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UNIT 2

Telling Stories ( I )
A.NARRATIVE
1. Purpose
To amuse or entertain
To deal with actual / imaginative experiences in different ways.
2. Text Organization :
Orientation
Complication
Resolution
3. Language Features :

Focus on specific and individualized participants

The use of material process ( action verds )
the use of some behavioral and mental processes
the use of past tenses
the use of temporal conjunction and circumstances

example text narrative :

Why Do Hawks Hunt Chicks ??
Once upen a time, a hawk fell in love with a hen. The hawk flew down from the sky
and asked the hen, Will you merry me ?
The hen loved the brave, strong hawk and wished to marry him. But she said,
I cannot fly as high as you can. If you give me time, Ii may learn to fly as high as
you. The we can fly together.
The hawk agreed. Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring. This is to
show that you have promised to marry me,
It so happened that the hen had already promised to marry a rooster. So, when
the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry. Throw that ring away at once !
shouted the rooster. Tha hen was so frightened at the roosters anger that she threw
away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came a few months later, the hen told him the truth. The hawk
was so furious that he cursed the hen. why didnt you tell me earlier ? Now, youll
always be scratching the earth, and Ill always be flying above to catch your children,
said the hawk.

B. GETTING STARTED
Listen to bieber telling another version of Why do the Sun and the Moon live n the sky?
(New Mexico version ).
Orientation

Why do the Sun and the Moon Live in the Sky ?

( New Mexico version )

complication

Long time ago, there was no day. It was always dark and always summer. This wasresolution
because the
kachina, a very powerfull people had stolen the Sun and the Moon and locked them away in a box.
In the light, coyote and Eagle, two friends wandered the desert.
Coyote and Eagle had always hunted together, but Coyote could not hunt anymore
because
complication
he could not see at night. Coyote suggested that they go to find the Sun and the Moon and make
them light up the world. Eagle was worried. He reminded Coyote that the Sun and the Moon were
very strong and it was dangerous to try to trick them.
In the end, Eagle agreed to help Coyote. While the Kachina were sleeping Coyote and Eagle
resolution
crept into their village, stole the Sun and the Moon, and headed into the hills.
Coyote told Eagle that he wanted to open the box containing the Sun and the Moon. Eagle
said No. they must wait until their travels and open it with their eyes Closed. Coyote grumbled.
He couldnt wait to see what was in the box.
Finally, he grew so curious that he threw it open. The light of the Sun was so bright that it
blinded Coyotes eyes. The Sun and the Moon laughed and flew far away, up into the sky where
they are today.

C. GET IT RIGHT
Conditional are statements with if or unless. You can use conditional clauses to talk about
a possible situation and its results.
There are two kinds of conditionals : real /factual conditionals and unreall contrary to fact
conditional.
a. Factual / Real Conditionals
When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use
this type of conditional.
Condition

Result

If

Subject

V
(present)

Subject

Will

Verb 1 + Object

if

See her

will

Buy her some books

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b. Unreal / Contrary to fact Conditional

When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely to happen, you use this
type of conditional.
Condition
If

Subject

if

if

Result
V (past)
Had a
Cellphone
Were a
teacher

Subject

Would +

Verb 1 + Object

Would

Call him

Would

Punish her

The fact is :
I dont have a cellphone, so I wont call him.
I am not a teacher, so I wont punish her.
Example :
1. What would happen if the Sun didnt shine ?
if the Sun didnt shine, there would not be daylight.
2. If the children be healthy, they will learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
If the children are healthy, they will learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
Way to say it
1. Expressing relief, pain, and pleasure
Study the following expressions.
Expressing relief :
Oh, thats a relief.
Thank goodness for that.
Thank heavents !
Oh, good !
Oh, marvelous !
Oh, what a relief !
Thats alright, then.
Phew !
Thank God for that.
Im very relieved to hear that.
Im extremely glad to hear that.
Im glad its done.
Im glad everything is running well.
I feel so relieved.
This ointment relieves my pain.
its very relaxing.

Expressing pleasure /
pleased :

Im very pleased with this room

Oh, how marvelous !
Oh, its wonderful
its good news.
Smashing !
Terrific !
Fantastic !
Super !

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Interjection (a sound in English to express pain) :

Ouch ! it hurts me so much.
Ouch ! Stop pinching me.
oh ! What shall I do if hes already married ?
0oh ! my head aches ! And my back hurts !
Ah ! What is it ?
0uch ! that hurts ?
Aw ! the pain hurts me very much.
Its very painful. I cant stand it
I cant stand it. the pain is getting worse and worse.

Example Relief, Pain And Pleasure

Situation
You have sprained one of your ankles.
A friend of your was saved from a terrible
accident
Youve been looking for an important paper
and now your have found it
While swimming, suddenly your left leg was
getting cramped
Youve been waiting for a bus to come for
almost an hour. at last, the bus has arrived

Expressions
I cant stand it. the pain is getting worse and
worse
Thank God. He was saved
Thank heaven. I need very much
Ouch, it very painful
What a relief. it is coming at last

ways to say it
2. Expressing Feeling Scared
Expressing Scared
Im scared
You scare me
its frightening
its horrible
The sight terrified me so much
I cant forget that terrible experience
The fear is creeping into my heart

Example :
lee
: look, last night I had a horrible dream
Justin : Really ? Tell me about it
Lee
: well, in my dream last night, I dreamed that I met strange and scary woman
Justin : Scary ? How ?
Lee
: She looks weird and creepy, dressed all in white and she kept looking at me with
eyes that make me scared.

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Justin : It sound very scary , then what happens ?

Lee
: The woman ran after me and I kept trying to run but she was still chasing me, she
seemed to capture and kill me
Justin : Oh, its frightening
Lee
: Of course, and I cant forget that terrible experience

D. GRAMMAR IN ACTION
1. Conjunctions
We commonly join words, phrases and / or sentence together in a narrative. The words to join
are called conjunctions.
e.g.:

I seized the cat, took a small knife out of my pocket and cut one of its eyes out.
I hung the poor creature until it was dead.
I soon began to dislike the cat because it often stared at me with a strange and hatred
look.
After my wife had been buried in the wall, the police came to my house

Type of conjunction
Time
Result
Contrast
Reason
Purpose
manner

Example
After, before, since, while, when, as
So, so that
Although, thought, even tought,while
As, because in case, for
So that, in order that
As, as if, as tought

Example :
She would not agree to do it. We persuaded her. We even begged her.
She would not agree to do it although we persuade her and even begged her.
She is an intelligent girl. She failed in the examination. She is lazy
Although she is an intelligenst girl but she failed in the examination because she is lazy.

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2. Relative clauses
We can also join up sentences in other ways :
a. Using Relative Pronouns : who, whose, whom, which, that .
e.g.

Helen is the girl. I met her at the party last night.

Helen is the girl whom I met at the party last night.

Who does the house belong to ? it stands on the hill.

Whose house that stands on the hill belong to ?

I beat the wall. I buried my wife in the wall.

I beat the wall which I buried my wife in the wall

b. Using words like when and where.

e.g.

I was walking home from school. I saw a kitten in a drain.

I was walking home from school when I saw a kitten in a drain.
This is the shop. I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
This is the shop where I bought several postcards yesterday.

c. By leaving out some words or changing them into present participle / past participle.
e.g.

Mr.Smith lives in a little cottage. It is near the beach.

Mr.Smith lives in a little cottage near the beach.
The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions.
infuriated by the interruptions, The speaker refused to continue.

3. Present paticiple and past participle

e.g :

I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.

Knowing that be was poor, I offered to pay his fare. (present participle)
I was equipped with a pair of binoculars. I enjayed the beautiful sigh of the hills.
Equipped with a pair of binoculars, . I enjayed the beautiful sigh of the hills.(past participle)

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4. Adverbs
Pay attention to the words in the box
I was driving

time

place

manner

the office will close for a lunch break.

One night in early fall

home
alon
time
in 1980
e
steve gets hay fever
manner
time

Alison
Harley
was
born
At
noon
very
in the
The arrangement of adverbs commonly
Place, Time. However ,
badly used is Manner,
fall.
arrangement may change into Place, Manner, Time if the sentence uses verbs like :
leave, come, run,etc. On May 26,
in
In writing a narrative
position according to his/
1981story, the writer can change the Caracas
mood like the examples given above. whats the purpose ? The purpose is to arouse
readers or listeners interest to know what will happen next. The adverb mentioned in
beginning of a sentence holds the main point.

Example :
1. John worked (at his office, yesterday, very hard)
John worked very hard at his office yesterday.
2. Rado arrived (at 7 p.m. in London, on Saturday, by train)
Rado arrived in London by train at 7 p.m on Saturday.

the
go,
her
the
the