Computer graphics Lab programs (6th sem CSE)

INTRODUCTION
OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is an application program interface (API) that is used to define 2D
and 3D computer graphics.
The interface consists of over 250 different function calls which can be used to draw complex threedimensional scenes from simple primitives. OpenGL was developed by Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) in 1992 and
is widely used in CAD, virtual reality, scientific visualization, information visualization, and flight simulation.
OpenGL's basic operation is to accept primitives such as points, lines and polygons, and convert them into
pixels. This is done by a graphics pipeline known as the OpenGL state machine.
FEATURES OF OpenGL :

Geometric Primitives Allow you to construct mathematical descriptions of objects.

Color coding in RGBA (Red-Green-Blue-Alpha) or in color index mode.

Viewing and Modeling permits arranging objects in a 3-dimensional scene, move our camera around

space and select the desired vantage point for viewing the scene to be rendered.

Texture mapping helps to bring realism into our models by rendering images of realistic looking

surfaces on to the faces of the polygon in our model.

Materials lighting OpenGL provides commands to compute the color of any point given the properties

of the material and the sources of light in the room.

Double buffering helps to eliminate flickering from animations. Each successive frame in an animation

is built in a separate memory buffer and displayed only when rendering of the frame is complete.

Anti-aliasing reduces jagged edges in lines drawn on a computer display. Jagged lines often appear

when lines are drawn at low resolution. Anti-aliasing is a common computer graphics technique that modifies
the color and intensity of the pixels near the line in order to reduce the artificial zig-zag.

Gouraud shading is a technique used to apply smooth shading to a 3D object and provide subtle color

differences across its surfaces.

Z-buffering keeps track of the Z coordinate of a 3D object. The Z-buffer is used to keep track of the

proximity of the viewer's object. It is also crucial for hidden surface removal

Transformations: rotation, scaling, translations, perspectives in 3D, etc.

GLUT Fuctions :The OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) is a programming interface with ANSI C and FORTRAN bindings
for writing window system independent OpenGL programs.

glutInit :- glutInit is used to initialize the GLUT library.

Syntax:- void glutInit(int *argcp, char **argv);
argcp
A pointer to the program's unmodified argc variable from main. Upon return, the value pointed to by
argcp will be updated, because glutInit extracts any command line options intended for the GLUT library.
argv
The program's unmodified argv variable from main. Like argcp, the data for argv will be updated
because glutInit extracts any command line options understood by the GLUT library.
glutInitWindowPosition, glutInitWindowSize :glutInitWindowPosition and glutInitWindowSize set the initial window position and size respectively.
Syntax:-

void glutInitWindowSize(int width, int height);

void glutInitWindowPosition(int x, int y);

width : Width in pixels.

Height:- Height in pixels.
x :- Window X location in pixels.
Y :- Window Y location in pixels.
glutInitDisplayMode:- glutInitDisplayMode sets the initial display mode.
Syntax:- void glutInitDisplayMode(unsigned int mode);
mode :- Display mode, normally the bitwise OR-ing of GLUT display mode bit masks. Mode can take
following values.
Values
GLUT_RGBA
GLUT_RGB
GLUT_INDEX

Meaning
Bit mask to select an RGBA mode window. This is the default if neither
GLUT_RGBA nor GLUT_INDEX are specified.
An alias for GLUT_RGBA.
Bit mask to select a color index mode window. This overrides
GLUT_RGBA if it is also specified.

GLUT_SINGLE

Bit mask to select a single buffered window. This is the default if neither

GLUT_DOUBLE

Bit mask to select a double buffered window. This overrides

GLUT_DEPTH

GLUT_SINGLE if it is also specified.

Bit mask to select a window with a depth buffer.

glutMainLoop:- glutMainLoop enters the GLUT event processing loop.

Syntax:- void glutMainLoop(void);

glutCreateWindow:- glutCreateWindow creates a top-level window.

Syntax:- int glutCreateWindow(char *name);
name :- ASCII character string for use as window name.
glutPositionWindow:- glutPositionWindow requests a change to the position of the current window.
Syntax:- void glutPositionWindow(int x, int y);
x :- New X location of window in pixels.
Y :- New Y location of window in pixels.
glutReshapeFunc :- glutReshapeFunc sets the reshape callback for the current window.
Syntax:- void glutReshapeFunc(void (*func)(int width, int height));
func :- The new reshape callback function.
glutDisplayFunc:- glutDisplayFunc sets the display callback for the current window.
Syntax:- void glutDisplayFunc(void (*func)(void));
func :- The new display callback function.
glutKeyboardFunc :- glutKeyboardFunc sets the keyboard callback for the current window.
Syntax:- void glutKeyboardFunc(void (*func)(unsigned char key, int x, int y));
func :- The new keyboard callback function.
glutMouseFunc:- glutMouseFunc sets the mouse callback for the current window.
Syntax:- void glutMouseFunc(void (*func)(int button, int state, int x, int y));
func :- The new mouse callback function.
GL Fuctions :glBegin & glEnd :- The glBegin and glend functions delimit the vertices of a primitive or a group of like
primitives.
Syntax :- void glBegin( GLenum mode );
mode :- The primitive or primitives that will be created from vertices presented between glBeginand the
subsequent glEnd. The following are accepted symbolic constants and their meanings:

Value
GL_POINTS

Meaning
Treats each vertex as a single point. Vertex n defines point n. Npoints are
drawn.

GL_LINES

Treats each pair of vertices as an independent line segment. Vertices 2n 1 and 2n define line n. N/2 lines are drawn.

GL_LINE_STRIP

Draws a connected group of line segments from the first vertex to the last.

Vertices n and n+1 define line n. N - 1 lines are drawn.

GL_LINE_LOOP

Draws a connected group of line segments from the first vertex to the last,
then back to the first. Vertices n and n + 1 define line n. The last line,
however, is defined by vertices N and 1. N lines are drawn.

GL_TRIANGLES

Treats each triplet of vertices as an independent triangle. Vertices3n - 2, 3n - 1,

and 3n define triangle n. N/3 triangles are drawn.

GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP Draws a connected group of triangles. One triangle is defined for each vertex
presented after the first two vertices. For odd n, vertices n, n + 1, and n +
2 define triangle n. For even n, vertices n + 1, n, and n + 2 define triangle n. N
- 2 triangles are drawn.
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN

Draws a connected group of triangles. one triangle is defined for each vertex
presented after the first two vertices. Vertices 1, n + 1, n + 2 define
triangle n. N - 2 triangles are drawn.

GL_QUADS

Treats each group of four vertices as an independent quadrilateral. Vertices 4n

- 3, 4n - 2, 4n - 1, and 4n define quadrilateral n. N/4quadrilaterals are drawn.

GL_QUAD_STRIP

Draws a connected group of quadrilaterals. One quadrilateral is defined for

each pair of vertices presented after the first pair. Vertices 2n - 1, 2n, 2n + 2,
and 2n + 1 define quadrilateral n. N/2 - 1 quadrilaterals are drawn. Note that
the order in which vertices are used to construct a quadrilateral from strip data
is different from that used with independent data.

GL_POLYGON

Draws a single, convex polygon. Vertices 1 through N define this polygon.

glclear :- The glClear function clears buffers to preset values.

Syntax:- void glClear(GLbitfield mask);
mask :- Bitwise OR operators of masks that indicate the buffers to be cleared. The four masks are as follows.

Value

Meaning

GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT

The buffers currently enabled for color writing.

GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT

The depth buffer.

GL_ACCUM_BUFFER_BIT The accumulation buffer.

GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT The stencil buffer.

glClearColor:- The glClearColor function specifies clear values for the color buffers.

Syntax :-void glClearColor(red, green, blue, alpha);

red :- The red value that glClear uses to clear the color buffers. The default value is zero.
green :-The green value that glClear uses to clear the color buffers. The default value is zero.
blue :- The blue value that glClear uses to clear the color buffers. The default value is zero.
alpha :-The alpha value that glClear uses to clear the color buffers. The default value is zero.
glColor3i :- Sets the current color.
Syntax :- void glColor3i(GLint red, GLint green, GLint blue);
red :- The new red value for the current color.
green :-The new green value for the current color.
blue :- The new blue value for the current color.
glColor3fv:- Sets the current color from an already existing array of color values.
Syntax :- void glColor3fv(const GLfloat *v);
V:- A pointer to an array that contains red, green, and blue values.
glEnable, glDisable :- The glEnable and glDisable functions enable or disable OpenGL capabilities.
Syntax :- void glEnable(GLenum cap);
void glDisable(GLenum cap);
cap :- Both glEnable and glDisable take a single argument, cap, which can assume one of the following values:

Value
GL_DEPTH_TEST

Meaning
If enabled, do depth comparisons and update the depth buffer.
SeeglDepthFunc and glDepthRange.

GL_LINE_SMOOTH If enabled, draw lines with correct filtering. If disabled, draw aliased lines.
See glLineWidth.
GL_LINE_STIPPLE

If enabled, use the current line stipple pattern when drawing lines. SeeglLineStipple.

GL_NORMALIZE

If enabled, normal vectors specified with glNormal are scaled to unit length after
transformation. See glNormal.

GL_POINT_SMOOTH If enabled, draw points with proper filtering. If disabled, draw aliased points.
See glPointSize.
glFlush:- The glFlush function forces execution of OpenGL functions in finite time.
Syntax:- void glFlush(void);
This function has no parameters.
glFrustum:- The glFrustum function multiplies the current matrix by a perspective matrix.
Syntax :- void glFrustum(GLdouble left, GLdouble right, GLdouble bottom,
GLdouble top, GLdouble zNear, GLdouble zFar);
left :- The coordinate for the left-vertical clipping plane.
right :- The coordinate for the right-vertical clipping plane.
bottom :- The coordinate for the bottom-horizontal clipping plane.

top :- The coordinate for the bottom-horizontal clipping plane.

zNear :-The distances to the near-depth clipping plane. Must be positive.
zFar :- The distances to the far-depth clipping planes. Must be positive.
glLightfv:- The glLightfv function returns light source parameter values.
Syntax:- void glLightfv(GLenum light, GLenum pname, const GLfloat *params);
Light:- The identifier of a light. The number of possible lights depends on the implementation, but at least eight
lights are supported. They are identified by symbolic names of the form GL_LIGHTiwhere i is a value:
0 to GL_MAX_LIGHTS - 1.
pname :- A single-valued light source parameter for light. The following symbolic names are accepted.
Value
GL_AMBIENT

Meaning
The params parameter contains four floating-point values that
specify the ambient RGBA intensity of the light. Floating-point
values are mapped directly. Neither integer nor floating-point
values are clamped. The default ambient light intensity is (0.0, 0.0,
0.0, 1.0).

GL_DIFFUSE

The params parameter contains four floating-point values that

specify the diffuse RGBA intensity of the light. Floating-point
values are mapped directly. Neither integer nor floating-point
values are clamped. The default diffuse intensity is (0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
1.0) for all lights other than light zero. The default diffuse intensity
of light zero is (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0).

GL_SPECULAR

The params parameter contains four floating-point values that

specify the specular RGBA intensity of the light. Floating-point
values are mapped directly. Neither integer nor floating-point
values are clamped. The default specular intensity is (0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
1.0) for all lights other than light zero. The default specular
intensity of light zero is (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0).

GL_POSITION

The params parameter contains four floating-point values that

specify the position of the light in homogeneous object coordinates.
Both integer and floating-point values are mapped directly. Neither
integer nor floating-point values are clamped.

param :- Specifies the value that parameter pname of light source light will be set to.
glLoadIdentity :- The glLoadIdentity function replaces the current matrix with the identity matrix.
Syntax :- void WINAPI glLoadIdentity(void);

glMatrixMode:- The glMatrixMode function specifies which matrix is the current matrix.
Syntax:- void glMatrixMode(GLenum mode);
mode :- The matrix stack that is the target for subsequent matrix operations. The mode parameter can assume
one of three values.

Value

Meaning

GL_MODELVIEW Applies subsequent matrix operations to the modelview matrix stack.

GL_PROJECTION Applies subsequent matrix operations to the projection matrix stack.
GL_TEXTURE

Applies subsequent matrix operations to the texture matrix stack.

glOrtho:- The glOrtho function multiplies the current matrix by an orthographic matrix.
Syntax:- void glOrtho(GLdouble left, GLdouble right, GLdouble bottom,
GLdouble top, GLdouble zNear, GLdouble zFar);
left :-The coordinates for the left vertical clipping plane.
right :- The coordinates for theright vertical clipping plane.
Bottom:- The coordinates for the bottom horizontal clipping plane.
top :- The coordinates for the top horizontal clipping plans.
zNear :- The distances to the nearer depth clipping plane. This distance is negative if the plane is to be behind
the viewer.
zFar :- The distances to the farther depth clipping plane. This distance is negative if the plane is to be behind the
viewer.
glPointSize :- The glPointSize function specifies the diameter of rasterized points.
Syntax :- void glPointSize(GLfloat size);
Size:-The diameter of rasterized points. The default is 1.0.
glPushMatrix & glPopMatrix:- The glPushMatrix and glPopMatrix functions push and pop the current
matrix stack.
Syntax:- void WINAPI glPopMatrix(void);
glRotatef:- The glRotatef function multiplies the current matrix by a rotation matrix.
Syntax :- void glRotatef(GLfloat angle, GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
angle :- The angle of rotation, in degrees.
X :- The x coordinate of a vector.
y :- The y coordinate of a vector.
z :- The z coordinate of a vector.
glScalef :- The glScaled and glScalef functions multiply the current matrix by a general scaling matrix.

Syntax :- void glScalef(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);

x :- Scale factors along the x axis.
y :- Scale factors along the y axis.
z :- Scale factors along the z axis.
glTranslatef :- The glTranslatef function multiplies the current matrix by a translation matrix.
Syntax:- void glTranslatef(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z);
x :- The x coordinate of a translation vector.
y :- The y coordinate of a translation vector.
z :- The z coordinate of a translation vector.
glVertex2d :- Specifies a vertex.
Syntax:- void glVertex2d(GLdouble x, GLdouble y);
x :- Specifies the x-coordinate of a vertex.
y :-Specifies the y-coordinate of a vertex.
glViewport :- The glViewport function sets the viewport.
Syntax:- void glViewport(GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height);
x :- The lower-left corner of the viewport rectangle, in pixels. The default is (0,0).
y :- The lower-left corner of the viewport rectangle, in pixels. The default is (0,0).
Width :-The width of the viewport. When an OpenGL context is first attached to a window, widthand height are
set to the dimensions of that window.
height :- The height of the viewport. When an OpenGL context is first attached to a window, widthand height are
set to the dimensions of that window.
GLU Functions :gluLookAt :- The gluLookAt function defines a viewing transformation.
Syntax:- void gluLookAt(GLdouble eyex, GLdouble eyey, GLdouble eyez,
GLdouble centerx, GLdouble centery,GLdouble centerz,
GLdouble upx, GLdouble upy, GLdouble upz);
eyex :- The position of the eye point.
eyey :-The position of the eye point.
eyez :- The position of the eye point.
centerx :- The position of the reference point.
centery :- The position of the reference point.
centerz :- The position of the reference point.
upx :- The direction of the up vector.
upy :- The direction of the up vector.
upz :- The direction of the up vector.
gluOrtho2D :- The gluOrtho2D function defines a 2-D orthographic projection matrix.

Syntax
top,

:- void

gluOrtho2D(GLdouble

left,

GLdouble bottom);

left :- The coordinate for the left vertical clipping plane.

right :- The coordinate for the right vertical clipping plane.
top :- The coordinate for the top horizontal clipping plane.
bottom :- The coordinate for the bottom horizontal clipping plane.

GLdouble

right,

GLdouble