon Laceration, Emeritus Professor, Santa Rosa, California 95409.
Murphy PG, Loitz BJ, Frank CB, Hart DA. Influence of exogenous growth factors on the synthesis and
secretion of collagen types I and III by explants of normal and healing rabbit ligaments. Biochem Cell Biol.
1994;72:403-9.
Oakes BW. Tissue healing and repair: tendons and ligaments. In: Frontera WR, editor. Rehabilitation of sports
injuries: scientific basis. Boston: Blackwell Science; 2003. p 56-98.
Tillman LJ, Chasan NP. Properties of dense connective tissue and wound healing. In: Hertling D, Kessler RM,
editors. Management of common musculoskeletal disorders: physical therapy principles and methods. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1996. p 8-21.
Hooley CJ, Cohen RE. A model for the creep behaviour of tendon. Int J Biol Macromol. 1979;1:123-32.
Abrahamsson SO. Matrix metabolism and healing in the flexor tendon. Experimental studies on rabbit tendon.
Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg Suppl. 1991;23:1-51.
Farkas LG, McCain WG, Sweeney P, Wilson W, Hurst LN, Lindsay WK. An experimental study of changes
following silastic rod preparation of a new tendon sheath and subsequent tendon grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Am.
1973;55:1149-58.
Amiel D, Akeson W, Harwood FL, Frank CB. Stress deprivation effect on metabolic turnover of medial
collateral ligament collagen. A comparison between nine- and 12-week immobilization. Clin Orthop.
1983;172:265-70.
Manske PR, Lesker PA. Biochemical evidence of flexor tendon participation in the repair processan in vitro
study. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1984;9:117-20.
Gelberman RH, Manske PR, Vande Berg JS, Lesker PA, Akeson WH. Flexor tendon repair in vitro: a
comparative histologic study of the rabbit, chicken, dog, and monkey. J Orthop Res. 1984;2:39-48.
Potenza AD. Tendon healing within the flexor digital sheath in the dog. Am J Orthop. 1962;44:49-64.
Gelberman RH, Amiel D, Harwood F. Genetic expression for type I procollagen in the early stages of flexor
tendon healing. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1992; 17:551-8.
Garner WL, McDonald JA, Kuhn C 3rd, Weeks PM. Autonomous healing of chicken flexor tendons in vitro. J
Hand Surg [Am]. 1988;13:697-700.
Manske PR, Gelberman RH, Lesker PA. Flexor tendon healing. Hand Clin. 1985;1:25-34.
Mast BA, Haynes JH, Krummel TM, Diegelmann RF, Cohen IK. In vivo degradation of fetal wound hyaluronic
acid results in increased fibroplasia, collagen deposition, and neovascularization. Plast Reconstr Surg.
1992;89:503-9.

66.
67.

68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.

76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.

83.

84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.

94.

95.

Gelberman RH, Manske PR, Akeson WH, Woo SL, Lundborg G, Amiel D. Flexor tendon repair. J Orthop Res.
1986;4:119-28.
Tokita Y, Yamaya A, Yabe Y. [An experimental study on the repair and restoration of gliding function after
digital flexor tendon injury. I. Repair of the sutured digital flexor tendon within digital sheath]. Nippon
Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1974;48:107-127. Japanese.
Fujita M, Hukuda S, Doida Y. [Experimental study of intrinsic healing of the flexor tendon: collagen synthesis
of the cultured flexor tendon cells of the canine]. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi. 1992;66:326-33. Japanese.
Ingraham JM, Hauck RM, Ehrlich HP. Is the tendon embryogenesis process resurrected during tendon healing?
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112:844-54.
Lundborg G, Rank F. Experimental studies on cellular mechanisms involved in healing of animal and human
flexor tendon in synovial environment. Hand. 1980;12:3-11.
Lundborg G, Hansson HA, Rank F, Rydevik B. Superficial repair of severed flexor tendons in synovial
environment. An experimental, ultrastructural study on cellular mechanisms. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1980;5:451-61.
Russell JE, Manske PR. Collagen synthesis during primate flexor tendon repair in vitro. J Orthop Res.
1990;8:13-20.
Becker H, Graham MF, Cohen IK, Diegelmann RF. Intrinsic tendon cell proliferation in tissue culture. J Hand
Surg [Am]. 1981;6:616-9.
Koob TJ. Biomimetic approaches to tendon repair. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.
2002;133:1171-92.
Klein MB, Pham H, Yalamanchi N, Chang J. Flexor tendon wound healing in vitro: the effect of lactate on
tendon cell proliferation and collagen production. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2001;26:847-54. Erratum in: J Hand Surg
[Am]. 2002; 27:740.
Riederer-Henderson MA, Gauger A, Olson L, Robertson C, Greenlee TK Jr. Attachment and extracellular matrix
differences between tendon and synovial fibroblastic cells. In Vitro. 1983;19:127-33.
Koob TJ, Summers AP. Tendonbridging the gap. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.
2002;133:905-9.
Strickland JW. Flexor tendons: acute injuries. In: Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Pedersen WC, editors. Greens
operative hand surgery. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1999. p 1851-97.
Uhthoff HK, Sarkar K. Surgical repair of rotator cuff ruptures. The importance of the subacromial bursa. J Bone
Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:399-401.
Oshiro W, Lou J, Xing X, Tu Y, Manske PR. Flexor tendon healing in the rat: a histologic and gene expression
study. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2003;28:814-23.
Evans CH. Cytokines and the role they play in the healing of ligaments and tendons. Sports Med. 1999;28:71-6.
Sciore P, Boykiw R, Hart DA. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of
mRNA for growth factors and growth factor receptors from normal and healing rabbit medial collateral ligament
tissue. J Orthop Res. 1998;16:429-37.
Chang J, Most D, Stelnicki E, Siebert JW, Longaker MT, Hui K, Lineaweaver WC. Gene expression of
transforming growth factor beta-1 in rabbit zone II flexor tendon wound healing: evidence for dual mechanisms
of repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100:937-44.
Chang J, Most D, Thunder R, Mehrara B, Longaker MT, Lineaweaver WC. Molecular studies in flexor tendon
wound healing: the role of basic fibroblast growth factor gene expression. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1998;23:1052-8.
Woo SL, Hildebrand K, Watanabe N, Fenwick JA, Papageorgiou CD, Wang JH. Tissue engineering of ligament
and tendon healing. Clin Orthop. 1999;367 Suppl:S312-23.
Natsu-ume T, Nakamura N, Shino K, Toritsuka Y, Horibe S, Ochi T. Temporal and spatial expression of
transforming growth factor-beta in the healing patellar ligament of the rat. J Orthop Res. 1997;15:837-43.
Ker RF. Dynamic tensile properties of the plantaris tendon of sheep (Ovis aries). J Exp Biol. 1981;93:283-302.
Riemersma DJ, Schamhardt HC. In vitro mechanical properties of equine tendons in relation to cross-sectional
area and collagen content. Res Vet Sci. 1985;39:263-70.
Wilson AM, Goodship AE. Exercise-induced hyperthermia as a possible mechanism for tendon degeneration. J
Biomech. 1994;27:899-905.
Arancia G, Crateri Trovalusci P, Mariutti G, Mondovi B. Ultrastructural changes induced by hyperthermia in
Chinese hamster V79 fibroblasts. Int J Hyperthermia. 1989;5:341-50.
Birch HL, Wilson AM, Goodship AE. The effect of exercise-induced localised hyperthermia on tendon cell
survival. J Exp Biol. 1997;200:1703-8.
Yuan J, Wang MX, Murrell GA. Cell death and tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22:693-701.
Arnoczky SP, Tian T, Lavagnino M, Gardner K, Schuler P, Morse P. Activation of stress-activated protein
kinases (SAPK) in tendon cells following cyclic strain: the effects of strain frequency, strain magnitude, and
cytosolic calcium. J Orthop Res. 2002;20:947-52.
Skutek M, van Griensven M, Zeichen J, Brauer N, Bosch U. Cyclic mechanical stretching of human patellar
tendon fibroblasts: activation of JNK and modulation of apoptosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc.
2003;11:122-9.
Yuan J, Murrell GA, Trickett A, Wang MX. Involvement of cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation in
the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human tendon fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003;1641:35-41.

96.

Yuan J, Murrell GA, Wei AQ, Wang MX. Apoptosis in rotator cuff tendonopathy. J Orthop Res. 2002;20:13729.
97. Machner A, Baier A, Wille A, Drynda S, Pap G, Drynda A, Mawrin C, Buhling F, Gay S, Neumann W, Pap T.
Higher susceptibility to Fas ligand induced apoptosis and altered modulation of cell death by tumor necrosis
factor-alpha in periarticular tenocytes from patients with knee joint osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther.
2003;5:R253-61.
98. Stone D, Green C, Rao U, Aizawa H, Yamaji T, Niyibizi C, Carlin G, Woo SL. Cytokine-induced tendinitis: a
preliminary study in rabbits. J Orthop Res. 1999; 17:168-77.
99. Sullo A, Maffulli N, Capasso G, Testa V. The effects of prolonged peritendinous administration of PGE1 to the
rat Achilles tendon: a possible animal model of chronic Achilles tendinopathy. J Orthop Sci. 2001;6:349-57.
100. Wang JH, Jia F, Yang G, Yang S, Campbell BH, Stone D, Woo SL. Cyclic mechanical stretching of human
tendon fibroblasts increases the production of prostaglandin E2 and levels of cyclooxygenase expression: a
novel in vitro model study. Connect Tissue Res. 2003;44:128-33.
101. Skutek M, van Griensven M, Zeichen J, Brauer N, Bosch U. Cyclic mechanical stretching enhances secretion of
Interleukin 6 in human tendon fibroblasts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2001;9:322-6.
102. Marui T, Niyibizi C, Georgescu HI, Cao M, Kavalkovich KW, Levine RE, Woo SL. Effect of growth factors on
matrix synthesis by ligament fibroblasts. J Orthop Res. 1997;15:18-23.
103. Abrahamsson SO, Lohmander S. Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on matrix and DNA
synthesis in various regions and types of rabbit tendons. J Orthop Res. 1996;14:370-6.
104. Evans TJ, Buttery LD, Carpenter A, Springall DR, Polak JM, Cohen J. Cytokinetreated human neutrophils
contain inducible nitric oxide synthase that produces nitration of ingested bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1996;93:9553-8.
105. Richter C, Gogvadze V, Laffranchi R, Schlapbach R, Schweizer M, Suter M, Walter P, Yaffee M. Oxidants in
mitochondria: from physiology to diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995;1271:67-74.
106. Ziche M, Morbidelli L, Masini E, Amerini S, Granger HJ, Maggi CA, Geppetti P, Ledda F. Nitric oxide
mediates angiogenesis in vivo and endothelial cell growth and migration in vitro promoted by substance P. J
Clin Invest. 1994;94:2036-44.
107. Murrell GA, Szabo C, Hannafin JA, Jang D, Dolan MM, Deng XH, Murrell DF, Warren RF. Modulation of
tendon healing by nitric oxide. Inflamm Res. 1997;46:19-27.
108. Lin JH, Wang MX, Wei A, Zhu W, Diwan AD, Murrell GA. Temporal expression of nitric oxide synthase
isoforms in healing Achilles tendon. J Orthop Res. 2001;19:136-42.
109. Ackermann PW. Peptidergic innervation of periarticular tissue [thesis]. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska
Institute; 2001.
110. Nakamura-Craig M, Smith TW. Substance P and peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia. Pain. 1989;38:91-8.
111. Maggi CA. Tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) as cotransmitters released from peripheral
endings of sensory nerves. Prog Neurobiol. 1995;45:1-98.
112. Brain SD, Williams TJ, Tippins JR, Morris HR, MacIntyre I. Calcitonin generelated peptide is a potent
vasodilator. Nature. 1985;313:54-6.
113. Vasko MR, Campbell WB, Waite KJ. Prostaglandin E2 enhances bradykininstimulated release of neuropeptides
from rat sensory neurons in culture. J Neurosci. 1994;14:4987-97.
114. Schaible HG, Grubb BD. Afferent and spinal mechanisms of joint pain. Pain. 1993;55:5-54.
115. Manske PR. Flexor tendon healing. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1988;13:237-45.
116. Bruns J, Kampen J, Kahrs J, Plitz W. Achilles tendon rupture: experimental results on spontaneous repair in a
sheep-model. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2000;8:364-9.
117. Wang CJ, Wang FS, Yang KD, Weng LH, Hsu CC, Huang CS, Yang LC. Shock wave therapy induces
neovascularization at the tendon-bone junction. A study in rabbits. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:984-9.
118. Chen YJ, Wang CJ, Yang KD, Kuo YR, Huang HC, Huang YT, Sun YC, Wang FS. Extracorporeal shock
waves promote healing of collagenase-induced Achilles tendinitis and increase TGF-beta1 and IGF-I
expression. J Orthop Res. 2004;22:854-61.
119. Speed CA, Richards C, Nichols D, Burnet S, Wies JT, Humphreys H, Hazleman BL. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for tendonitis of the rotator cuff. A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg
Br. 2002;84:509-12.
120. Gerdesmeyer L, Wagenpfeil S, Haake M, Maier M, Loew M, Wortler K, Lampe R, Seil R, Handle G, Gassel
S, Rompe JD. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic calcifying tendonitis of the
rotator cuff: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;290:2573-80.
121. Rompe JD, Kirkpatrick CJ, Kullmer K, Schwitalle M, Krischek O. Doserelated effects of shock waves on
rabbit tendo Achillis. A sonographic and histological study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80:546-52.
122. Lee EW, Maffulli N, Li CK, Chan KM. Pulsed magnetic and electromagnetic fields in experimental achilles
tendonitis in the rat: a prospective randomized study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:399-404.
123. Owoeye I, Spielholz NI, Fetto J, Nelson AJ. Low-intensity pulsed galvanic current and the healing of
tenotomized rat achilles tendons: preliminary report using load-to-breaking measurements. Arch Phys Med
Rehabil. 1987;68:415-8.

124. Fujita M, Hukuda S, Doida Y. The effect of constant direct electrical current on intrinsic healing in the flexor
tendon in vitro. An ultrastructural study of differing attitudes in epitenon cells and tenocytes. J Hand Surg
[Br]. 1992; 17:94-8.
125. Greenough CG. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields on flexor tendon healing in the rabbit. J Hand Surg
[Br]. 1996;21:808-12.
126. Reddy GK, Stehno-Bittel L, Enwemeka CS. Laser photostimulation of collagen production in healing rabbit
Achilles tendons. Lasers Surg Med. 1998;22:281-7.
127. Ozkan N, Altan L, Bingol U, Akln S, Yurtkuran M. Investigation of the supplementary effect of GaAs laser
therapy on the rehabilitation of human digital flexor tendons. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2004;22:105-10.
128. Tasto JP, Cummings J, Medlock V, Harwood F, Hardesty R, Amiel D. The tendon treatment center: new
horizons in the treatment of tendinosis. Arthroscopy. 2003;19 Suppl 1:213-23.
129. Chang J, Most D, Stelnicki E, Siebert JW, Longaker MT, Hui K, Lineaweaver WC. Gene expression of
transforming growth factor beta-1 in rabbit zone II flexor tendon wound healing: evidence for dual
mechanisms of repair. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100:937-44.
130. Banes AJ, Tsuzaki M, Hu P, Brigman B, Brown T, Almekinders L, Lawrence WT, Fischer T. PDGF-BB, IGF-I
and mechanical load stimulate DNA synthesis in avian tendon fibroblasts in vitro. J Biomech. 1995;28:150513.
131. Ghahary A, Shen YJ, Scott PG, Gong Y, Tredget EE. Enhanced expression of mRNA for transforming growth
factor-beta, type I and type III procollagen in human post-burn hypertrophic scar tissues. J Lab Clin Med.
1993;122:465-73.
132. Peltonen J, Hsiao LL, Jaakkola S, Sollberg S, Aumailley M, Timpl R, Chu ML, Uitto J. Activation of collagen
gene expression in keloids: co-localization of type I and VI collagen and transforming growth factor-beta 1
mRNA. J Invest Dermatol. 1991;97:240-8.
133. Abrahamsson SO, Lohmander S. Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor-I on matrix and DNA
synthesis in various regions and types of rabbit tendons. J Orthop Res. 1996;14:370-6.
134. Chang J, Thunder R, Most D, Longaker MT, Lineaweaver WC. Studies in flexor tendon wound healing:
neutralizing antibody to TGF-beta1 increases postoperative range of motion. Plast Reconstr Surg.
2000;105:148-55.
135. Tsuzaki M, Brigman BE, Yamamoto J, Lawrence WT, Simmons JG, Mohapatra NK, Lund PK, Van Wyk J,
Hannafin JA, Bhargava MM, Banes AJ. Insulin-like growth factor-I is expressed by avian flexor tendon cells.
J Orthop Res. 2000;18:546-56.
136. Murphy DJ, Nixon AJ. Biochemical and site-specific effects of insulin-like growth factor I on intrinsic
tenocyte activity in equine flexor tendons. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58:103-9.
137. Dahlgren LA, van der Meulen MC, Bertram JE, Starrak GS, Nixon AJ. Insulinlike growth factor-I improves
cellular and molecular aspects of healing in a collagenase-induced model of flexor tendinitis. J Orthop Res.
2002;20:910-9.
138. Dowling BA, Dart AJ, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Walsh WR. Recombinant equine growth hormone does not
affect the in vitro biomechanical properties of equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Vet Surg. 2002;31:32530.
139. Ferrara N. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the regulation of angiogenesis. Kidney Int.
1999;56:794-814.
140. Neufeld G, Cohen T, Gengrinovitch S, Poltorak Z. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its
receptors. FASEB J. 1999;13:9-22.
141. Pufe T, Petersen W, Tillmann B, Mentlein R. The angiogenic peptide vascular endothelial growth factor is
expressed in foetal and ruptured tendons. Virchows Arch. 2001;439:579-85.
142. Bidder M, Towler DA, Gelberman RH, Boyer MI. Expression of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth
factor at the repair site of healing canine flexor tendon. J Orthop Res. 2000;18:247-52.
143. Boyer MI, Watson JT, Lou J, Manske PR, Gelberman RH, Cai SR. Quantitative variation in vascular
endothelial growth factor mRNA expression during early flexor tendon healing: an investigation in a canine
model. J Orthop Res. 2001; 19:869-72.
144. Yang R, Thomas GR, Bunting S, Ko A, Ferrara N, Keyt B, Ross J, Jin H. Effects of vascular endothelial
growth factor on hemodynamics and cardiac performance. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996;27:838-44.
145. Zhang F, Liu H, Stile F, Lei MP, Pang Y, Oswald TM, Beck J, Dorsett-Martin W, Lineaweaver WC. Effect of
vascular endothelial growth factor on rat Achilles tendon healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112:1613-9.
146. Chang SC, Hoang B, Thomas JT, Vukicevic S, Luyten FP, Ryba NJ, Kozak CA, Reddi AH, Moos M Jr.
Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins. New members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily
predominantly expressed in long bones during human embryonic development. J Biol Chem.
1994;269:28227-34.
147. Wolfman NM, Hattersley G, Cox K, Celeste AJ, Nelson R, Yamaji N, Dube JL, DiBlasio-Smith E, Nove J,
Song JJ, Wozney JM, Rosen V. Ectopic induction of tendon and ligament in rats by growth and differentiation
factors 5, 6, and 7, members of the TGF-beta gene family. J Clin Invest. 1997;100:321-30.
148. Mikic B, Schalet BJ, Clark RT, Gaschen V, Hunziker EB. GDF-5 deficiency in mice alters the ultrastructure,
mechanical properties and composition of the Achilles tendon. J Orthop Res. 2001;19:365-71.

149. Forslund C, Rueger D, Aspenberg P. A comparative dose-response study of cartilage-derived morphogenetic

protein (CDMP)-1, -2 and -3 for tendon healing in rats. J Orthop Res. 2003;21:617-21.
150. Forslund C, Aspenberg P. Improved healing of transected rabbit Achilles tendon after a single injection of
cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:555-9.
151. Nakamura N, Timmermann SA, Hart DA, Kaneda Y, Shrive NG, Shino K, Ochi T, Frank CB. A comparison of
in vivo gene delivery methods for antisense therapy in ligament healing. Gene Ther. 1998;5:1455-61.
152. Nakamura N, Shino K, Natsuume T, Horibe S, Matsumoto N, Kaneda Y, Ochi T. Early biological effect of in
vivo gene transfer of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B into healing patellar ligament. Gene Ther.
1998;5:1165-70.
153. Hannallah D, Peterson B, Lieberman JR, Fu FH, Huard J. Gene therapy in orthopaedic surgery. Instr Course
Lect. 2003;52:753-68.
154. Nakamura N, Horibe S, Matsumoto N, Tomita T, Natsuume T, Kaneda Y, Shino K, Ochi T. Transient
introduction of a foreign gene into healing rat patellar ligament. J Clin Invest. 1996;97:226-31.
155. Gerich TG, Kang R, Fu FH, Robbins PD, Evans CH. Gene transfer to the rabbit patellar tendon: potential for
genetic enhancement of tendon and ligament healing. Gene Ther. 1996;3:1089-93.
156. Gerich TG, Kang R, Fu FH, Robbins PD, Evans CH. Gene transfer to the patellar tendon. Knee Surg Sports
Traumatol Arthrosc. 1997;5:118-23.
157. Lou J, Kubota H, Hotokezaka S, Ludwig FJ, Manske PR. In vivo gene transfer and overexpression of focal
adhesion kinase (pp125 FAK) mediated by recombinant adenovirus-induced tendon adhesion formation and
epitenon cell change. J Orthop Res. 1997;15:911-8.
158. Wolfman NM, Celeste AJ, Cox K, Hattersley G, Nelson R, Yamaji N, DiBlasioSmith E, Nove J, Song JJ,
Wozney JM, Rosen V. Preliminary characterization of the biological activities of rhBMP-12. J Bone Miner
Res.1995;10:S148.
159. Fu SC, Wong YP, Chan BP, Pau HM, Cheuk YC, Lee KM, Chan KM. The roles of bone morphogenetic
protein (BMP) 12 in stimulating the proliferation and matrix production of human patellar tendon fibroblasts.
Life Sci. 2003;72:2965-74.
160. Lou J, Tu Y, Burns M, Silva MJ, Manske P. BMP-12 gene transfer augmentation of lacerated tendon repair. J
Orthop Res. 2001;19:1199-202.
161. Nakamura N, Shino K, Natsuume T, Horibe S, Matsumoto N, Kaneda Y, Ochi T. Early biological effect of in
vivo gene transfer of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B into healing patellar ligament. Gene Ther.
1998;5:1165-70.
162. Marchant JK, Hahn RA, Linsenmayer TF, Birk DE. Reduction of type V collagen using a dominant-negative
strategy alters the regulation of fibrillogenesis and results in the loss of corneal-specific fibril morphology. J
Cell Biol. 1996;135:1415-26.
163. Adachi E, Hayashi T. In vitro formation of hybrid fibrils of type V collagen and type I collagen. Limited
growth of type I collagen into thick fibrils by type V collagen. Connect Tissue Res. 1986;14:257-66.
164. Niyibizi C, Kavalkovich K, Yamaji T, Woo SL. Type V collagen is increased during rabbit medial collateral
ligament healing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2000;8:281-5.
165. Shimomura T, Jia F, Niyibizi C, Woo SL. Antisense oligonucleotides reduce synthesis of procollagen alpha1
(V) chain in human patellar tendon fibroblasts: potential application in healing ligaments and tendons.
Connect Tissue Res. 2003;44:167-72.
166. Hart DA, Nakamura N, Marchuk L, Hiraoka H, Boorman R, Kaneda Y, Shrive NG, Frank CB. Complexity of
determining cause and effect in vivo after antisense gene therapy. Clin Orthop. 2000;379 Suppl:S242-51.
167. Nakamura N, Timmermann SA, Hart DA, Kaneda Y, Shrive NG, Shino K, Ochi T, Frank CB. A comparison of
in vivo gene delivery methods for antisense therapy in ligament healing. Gene Ther. 1998;5:1455-61.
168. Nakamura N, Hart DA, Boorman RS, Kaneda Y, Shrive NG, Marchuk LL, Shino K, Ochi T, Frank CB.
Decorin antisense gene therapy improves functional healing of early rabbit ligament scar with enhanced
collagen fibrillogenesis in vivo. J Orthop Res. 2000;18:517-23.
169. Caplan AI. The mesengenic process. Clin Plast Surg. 1994;21:429-35.
170. Caplan AI, Bruder SP. Mesenchymal stem cells: building blocks for molecular medicine in the 21st century.
Trends Mol Med. 2001;7:259-64.
171. Buckingham ME. Muscle: the regulation of myogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1994;4:745-51.
172. Dennis JE, Charbord P. Origin and differentiation of human and murine stroma. Stem Cells. 2002;20:205-14.
173. Tontonoz P, Hu E, Spiegelman BM. Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPAR gamma 2, a lipidactivated transcription factor. Cell. 1994;79:1147-56. Erratum in: Cell. 1995;80:following 957.
174. Fajas L, Fruchart JC, Auwerx J. Transcriptional control of adipogenesis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998;10:165-73.
175. Ducy P, Karsenty G. Genetic control of cell differentiation in the skeleton. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1998;10:6149.
176. Satomura K, Krebsbach P, Bianco P, Gehron Robey P. Osteogenic imprinting upstream of marrow stromal cell
differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 2000;78:391-403.
177. Pelinkovic D, Lee JY, Engelhardt M, Rodosky M, Cummins J, Fu FH, Huard J. Muscle cell-mediated gene
delivery to the rotator cuff. Tissue Eng. 2003;9:143-51.
178. Young RG, Butler DL, Weber W, Caplan AI, Gordon SL, Fink DJ. Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a
collagen matrix for Achilles tendon repair. J Orthop Res. 1998;16:406-13.

179. Awad HA, Butler DL, Boivin GP, Smith FN, Malaviya P, Huibregtse B, Caplan AI. Autologous mesenchymal
stem cell-mediated repair of tendon. Tissue Eng. 1999;5:267-77.
180. Cao Y, Liu Y, Liu W, Shan Q, Buonocore SD, Cui L. Bridging tendon defects using autologous tenocyte
engineered tendon in a hen model. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;110:1280-9.
181. Powers SK, Howley ET. Exercise physiology: theory and application to fitness and performance. 4th ed.
Boston: McGraw Hill; 2001.
182. Baechle TR, Earle R. Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2000.
183. Jaibaji M. Advances in the biology of zone II flexor tendon healing and adhesion formation. Ann Plast Surg.
2000;45:83-92.
184. Ippolito E, Natali PG, Postacchini F, Accinni L, De Martino C. Ultrastructural and immunochemical evidence
of actin in the tendon cells. Clin Orthop. 1977;126:282-4.
185. Murray MM, Spector M. Fibroblast distribution in the anteromedial bundle of the human anterior cruciate
ligament: the presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells. J Orthop Res. 1999;17:18-27.
186. Schurch W, Seemayer TA, Gabbiani G. The myofibroblast: a quarter century after its discovery. Am J Surg
Pathol. 1998;22:141-7.
187. Serini G, Gabbiani G. Mechanisms of myofibroblast activity and phenotypic modulation. Exp Cell Res.
1999;250:273-83.
188. Weiler A, Unterhauser FN, Bail HJ, Huning M, Haas NP. Alpha-smooth muscle actin is expressed by
fibroblastic cells of the ovine anterior cruciate ligament and its free tendon graft during remodeling. J Orthop
Res. 2002;20:310-7.
189. Hunter JM, Salisbury RE. Flexor-tendon reconstruction in severely damaged hands. A two-stage procedure
using a silicone-dacron reinforced gliding prosthesis prior to tendon grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Am.
1971;53:829-58.
190. Nishimura K, Nakamura RM, diZerega GS. Ibuprofen inhibition of postsurgical adhesion formation: a time
and dose response biochemical evaluation in rabbits. J Surg Res. 1984;36:115-24.
191. Nishimura K, Shimanuki T, diZerega GS. Ibuprofen in the prevention of experimentally induced postoperative
adhesions. Am J Med. 1984;77:102-6.
192. Szabo RM, Younger E. Effects of indomethacin on adhesion formation after repair of zone II tendon
lacerations in the rabbit. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1990;15:4803. Erratum in: J Hand Surg [Am]. 1990;15:802.
193. Hagberg L, Heinegard D, Ohlsson K. The contents of macromolecule solutes in flexor tendon sheath fluid and
their relation to synovial fluid. A quantitative analysis. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1992;17:167-71.
194. Hagberg L, Gerdin B. Sodium hyaluronate as an adjunct in adhesion prevention after flexor tendon surgery in
rabbits. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1992;17:935-41.
195. Tuncay I, Ozbek H, Atik B, Ozen S, Akpinar F. Effects of hyaluronic acid on postoperative adhesion of tendo
calcaneus surgery: an experimental study in rats. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2002;41:104-8.
196. Wiig M, Abrahamsson SO, Lundborg G. Tendon repaircellular activities in rabbit deep flexor tendons and
surrounding synovial sheaths and the effects of hyaluronan: an experimental study in vivo and in vitro. J Hand
Surg [Am]. 1997; 22:818-25.
197. Khan U, Occleston NL, Khaw PT, McGrouther DA. Single exposures to 5fluorouracil: a possible mode of
targeted therapy to reduce contractile scarring in the injured tendon. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:465-71.
198. Khan U, Kakar S, Akali A, Bentley G, McGrouther DA. Modulation of the formation of adhesions during the
healing of injured tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82:1054-8.
199. Moran SL, Ryan CK, Orlando GS, Pratt CE, Michalko KB. Effects of 5fluorouracil on flexor tendon repair. J
Hand Surg [Am]. 2000;25:242-51.
200. Kannus P, Jzsa KP, Renstrom P, Jrvinen M, Kvist M, Lehto M, Oja P, Vuori I. The effects of training,
immobilization and remobilization on musculoskeletal tissue. 1: training and immobilization. Scand J Med Sci
Sports. 1992;2:100-18.
201. Kannus P, Jozsa L, Natri A, Jarvinen M. Effects of training, immobilization and remobilization on tendons.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7:67-71.
202. Maffulli N, King JB. Effects of physical activity on some components of the skeletal system. Sports Med.
1992;13:393-407.
203. Butler DL, Grood ES, Noyes FR, Zernicke RF. Biomechanics of ligaments and tendons. Exerc Sport Sci Rev.
1978;6:125-81.
204. Yamamoto E, Hayashi K, Yamamoto N. Mechanical properties of collagen fascicles from stress-shielded
patellar tendons in the rabbit. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1999;14:418-25.
205. Akeson WH, Woo SL, Amiel D, Coutts RD, Daniel D. The connective tissue response to immobility:
biochemical changes in periarticular connective tissue of the immobilized rabbit knee. Clin Orthop.
1973;93:356-62.
206. Akeson WH, Amiel D, Mechanic GL, Woo SL, Harwood FL, Hamer ML. Collagen cross-linking alterations
in joint contractures: changes in the reducible cross-links in periarticular connective tissue collagen after nine
weeks of immobilization. Connect Tissue Res. 1977;5:15-9.
207. Kellett J. Acute soft tissue injuriesa review of the literature. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1986;18:489-500. 307.
Houglum P. Soft tissue healing and its impact on rehabilitation. J Sports Rehabil. 1992;1:19-39.

208. Almekinders LC, Baynes AJ, Bracey LW. An in vitro investigation into the effects of repetitive motion and
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medication on human tendon fibroblasts. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:119-23.
209. Zeichen J, van Griensven M, Bosch U. The proliferative response of isolated human tendon fibroblasts to
cyclic biaxial mechanical strain. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:888-92.
210. Tanaka H, Manske PR, Pruitt DL, Larson BJ. Effect of cyclic tension on lacerated flexor tendons in vitro. J
Hand Surg [Am]. 1995;20:467-73.
211. Nabeshima Y, Grood ES, Sakurai A, Herman JH. Uniaxial tension inhibits tendon collagen degradation by
collagenase in vitro. J Orthop Res. 1996;14:123-30.
212. Buckwalter JA. Activity vs. rest in the treatment of bone, soft tissue and joint injuries. Iowa Orthop J.
1995;15:29-42.
213. Buckwalter JA. Effects of early motion on healing of musculoskeletal tissues. Hand Clin. 1996;12:13-24.
214. Chow JA, Thomes LJ, Dovelle S, Monsivais J, Milnor WH, Jackson JP. Controlled motion rehabilitation after
flexor tendon repair and grafting. A multi-centre study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988;70:591-5.
215. Cullen KW, Tolhurst P, Lang D, Page RE. Flexor tendon repair in zone 2 followed by controlled active
mobilisation. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1989;14:392-5.
216.
Elliot D, Moiemen NS, Flemming AF, Harris SB, Foster AJ. The rupture rate of acute flexor tendon
repairs mobilized by the controlled active motion regimen. J Hand Surg [Br]. 1994;19:607-12.