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Lecture 1 To 3: Analog Electronics (Dr. Anita Agrawal) 15-1-16

This document summarizes a lecture on analog electronics and operational amplifiers (op-amps). It discusses op-amp fundamentals including basic configurations, ideal vs practical op-amps, and closed-loop feedback. The key points covered are the basic building blocks of analog circuits, characteristics of ideal vs practical op-amps such as finite gain and impedances, and how negative feedback makes the op-amp output self-correct to the input voltage. Positive feedback causes the output to saturate at the supply voltages.

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64 views24 pages

Lecture 1 To 3: Analog Electronics (Dr. Anita Agrawal) 15-1-16

This document summarizes a lecture on analog electronics and operational amplifiers (op-amps). It discusses op-amp fundamentals including basic configurations, ideal vs practical op-amps, and closed-loop feedback. The key points covered are the basic building blocks of analog circuits, characteristics of ideal vs practical op-amps such as finite gain and impedances, and how negative feedback makes the op-amp output self-correct to the input voltage. Positive feedback causes the output to saturate at the supply voltages.

Uploaded by

divyarai12345
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1 to 3

Analog Electronics
(Dr. Anita Agrawal)
15-1-16

Op-Amp fundamentals
Amplifier
Fundamentals
Amplifier Fundamentals
Operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifier

Basic Op-Amp Configurations

vs.Op-Amp
Practical Op-Amp
Ideal
Basic
Configurations

Ideal vs. Practical Op-Amp


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Dr. Anita Agrawal

Each port of the amplifier can be modeled with a Thevenin


equivalent:

voltage source
series resistance

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Dr. Anita Agrawal

Basic Amplifiers & their ideal terminal


resistances
Input

Output

Amplifier Type

vi

vO

Voltage
(VCVS)

vo/vi

ii

io

Current
(CCCS)

io/ii

vi

io

Transconductance
(VCCS)

io/vi

Transresistance
(CCVS)

vo/ii

ii

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vO

Transfer
function

Dr. Anita Agrawal

Ri

Gain
Symbol

Ro

Av

Ai

gm

(siemens)

rm

(ohms)

Commonly known as Op-Amps.


they were originally used to perform mathematical operations
such as integration and differentiation

Most of them behave like voltage amplifiers. They take an


input voltage and output an amplified version
These are the basic building blocks of analog circuits
Very cheap
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Equivalent circuit of an op-Amp

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A 741 C: characterized for operation from 0 to 70 C


A 741 M: characterized for operation from -55 to +125 C
Packages A 741 x :
SOIC
PDIP
SO

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Dr. Anita Agrawal

Symbol

Meaning

Minimum

Maximum

Vcc

Power supply
voltage

-18

+18

Vid

Differential input
voltage

-15

+15

Vi

Input voltage

-15

+15

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Symbol
Vcc+
Vcc-

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Minimum
5
-5

Dr. Anita Agrawal

Maximum
15
-15

11

The Op- Amp output is given by:


Vout = A ( V1 V2)
For very high gain op-amps, V1
and V2 are almost equal.

Unequal voltages: saturation region

(i) V1 > V2: Vo = Vsat


(ii) V2 > V1 : Vo = -Vsat

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Open loop (without feedback):


No connection exists either direct or via another
network between the output and input terminals

Single-ended
Differential
Common mode

Closed loop (with feedback):


A fraction of the output is fed back to the input

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Negative feedback
Positive feedback
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Input signal is connected to one input and the other input is


grounded

Vo = A (Vs1-Vs2)
Vo = A (Vs1-Vs2)

Vo = A (Vs1)

Vo = -A (Vs2)

Single-ended non-inverting amplifier

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Single-ended inverting amplifier

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15

Signals are applied to both the input terminals.


Vo = A (Vs1-Vs2)

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Two signals of the same phase, frequency and amplitude are applied to
the inputs which should result in no output (signals cancel) ideally. But,
in practical, a small output signal will result.

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Any input signal slightly greater than zero drives the output to
saturation level because of very high gain.

Thus when operated in open-loop, the output of the OPAMP


is either negative or positive saturation or switches between
positive and negative
saturation levels (comparator).
Therefore open loop op-amp is not used in linear applications.

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Practical vs. ideal op-amp

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Since input impedance is infinite,


i1 = i2 = 0
Vo= A (V1-V2), where A tends to infinity

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Characteristics

Ideal op-Amp

Practical Op-Amp

Infinite

Finite (500k-2M)

Zero

Finite (75 )

Open-loop gain

Infinite

Finite (100 dB)

Bandwidth

Infinite

Limited (10 MHz)

noise contribution

Zero

Non-zero

DC output offset

Zero

Non-zero

Slew Rate

Infinite

Finite (0.5-20 V/s)

CMRR

Infinite

100 dB

Input Impedance
Output Impedance

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Closed loop configuration

Fraction of the output is fed back to either


inverting or non-inverting input terminals:
Negative feedback: output is fed to the inverting input
Positive feedback: output is fed to the non-inverting input

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Negative feedback

If the output is less than Vin, it goes positive

If the output is greater than Vin, it goes negative


The output quickly forces itself to be exactly Vin

Negative feedback makes it self-correcting

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Positive feedback

if Vin is slightly smaller than the input at +


terminal, the output goes way positive
This makes the + terminal even more positive
than Vin, making the situation worse
If Vin is slightly larger than the input at +
terminal, the output goes way negative
The output will finally saturate at either supply
voltage (+ or -), depending on initial offset

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