Mosquito-borne malaria is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Outbreaks in the US have been small but the disease risk remains due to the presence of vector mosquitoes. Airport malaria occurs when infected mosquitoes are transported to non-endemic areas by aircraft and infect local residents. Congenital malaria can be transmitted from mother to fetus before or during delivery. Malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or shared needles if contaminated blood is present.
Mosquito-borne malaria is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Outbreaks in the US have been small but the disease risk remains due to the presence of vector mosquitoes. Airport malaria occurs when infected mosquitoes are transported to non-endemic areas by aircraft and infect local residents. Congenital malaria can be transmitted from mother to fetus before or during delivery. Malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or shared needles if contaminated blood is present.
Mosquito-borne malaria is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Outbreaks in the US have been small but the disease risk remains due to the presence of vector mosquitoes. Airport malaria occurs when infected mosquitoes are transported to non-endemic areas by aircraft and infect local residents. Congenital malaria can be transmitted from mother to fetus before or during delivery. Malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or shared needles if contaminated blood is present.
Mosquito-borne malaria is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Outbreaks in the US have been small but the disease risk remains due to the presence of vector mosquitoes. Airport malaria occurs when infected mosquitoes are transported to non-endemic areas by aircraft and infect local residents. Congenital malaria can be transmitted from mother to fetus before or during delivery. Malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or shared needles if contaminated blood is present.
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Mode of Transmission of Malaria
1. Mosquito-Borne Malaria The malaria parasite typically is transmitted to people by mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles. Outbreaks of locally transmitted cases of malaria in the United States have been small and relatively isolated, but the potential risk for the disease to re-emerge is present due to the abundance of competent vectors, especially in the southern states. At the request of the states, CDC assists in these investigations of locally transmitted mosquito-borne malaria.
2. "Airport" Malaria "Airport" malaria refers to malaria caused by infected mosquitoes that are transported rapidly by aircraft from a malaria-endemic country to a non-endemic country. If the local conditions allow their survival, they can bite local residents who can thus acquire malaria without having traveled abroad.
3. Congenital Malaria Malaria also may be transmitted from a mother to her fetus before or during delivery ("congenital" malaria). In congenital malaria, infected mothers transmit parasites to their child during pregnancy before or during delivery. Therefore, though congenital transmission is rare, health-care providers should be alert to the diagnosis of malaria in ill neonates and young infants, particularly those with fever. During evaluation, health-care providers should obtain a complete and accurate travel and residency history on the patient and close relatives. Patients should be asked about transfusion of blood products. The absence of recent foreign travel or a long interval between immigration of the mother and the birth of the infant being examined should not discourage clinicians from obtaining blood films on the patient to rule out a potentially life-threatening but treatable infection.
4. Transfusion-Transmitted Malaria Because the malaria parasite is found in red blood cells, malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or the shared use of needles or syringes contaminated with blood. Transfusion-transmitted malaria is rare in the United States, but it is a potential severe complication in blood recipients. On average, only one case of transfusion-transmitted malaria occurs in the United States every 2 years. Because no approved tests are available in the United States to screen donated blood for malaria, prevention of transfusion-transmitted malaria requires careful questioning of prospective donors.
Life Cycle of Malaria Parasites (Plasmodium sp.)
The natural ecology of malaria involves malaria parasites infecting successively two types of hosts: humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, the parasites grow and multiply first in the liver cells and then in the red cells of the blood. In the blood, successive broods of parasites grow inside the red cells and destroy them, releasing daughter parasites ("merozoites") that continue the cycle by invading other red cells. The blood stage parasites are those that cause the symptoms of malaria. When certain forms of blood stage parasites ("gametocytes") are picked up by a female Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal, they start another, different cycle of growth and multiplication in the mosquito. After 10-18 days, the parasites are found (as "sporozoites") in the mosquito's salivary glands. When the Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal on another human, the sporozoites are injected with the mosquito's saliva and start another human infection when they parasitize the liver cells. Thus the mosquito carries the disease from one human to another (acting as a "vector"). Differently from the human host, the mosquito vector does not suffer from the presence of the parasites.
The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host (1). Sporozoites infect liver cells (2) and mature into schizonts (3), which rupture and release merozoites (4). (Of note, in P. vivax and P. ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony (A)), the parasites undergo asexual multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony (B)). Merozoites infect red blood cells (5). The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites (6). Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) (7). Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal (8). The parasites multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle (C). While in the mosquito's stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes (9). The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) (10) which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts (11). The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites (12), which make their way to the mosquito's salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites (1) into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. Workflow Management of Malaria Post
Method of Malaria Treatment According to Health Ministry Standards
CDC. (n.d.). About Malaria. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/ and
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/us_transmission.html. June 8th 2015 NIAID. 2009. Understanding Malaria-Transmission. Retrieved from http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/malaria/understandingmalaria/pages/transmission.aspx. June 8th 2015.
